Chapter 5 Development
Development:Conception to Adolescence
Developmental Psychologists- Study physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the
________________________________, and find common __________________ which are important.
Prenatal Development
•__________________ are fertilized eggs
•In the first week, the cell divides to produce a zygote of about 100 cells
•After the first week, the cell will differentiate and specialize in ________________ and ________________
•After ten days, the zygote will __________________ to the mother’s uterine wall
•The __________________ and the __________________are then formed
•After nine weeks, the embryo is known as the __________________
•After six months, the organs like the stomach will be able to function and perform
•The fetus starts to respond to __________________during the sixth month
•Both __________________ and __________________ factors can affect the prenatal development
•Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is usually seen with children born with __________________ as well as
physical __________________. Over 1 in 750 kids are born with this syndrome.
•FAS is the leading cause of ____________________________________
•Pregnant women who have been __________________ during their pregnancy have children who are less
competent in __________________, emotional as well as __________________deficiency. Increased proclivity
of __________________.
The Competent Newborn
•the __________________is when newborns are prompted to open their mouth and turn towards the nipple
when touched on the cheek
•William James presumed that newborns experiences where similar to that of
____________________________________.
•Research from the 1960’s revealed that newborns were born __________________sights and sounds which
facilitate __________________ responsiveness. They are more drawn into __________________that are
associated to __________________ (Mondlock’s study)
The Competent Newborn
•__________________ is the decrease in responding with repeated stimulation
•Janine Spencer and Paul Quinn did a study which revealed that 4 year olds like adults focused on the
__________________ of animals. (cat and dog experiment)
•Alan Slater explained that in order to recognize a ____________________________________as different, an
infant must remember the ____________________________________.
Brain Development
•Over __________________billion neurons were produced in the child by birth
•From age 3-6, the brain’s neural system starts to grow in the ____________________________________,
enabling rational planning
•__________________ sets the basic course of development. It is the genetically designed biological growth
process.
•Maturation is __________________by experiences
•While genetic growth tendencies are __________________
Motor Development
•The order in which __________________coordination occurs like crawling before walking is due to the
maturing of the __________________and has nothing to do with __________________
•Individual differences in timing occur
•Genes play a role in the __________________of each coordination. Identical twins would be able to walk
more or less on the __________________
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•Biological maturation includes the rapid __________________of the __________________ at the back of the
brain
•__________________will not have a major effect on the child’s __________________ skills until after age 1
Maturation and Infant Memory
•Pillemer’s study concluded that the average age of earliest conscious memory was __________________ of
age. (____________________________________before 3.5)
•Starting at __________________ years old, a child can start to remember their experiences
•From age 3-4 , the brain cortex matures , thus enabling toddlers to increase their __________________storage
•However , the child’s memories during this time may not be interrupted properly later on in life
•__________________ can be remembered for the maximum time of a month for a 3 month old child.
•When the __________________ mind does not know and cannot express in words, the
____________________________________may remember through increased physiological responses like
through ____________________________________.
Cognitive Development
•Jean Piaget’s works revolved around the __________________ give by children by each age.
•Before Piaget, people thought that children “simply knew less, not differently than adults.”
•Later it was discovered that “children reason in wildly __________________ways about problems whose
solutions are ____________________________________to adults.”
•A child’s mind also __________________ through many __________________
•Piaget revealed that schemas develop when the brain builds concepts. The __________________ are mental
molds into which we pour our experiences.
•There are two ways which we could adjust our schemas. By __________________ as well as
__________________them.
•When we __________________ new schemas, we interpret them into our __________________schemas
•When we __________________ our schemas, we adjust our present schemas to __________________the
particulars of new experiences. You __________________the category.
Piaget’s Cognitive Stages
•Sensorimotor (birth to 2)
•Preoperational (2 to 7)
•Concrete Operational (first grade to early adolescence)
•Formal Operational (Adolescence)
Piaget’s theory and Current Thinking
•Cognition refers to all the ____________________________________associated with thinking, knowing,
remembering and communicating.
•The sensorimotor stage is from birth to age 2. This is when the __________________will take in the world
through their sensory and motor interactions interacting with __________________.
•Many use their __________________ to investigate the world.
•Object Permanence is the awareness that objects ____________________________________when not
perceived
•Before __________________, the child lacks object permanence
Piaget’s theory and Current Thinking
•Many argue that Piaget __________________ the __________________of a child. He claimed that children
did not have the __________________ to think. Today’s researchers see development as more
__________________ than Piaget. However, his views were contradicted when babies seem to have a more
intuitive grasp of __________________, when it was found that toddlers had a sense of __________________
(Karen Wynn’s study).
