Research Insight (RI) on the Web Stephanie Yates Rauterkus, PhD* This document is based largely on the RI on the Web Online Help and User’s Guide. I maintain responsibility for any errors or omissions. * Table of Contents What is RI on the Web? ...................................................................................................... 3 Who Provides the Data in RI on the Web? ......................................................................... 3 Why Should I Use RI on the Web? ..................................................................................... 3 Where Do I Find RI on the Web? ....................................................................................... 3 What Data is Available Through RI on the Web? .............................................................. 4 How do I Access the Data? ................................................................................................. 5 How do I Access the Data Using Research Assistant? ................................................... 6 Step 1 – Set up specific criteria to screen the Compustat Database against. ........... 6 Step 2 – View those companies that fall within the parameters of your criteria. ....... 9 Step 3 – Select a pre-defined report .......................................................................... 12 How do I Access the Data Using the Report Builder?.................................................. 20 Step 1 – Select a report format (time series, trend analysis or, for multiple companies, choose a table format) ............................................................................ 20 Step 2 – Select the specific data items that you want to appear in your report. ........ 21 Step 4 – Select the order of display for historical data (either earliest to latest of latest to earliest) ........................................................................................................ 22 How do I Access the Data Using Add-Ins? .................................................................. 23 How do I Access the Data Using Formulas? ................................................................ 24 What are the Formula Components?......................................................................... 25 What are Formula Operators? ................................................................................... 26 How do I Access the Data Using Functions?................................................................ 30 How do I Create Sets Without Using the Screener or Look Up Lists?............................. 30 2 What is RI on the Web? RI on the Web is a financial analysis tool that combines the Internet, MS Excel and Compustat into one interface. This tool performs company analysis by creating custom financial models with charts and reports or by using pre-set templates. Who Provides the Data in RI on the Web? Fundamental data comes from the Standard & Poor’s Compustat Database. Market data is provided by FT Interactive Data. Hong Kong Shanghai Bank Corporation (HSBC) provides international security prices and dividends. Data availability depends upon when a data item was first added to the database, as well as when a company was first added to the database. Why Should I Use RI on the Web? RI on the Web is the premier source of fundamental (financial statement) data for over 11,100 U.S. and Canadian companies. In addition, this database also contains data for over 10,900 inactive companies that no longer file with the Securities and Exchange Commission due to a merge, liquidation or bankruptcy, etc. Where Do I Find RI on the Web? Currently, RI on the Web is installed on all terminals in the Raub Market Trading Room at Siena College. Faculty members may request office access by contacting Scott Lawyer at rlawyer@siena.edu. This database is installed as an add-in to Microsoft Excel and therefore requires that this program is installed on the machine. Once both applications are installed, you need only open MS Excel to engage the program. Once MS Excel is open, you will see a special drop-down menu entitled RIWeb on the main MS Excel menu as well as a special toolbar. Both of these items are pictured below. 3 RIWeb Menu RIWeb Toolbar What Data is Available Through RI on the Web? Several types of data are available through RI on the Web. They are: Fundamental Data – annual financial statement data from 1950 and quarterly data from 1962. This includes income statements, balance sheets, statements of cash flows, and supplemental statements. Market Data – daily and monthly prices, dividends, earnings, etc. from 1988. Sector Data – broad economic and industry sector benchmark data. Economic Data – monthly economic indicators and macroeconomic statistics for up to 20 years. Specifically, RI provides data on the following economic indicators: Consumer Price Index (CPI) Employment/Unemployment Federal Funds Rate Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Inflation Rate Prime Interest Rate Producer Price Index (PPI) Retail Sales