Chapter 3: Biochemistry
Section 1: Carbon Compounds Objectives
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Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
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Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules.
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Identify functional groups in biological molecules.
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Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down.
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Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical
reactions.
Carbon Bonding
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__________________ - contain carbon atoms and are found in living things
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__________________ - do not contain carbon atoms
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Carbon atoms have _______ electrons in the outer shell
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Carbon can readily form _____ __________________ with other atoms
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The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple
and complex organic compounds (See examples below)
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________________ – when electrons are shared between two atoms
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____________ - when electrons are transferred between two atoms
Functional Groups
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____________________ - groups of atoms that influence the properties
of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate
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See Table 3-1 (page 52)
Large Carbon Molecules
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__________ – a molecule that consists of repeated, linked units
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_____________________ – large polymers
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_______________ – small simple molecules
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________________________ - join __________ to form __________
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Releases ___________ as a by-product
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Example: Monomer + Monomer  Polymer + Water
_____________________ - water is used to split polymers into monomers
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Example: Polymer + Water  Monomer + Monomer
Energy Currency
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - stores and releases energy during cell
processes, enabling organisms to function
Section 2: Molecules of Life Objectives
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Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
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Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein structure.
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Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action.
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Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids.
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Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
Carbohydrates
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Composed of:
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________, ______________, and _________ in a ratio of about
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______ carbon to _______ hydrogen to _______ oxygen
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Monomer = _______________________
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Our main source of _________________
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Used as _______________ ___________________ in organisms
Carbohydrate
# of Monosaccharides
Example
Monosaccharide
Glucose (blood), fructose
(fruit), galactose (milk)
Disaccharide
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
Polysaccharide
Glycogen(liver + muscle),
starch (plants), cellulose (cell
walls), chitin (exoskeletons of
arthropods)
Proteins
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Composed of:
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___________, ____________, __________, and _____________
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Monomer = ________________
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Make up 50% of your ______ _______________
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Functions including structural, defensive, and catalytic roles
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Examples:
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Enzymes: amylase, catalase, maltase
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Structural: collagen
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Contractile: actin, myosin (found in muscles)
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Transport: hemoglobin (transports oxygen in the blood)
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Storage
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Hormones: insulin
Amino Acids
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Proteins are made up of monomers called amino acids
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The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and function
Dipeptides and Polypeptides
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Two amino acids are joined by __________ bonds to form a dipeptide
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A long chain of amino acids is called a __________________
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Amino acid diagram
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Enzymes
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______________ chemical reactions
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Bind to specific _______________ (aka reactants)
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The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes a change in the
enzyme’s shape and reduces the activation energy of the reaction
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Typically named for the substrate they work on + “-ase”
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The enzyme sucrase works on sucrose
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Factors that affect enzymes: _________________ or
______
Lipids
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________________ molecules that store energy
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_______________ in water
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Include triglycerides, phosolipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments
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Twice the energy stored in lipids than in the same amount of carbs
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Monomer = _____________________
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_______________________
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Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched carbon molecules that
have a hydrophilic end (head) and a hydrophobic end (tail)
_______________________
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= _______________
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Consist of _____ fatty acids and _____ molecule of glycerol
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______________ = hard at room temperature (butter, lard)
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___________ bonds between carbon atoms
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______________ = liquid at room temperature (vegetable oil)
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Some ________________ bonds between carbon atoms
_______________________
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Make up _________________________
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Consist of ______ fatty acids and _____ glycerol molecule
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_______ bilayer = Hydrophilic end (head) and a hydrophobic end (tail)
_______________________
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Made of one long fatty acid chain joined to one long alcohol
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Waterproof
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Form protective coating on plant leaves
_______________________
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Composed of four fused carbon rings
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Examples = animal hormones, cholesterol
Nucleic Acids
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Large and complex organic molecule
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Stores and transports information
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Monomer = __________________
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Structure of Nucleic Acids
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (______) - contains genetic information that
determines the characteristics of an organism and directs cell activities
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Ribonucleic acid (______) - plays many key roles in building of proteins and
can act as enzymes.
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____________________ = monomer of nucleic acids
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Three main components
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_______________________
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_______________________
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_______________________