Treasury Securities (1 month, 2 month, 3 month, 6 month, 12 month, 2 year, 3 year, 5 year, 7 year, 10 year, 20 year, 30 year) 4 Index Data – RI provides access to the components of several major indexes such as: Standard & Poor’s Indexes: S&P 100 S&P MidCap 400 S&P 500 S&P SmallCap 600 S&P 900 S&P SuperComposite 1500 S&P/BARRA Growth and Value Russell Indexes: Top 200 Small Cap Completeness Midcap 1000 2000 2500 3000 How do I Access the Data? There are three primary options for accessing data using RI. These are: Research Assistant – Allows you to generate pre-defined reports for companies that meet your specific screening criteria. This is the simplest way to access the data. A ‘wizard’ will walk you through each step of the process. However, this option allows you the least amount of flexibility with respect to customizing your output. It allows you to only generate pre-defined reports. Report Builder –Allows you to build custom reports for a list of tickers, ISINs, CUSIPs or SEDOLs. This option allows you to select specific items and specific time periods to be included in a report. As with the Research Assistant, you will use a ‘wizard’ to build your report, but you may choose the specific elements to be included. Because of this added flexibility, it is slightly more complex than the Research Assistant. Add-Ins, Formulas and Functions – Allow you to retrieve specific data items and perform analysis. These related options provide you with maximum flexibility to create completely customized reports. This option does not make use of a ‘wizard’ forcing you to enter a series of functions, formulas and codes to generate your report. For that reason, this is the most complex of the three access options. 5 How do I Access the Data Using Research Assistant? Step 1 – Set up specific criteria to screen the Compustat Database against. This is the first window in the Research Assistant Wizard. You can create a list of companies (a set) in a number of ways: Using the Companies field – enter one or more ticker symbols, separated by commas. Depending upon the additional parameters you set up, RI can return data for the specific company(ies) listed in the Companies field, or will compare and contrast that company(ies) to others in the database and return a set of companies falling within those parameters. In the example above, I have chosen the company Wal-Mart Stores whose ticker symbol is WMT. Using the Look Up list – the Look Up list enables you to look up name and ticker symbol information for companies and indices. It displays when you click on the Look Up button. 6 This is the subset of the companies within the Compustat Database that you are screening. Here, you can look up companies that are members of a particular index, active or inactive. In the Find Text box, enter all or a portion of the name of the company you wish to include and click Find Next. Highlight each company you are interested in and click Paste to include them in your set or Copy to Clipboard to create a list of companies accessible from the Clipboard. When you have finished looking up companies, click Close. Using the Industry Match and Geographic Match areas – you can use the Industry Match area to conduct a broad search for companies in the same GICS-Sector, GICS-Industry, GICS-Group, GICS-Sub-Industry, SIC or NAICS as the companies you entered in the Companies field. If you do not want to search the database for an Industry Match, select the <Do Not Match> option. You can use the Geographic Match area to conduct a broad search for companies that are in the same geographic classification (Region or Country) as the company(ies) listed in the Companies field. If you do not want to apply the Geographic Match criteria to your screening process, the None option is the default and no further action is necessary. These are great options to use if you are attempting to create a matched sample. In the example above, I have chosen to screen the Active Companies subset for all companies with the same SIC code as Wal-Mart. Using the Indicator Item tabs – you can further narrow your screening criteria by using the Indicator Groups tabs on the right side of the window, selecting the desired indicator items under each tab and selecting the ranges from the dropdown lists. The following list shows the tabs that are available and the options within each: 7 Indexes Tab: S&P 500 Member, S&P 400 Member, S&P 600 Member and S&P 1500 Member Company Tab: Country, Fiscal Year, Exclude Pricing-only Cos. and ADR Company, Primary U.S. Issues, and Primary Canadian Issues Industry Tab: GICS –Sector, GICS – Industry Group, GICS – Industry, GICS – Sub-Industry, SIC Code and NAICS Code Ratings Tab: S&P Common Stock Ranking, S&P Long-Term Credit Rating, and S&P Short-Term Credit Rating Market Tab: Market Cap, Price, Trading Volume – Monthly, Beta, Annual Dividend Rate, and Dividend Yield Market Trends Tab: Momentum, On-Balance-Volume, Price Close % Change – 1Yr, Price Close % Change – 3Yr, Price Close % Change – 5Yr, and Price Close % Change – 10Yr Valuation Tab: Price to Sales, Price to EPS from Operations, Price to Earnings, Price to Book, Free Cash Flow and Price to Net Asset Value Return Tab: Return on Equity, Return on Assets, Return on Investments, and Dividend Payout Fundamentals (1) Tab : Sale, EBITDA, EBIT, EPS from Ops, Total Assets and Invested Capital Fundamentals (2) Tab : Sale – 12MM, EBITDA – 12MM, EBIT – 12MM, EPS from Ops – 12MM, Total Assets – Quarterly and Invested Capital – Quarterly Profitability Tab : Gross Profit Margin, EBITDA Margin, EBIT Margin, Net Profit Margin, Cash Flow Margin, Pretax Profit Margin Credit Tab : Debt/Common Equity, Debt/Shareholders Equity, Debt/Invested Capital, Total Debt/Total Assets, Total Assets/Common Equity and ZScore Growth -1Yr, -3Yr, -5Yr, -10Yr Tabs : Sale % Change, Income % Change and EPS % Change Liquidity Tab : Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Working Capital Per Share, Cash Flow Per Share, Int. Coverage Before Tax and Int. Coverage After Tax Activity Tab : Inventory Turnover, Receivable Turnover, Total Asset Turnover, Avg. Collection Period, Days to Sell Inventory and Operating Cycle (Days) Ratios Tab : Fixed Assets Turnover and Total Equity Turnover 8 Pension Tab: Assumed Discounted Rate of Return, Actual Return on Plan Assets, Pension Expense, Anticipated Long-Term Rate of Return, Postretirement Benefit Cost, Postretirement Benefit Asset Core Earnings Tab : Core Earnings, CE Return on Equity, CE Profit Margin, Price/Core EPS – Basic, Core EPS 1Yr % Change, and Core/Reported EPS % Spread When you have finished selecting your screening criteria, click Next to see the results of your screen. Step 2 – View those companies that fall within the parameters of your criteria. My screen for all active companies with the same SIC code as Wal-Mart Stores returns 23 results. By clicking Screen Report, you may now screen your report by allowing RI on the Web to create an Excel spreadsheet containing the companies that passed the screen, their company identifier and the data corresponding to your screening parameters. 9 After viewing this report, you may return to the Research Assistant Wizard. The companies you have selected so far will remain in your set until you remove them. When you return to Step 2 of the Research Assistant Wizard you may modify the set by adding or removing companies as desired. 10 In the example above, I have removed five foreign companies, reducing the size of my set from 23 to 18. To do so, I highlighted each company and clicked Remove Issue. The removed issues now are listed in the Removed Issues box. When you are finished viewing and modifying your set, click Next. 11 Step 3 – Select a pre-defined report Using the Research Assistant Wizard, you have obtained a set of companies that meet your financial analysis criteria. You may now access RI’s library of pre-defined company and industry reports. This collection of pre-defined reports includes the most commonly used financial statement, ratio reports and many others. Note: If you have closed the Research Assistant Wizard, you can also select a pre-defined report by selecting Open Report from the RIWeb menu. The following pre-defined reports are available: Balance Sheet Annual Balance Sheet: There are three spreadsheets in this template— Annual Balance Sheet, %Change and Key Item Charts. The Annual Balance Sheet spreadsheet displays the Company Name and its Fiscal Year, the latest quarter Balance Sheet data, the last five years of Balance Sheet data for a single company. The %Change spreadsheet displays the amount of change in a Balance Sheet line item between time periods. The Key Items Charts graphically display comparisons and contrasts for key Balance Sheet data items. Note: the latest quarter of data is not available, the Latest Q column of the report is not populated and will show @NA for each data item of quarterly data. 12 Balance Sheet Analysis:The Balance Sheet Analysis report provides annual and quarterly trend analysis of key balance sheet items for a single company. Charts display key items such as Current Assets, Working Capital, and Debt. Common Size Annual Balance Sheet: The Common Size Annual Balance Sheet report displays the latest quarter and five years of balance sheet data for a single company, presenting all assets as a percentage of total assets and all liabilities and equities as a percentage of total liabilities and equities, a difference worksheet, and graphs for a few key items. Common Size Quarterly Balance Sheet: The Common Size Quarterly Balance Sheet report six quarters of balance sheet data for a single company, presenting all assets as a percentage of total assets and all liabilities and equities as a percentage of total liabilities and equities, a difference worksheet, and graphs for a few key items. FS Annual Balance Sheet — Combined Industry: The Financial Services Annual Balance Sheet report presents five years of balance sheet data combined into industry format - ideally used for financial services companies. Quarterly Balance Sheet: There are three spreadsheets in this template — Quarterly Balance Sheet, %Change and Key Item Charts. The Quarterly Balance Sheet spreadsheet displays the Company Name and its Fiscal Year, and the last six quarters of Balance Sheet data available for a single company. The %Change spreadsheet displays the amount of change in a Balance Sheet line item between time periods. The Key Item Charts graphically display comparisons and contrasts for key Balance Sheet data items. Quarterly Balance Sheet — Select Date: The Quarterly Balance Sheet report presents six quarters of balance sheet data for a single company, based on the quarter and year that the user selects. In addition, a percent change worksheet, and graphs for a few key items are included. Cash Flow Statements Annual Cash Flow Statement: This report presents the last 12-month moving and five years of cash flow data for a single company. There are three spreadsheets to this template—Annual Cash Flow Statement, %Change and Key Item Charts. The Annual Cash Flow Statement spreadsheet displays the Company Name and its Fiscal Year, the Last Twelve Months (LTM) or 12-Month Moving Cash Flow Statement data, the last five years of Cash Flow Statement data and annual Supplemental Statement Financial Position data. The %Change spreadsheet displays the amount of change in a Cash Flow Statement line item between time periods. The Key Items Charts graphically display comparisons and 13 contrasts for key Cash Flow Statement data items, such as Income Before Extraordinary Items, Investments – Increase, Receivables – Decrease (Increase) and Sale of PP&E. Note: if the latest quarter of data is not available, the LTM/12MM column of the report is not populated and will show @NA for each data item of quarterly data. Annual Statement of Cash Flow — Format 10:This report presents the last five years of cash flow data (specifically for industrial companies which report a flow of funds format 10) for a single company, a percent change worksheet and graphs for a few key items. Annual Statement of Cash Flow — Format 11: This report presents the last five years of cash flow data (specifically for industrial companies that report a flow of funds format 11) for a single company, a percent change worksheet and graphs for a few key items. Annual Statement of Cash Flow — Format 12: This report presents the last five years of cash flow data (specifically for industrial companies which report a flow of funds format 12) for a single company, a percent change worksheet and graphs for a few key items. Quarterly Cash Flow Statement: This report presents the last five quarters of cash flow data for a single company based on the quarter and year that the user selects. There are three spreadsheets in this template—Quarterly Cash Flow Statement, %Change and Key Item Charts. The Quarterly Cash Flow Statement spreadsheet displays the Company Name, and its Fiscal Year, the last five quarters of Cash Flow Statement data available, quarterly Supplemental Statement Financial Position data. The %Change spreadsheet displays the amount of change in an Cash Flow Statement line item between time periods. The Key Item Charts graphically display comparisons and contrasts for key Cash Flow Statement data items, such as Operating Activities – Net Cash Flow, Sale of Investments, Depreciation & Amortization and Investing Activities – Net Cash Flow. Quarterly Cash Flow Statement — Select Date: This report presents the last five quarters of cash flow data for a single company, based on the quarter and year that the user selects. In addition, a percent change worksheet, and graphs for a few key items are included. Twelve Months Moving Statement of Cash Flow:This report presents the last five periods of 12-month moving or the sum of four quarters of cash flow data for a single company, a percent change worksheet and graphs for a few key items. Company Comparison - The Company Comparison folder contains the Annual Comparison Ratio Report. This report allows users to enter up to six tickers for 14 company comparison of key ratio items for the current period. Graphs for a few key items are also included. Company Overview All Statement Analysis: This report presents annual and quarterly trend analysis of Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Cash Flow and Financial Ratios, all in one report. Company Description: This report presents the latest company information for a single company, such as a business description, debt ratings, and company identifiers. Company Overview: This report provides a company snapshot and Dupont analysis of key items such as Sales, ROE and ROA for the current period, a 6-year average, and the last 6 years of history for a single company. Core Earnings Core Earnings: This report displays core earnings adjustments at an annual, 12-month moving, quarterly and quarterly preliminary basis for core earnings items such as Implied Option Expense and Impairment of Goodwill. Core Earnings and EPS Comparison: This report presents allows you to compare Reported and Core Earnings across a set of companies. The Core EPS Comparison report allows you to compare Reported and Core EPS - Basic across a set of companies. Debt Analysis Annual Debt Structure History: The Annual Debt Structure History report presents the effect of including off balance sheet debt (operating leases) on Total Debt, Fundamental Ratios and the Income Statement numbers and ratios. Annual Debt Structure Overview: This report presents a review of the debt structure in detail on an annual basis for a company for items such as both Senior and Subordinate Convertible Debt, Notes, Debentures, and Capital Leases. Implied Corporate Score: The Implied Corporate Score report calculates an implied corporate credit score using eight key annual ratios. This report also includes financial statements and a comparative report. Quarterly Debt Structure Overview: This report provides a review the debt structure in detail for a company on a quarterly basis for items such 15 as both Senior and Subordinate Convertible Debt, Notes, Debentures, and Capital Leases. ZScore Historical Analysis: This report is a quantitative look at a company's financials that assesses the stability of the company based on 5 key criteria. Income Statement Annual Income Statement: This report presents the last 12-month moving and five years of income statement data for a single company. There are three spreadsheets in this template—Annual Income Statement, %Change and Key Item Charts. The Annual Income Statement spreadsheet displays the Company Name and its Fiscal Year, the Last Twelve Months (LTM) or 12-Month Moving Income Statement data, the last five years of Income Statement data and annual Earnings per Share and Dividends per Share data and annual Common Shares for Basic & Diluted EPS. The %Change spreadsheet displays the amount of change in a Income Statement line item between time periods. The Key Items Charts graphically display comparisons and contrasts for key Income Statement data items, such as Sales, Operating Income Before Depreciation, Gross Profit and Operating Profit. Annual Restated Income Statement:This report presents historical and restated income statement data for the last 5 years for a single company. Common Size Annual Income Statement: The Common Size Annual Income Statement report displays the last 12-month moving and five years of income data for a single company, presenting all items as a percentage of sales, a difference worksheet and graphs for key items. Common Size Quarterly Income Statement: The Common Size Quarterly Income Statement report displays the last 6 quarters of income statement data for a single company, presenting all items as a percentage of sales, a difference worksheet and graphs for a few key items. Note: If the latest quarter of data is not available, the LTM/12MM column of the report is not populated and will show @NA for each data item of quarterly data. FS Annual Income Statement — Combined Industry: This report presents five years of income statement data combined into industry format — ideally used for financial services companies. Income Statement Analysis: The Income Statement Analysis report displays key items from the income statement and their relationships, as well as key charts. This information is available on both an annual and quarterly basis. 16 Quarterly Income Statement: The Quarterly Income Statement report presents the last six quarters of income statement data for a single company, a percent change worksheet and graphs for a few key items. Quarterly Income Statement — Select Date: This report presents the last six quarters of income statement data for a single company, based on the quarter and year that the user selects. In addition, a percent change worksheet, and graphs for a few key items are included. Twelve Months Moving Income Statement: The 12-Month Moving Income Statement report presents the last six periods of twelve months moving or the sum of four quarters of income statement data for a single company, a percent change worksheet and graphs for a few key items. Market Reports Daily Adjusted Prices Report: This report presents 130 days of daily volume, dividends and daily stock price adjusted for capital changes for a single company, a percent change worksheet, and a graph of price/volume trend. Exchange Rate Analyser:This report displays translation rates across time between two user-selected currencies for any chosen time period. Monthly Adjusted Prices Report: This report presents 48 months of monthly volume, dividends and monthly stock price adjusted for capital changes for a single company, a percent change worksheet, and a graph of the price/volume trend. Short Interest Trend Monthly: This report presents short interest monthly on a per company basis alongside shares outstanding and volume for comparison. Includes a chart that compares price changes to change in short interest outstanding. U.S. Economic Indicators — Select Date: This report presents a shortterm view of critical United States economic indicators and macroeconomic statistics over the past six months, based on the month and year that you select. Portfolio - The Portfolio Allocation report allows you to load your portfolio and review its GICS Sub-Industry allocation based on yesterday's values. Ratio Reports Annual Ratio Report: This report presents the last six years of ratios for a single company, a difference worksheet and graphs for a few key items. The Annual Ratio Report spreadsheet displays the Company Name and its Fiscal Year and six years of data for 31 ratios that have been 17 divided into six categories: Liquidity, Activity, Performance, Profitability, Leverage and Dividends. The Difference spreadsheet displays the difference in a ratio between time periods. The Key Items Charts graphically display comparisons and contrasts for key Ratio Report data items, such as Cash Flow per Share, Sales/Stockholders' Equity, Total Asset Turnover, Net Profit Margin (%), Return on Equity (%) and Dividend Payout. Quarterly Ratio Report: This report presents the last six quarters of ratios for a single company, a difference worksheet and graphs for a few key items. The Quarterly Ratio Report spreadsheet displays the Company Name, and its Fiscal Year, the last six quarters of ratio data for 31 ratios that have been divided into six categories: Liquidity, Activity, Performance, Profitability, Leverage and Dividends. The Difference spreadsheet displays the difference in a ratio between time periods. The Key Item Charts graphically display comparisons and contrasts for key ratio data items, such as Cash Flow per Share, Sales/Stockholders' Equity, Total Asset Turnover and Net Profit Margin (%). Sector and Industry Analysis - The Retail Analysis Report analyzes a retail company using retail industry specific ratios. It also performs peer analysis. Trend Reports Annual Trend Balance Sheet: This report presents one year of balance sheet data for a single company, with four following years shown as a percentage of the base year. Annual Trend Income Statement: This report presents one year of historical annual income statement data, with four following years shown as a percentage of the base year. Quarterly Trend Balance Sheet: The Quarterly Trend Balance Sheet report presents one quarter of balance sheet data for a single company, with four following quarters shown as a percentage of the base quarter. Quarterly Trend Income Statement: The Quarterly Trend Income Statement report presents one quarter of historical annual income statement data, with four following quarters shown as a percentage of the base quarter. 18 Valuation Discounted Cash Flow: This report calculates a current intrinsic per share price and compares it to its current trading price. Based on the Discounted Cash Flow model used by S&P equity analysts, this flexible model allows you to make adjustments to assumed rates of growth, risk premiums, and market premiums. Valuation Overview: The Valuation Overview provides a snapshot of a company's current valuations and a five year price trend with five years of historical growth rates. Also tracks the five year trend in key valuation measures price/earnings, price/operating earnings, price/sales, and price/book. Company Name dropdown menu Above is a snapshot of the Company Overview report. To review another company’s information, I can now select the desired company from the Company Name drop-down field on the RI task bar. RI will replace the previous report spreadsheets with the subsequent company’s data. 19 How do I Access the Data Using the Report Builder? Step 1 – Select a report format (time series, trend analysis or, for multiple companies, choose a table format) The Time Series and Trend Analysis formats are single company reports. For displaying multiple companies at the same time, use the Table format. When you have selected the report format you want, click Next to select the specific data items that you want to appear in your report. 20 Step 2 – Select the specific data items that you want to appear in your report. Select the report category from the Select Item Category drop down menu. The Item Listing area will then display the data items associated with the report category selected. You may now select the specific data items that you want to appear in your report using the Add button. You can modify your list of items at any time by highlighting unwanted items in the Selected Items window and clicking the Remove button. When all of the data items you wish to appear in your report appear in the Selected Items window, click the Next button. Step 3 – Enter the number of periods (years, quarters, months or days) of data you would like included in your report. 21 Enter the number of periods (Years, Quarters, Months or Days) of data you would like included in your report. Drop down menus are made available depending upon the periodicity of the data items selected in the previous step. When you have finished entering the number of periods you desire, click Build Report. Step 4 – Select the order of display for historical data (either earliest to latest of latest to earliest) Select the order in which you want time series data displayed. This window displays only when more than one year of data is requested. After making your selection, click OK. RI will now build your report and display it in a MS Excel spreadsheet as shown below: 22 How do I Access the Data Using Add-Ins? =spweb(key,expression) – retrieves a single data value for a single company =spweb_time_series(key, expression, begin_period, end_period, array_direction) – retrieves a single data value over time for each member of a set of companies =spweb_set(set,expression,array_direction) – retrieves a data value over time for a single company 23 How do I Access the Data Using Formulas? Components – tell RI what information it needs to retrieve or calculate. Operators – parentheses and relational operators tell RI how to read formulas and perform calculations. 24 What are the Formula Components? Functions – pre-defined calculations Items – pieces of information collected and stored in a database. Company References – a company’s ticker symbol or GVKEY. Sets – collections of companies, segments, issues or currencies that share a common attribute. Time Period References – tell RI to retrieve a data value for a particular point in time other than the current period. Concepts – mathematical or logical combinations of items and/or other concepts. 25 What are Formula Operators? Parentheses – make long formulas easier to read and ensure that RI performs the calculation in the appropriate order. Mathematical Operators – allow mathematical combinations of two values. Relational Operators – allow you to compare two values. 26 What is the Difference Between Parentheses, Brackets and Braces? Parentheses ( ) – are used to establish hierarchy within mathematical calculations. Brackets [ ] – are used for time period referencing. Braces { } – are used to create a temporary set. 27 What Mathematical Operators Can I Use? + Addition - Subtraction * Multiplication / Division ^ Exponentiation 28 What Relational Operators Can I Use? = Equal < > Not equal < Less than > Greater than < = Less than or equal to > = Greater than or equal to 29 How do I Access the Data Using Functions? Growth Functions – can be used to measure growth of an item over time. Historical Analysis Functions – can be used to evaluate data over a period of time. Information Functions – return additional information about an item or abbreviate an item’s value. Logical Functions – test items and formulas to determine whether or not they meet selected conditions. Mathematical Functions – perform many of the same calculations that are possible with a calculator. Period Reference Functions – work in conjunction with formulas to specify a time period for which you want the formula evaluated. Reference Functions – tell RI to refer to a particular geographic area, issue or segment for the formula you are evaluating. Screening Functions – allow you to create a set “on the fly” and change set types. Set Analysis Functions – allow you to find out information about set characteristics. Statistical Functions – provide you with the tools you need to generate statistical measures. Text Functions – display the value of an item or formula in text format. Database Control Functions – enable you to target or exclude a specific database layer so you can specify the type of data RI will return. How do I Create Sets Without Using the Screener or Look Up Lists? RI will allow you to either create a set from a company list with or without saving it for future use. To create a set without saving it for future use, first, import or enter the company identifiers (ticker symbols, CUSIPs, etc.) vertically into the spreadsheet. Next, choose the Create Set Only from List option from the RIWeb Tools menu on the RIWeb toolbar. This option populates the current set from a list in MS Excel, but does not save the set for future use. The Build Set window shown below will display. 30 You will be prompted to input the starting point of the list. Check the cell referenced in the Build Set window. By default, the cell referenced will correspond to the cell currently highlighted on the spreadsheet. The entire list does not need to be highlighted. Instead, a blank cell signifies the end of the list. When the correct cell is referenced, click OK. The Create Set from List box displays as shown below. This tells you the number of companies from your list that were found in the database. Click OK. The list will be loaded into the Set drop down area on the RI toolbar. This set of companies can be used for further analysis and creating additional reports. If you decide to save your set, choose Save Current Set from the RIWeb Tools menu on the RIWeb toolbar. The Save Set window shown below displays. Enter a file name and click the Save button. Lastly, the Create and Save Set from List option on the RIWeb Tools menu combines the two steps (Create Set Only from List and Save Current Set) explained previously. 31