•The preoperational stage is Piaget’s theory that from age 2 to about age 7, a child learns to use
__________________ but does not yet comprehend the mental __________________of concrete logic.
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•Conservation
is the principle that ______________________________________________________despite
changes in shape.
•Judy DeLoache revealed that if the child was prompted to find a
____________________________________in a room, they could easily find it, but they could not locate the
location on another map or painting. This was found for ages 2-3
•From age 3, the child could locate the hidden location in a map. Thus showing that they could use the
__________________ for the room. This went against Piaget’s theory of children not being able to think
•Piaget found that preschool children were __________________. They had much difficulty to perceive things
from ______________________________________________________. Asking whether the child’s brother
had a brother (which was the child being asked) the child would reply that he did not.
•Parents often abuse their children since they do not understand their __________________ thoughts.
•The ____________________________________is the ability to read __________________, formed starting
when a child is in pre-school.
•From age 3, children start to realize the difference between ____________________________________.
•Jennifer Jenkins and Janet Astington performed the __________________experiment in which they would ask
children what they thought was in the box, then recorded what their reaction would be if found that the box was
filled with something else. From 4 years old, the children were able to respond to theory of mind, claiming that
their friends would probably think that the box was filled with band aids instead of pencils. Before they
responded that they would think that the box was filled with pencils.
•First children realize that sad events can cause sad feelings and then they realize that thought can cause
feelings. From age 5-8, children realize that ____________________________________thoughts can also
__________________feelings.
•Children with __________________ were found to have difficulty understanding someone’s
____________________________________differs from their own. They also have difficulty
__________________ on their own mental states. They are less likely to use
____________________________________such as I and me. Deaf children also have problems with such
usage.
•Lev Vygotsky revealed that children no longer ____________________________________from age 7. They
start to rely on ____________________________________. Talking to themselves allows children to control
their __________________ and emotions and master ____________________________________.
•____________________________________Stage was Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. From 6-11
years of age. Children start to gain the __________________what enables them to think __________________
about __________________ events. Children also start to comprehend
____________________________________and ____________________________________.
•____________________________________stage is by age 12, when reasoning expands from
__________________ experiences to __________________ thinking. Children start to solve
__________________ propositions and ____________________________________starting from adolescence.
Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory
•Researchers start to see development more continuous than did Piaget.
•Piaget identified significant cognitive __________________ and stimulated interest on how the mind
develops.
•Piaget’s major revelation was that children __________________their understandings from
__________________ with the world.
Social Development
•____________________________________- fear of strangers, starting at around 8 months. They have
__________________ for similar faces.
•The intense mutual infant-parent bond develops by __________________months.
Origins of Attachments
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•Harry __________________ and Margaret Harlow revealed in their monkey studies that monkeys brought up
in __________________ cages with cheese clothes, became distressed when the cheesecloth was taken away
from them.
When they created two mothers , by inserting a wire cylinder with a wooden head and another cylinder
with terry cloth, they found that the monkeys they found that the monkeys did not prefer the
__________________mother, but instead the __________________ mother.
•This revealed that much of the parent-infant attachment comes from __________________
•A safe haven as well as a secure base also strengthens __________________
•____________________________________is known as an optimal period shortly after birth when certain
events must take place to facilitate proper development.
•____________________________________ is the process by which certain animals form attachments during
a critical period very early in life.
•Children do not __________________
•__________________ is more comfortable to children
Attachment Differences
•__________________studied attachment differences by observing mother infant pairs at home during their
first six months.
•____________________________________children play and explore comfortably when a mother is present
and then becomes __________________ when she __________________.
•____________________________________children meanwhile explore less in the mother’s presence and
may __________________ to her, cry loudly when she leaves and remain upset until she returns.
•____________________________________parents tend to have
____________________________________children
•__________________ influenced temperament may evoke ____________________________________, but
____________________________________has been taught and does increase infant
__________________security.
•Both ______________________________________________________is a predictor to a child’s well-being.
•__________________relationships tend to reflect the secure or insecure attachment styles of early childhood
____________________________________idea prompted that ____________________________________is
formed in infancy through our experiences with responsive __________________.
Deprivation of Attachment
•Children become withdrawn and frightened when they are deprived of attachment and may not be able to
__________________properly
•Childhood __________________can lead to physical, psychological as well as social problems; it may alter
the brain’s production of serotonin.
•This effect can be minimal before 16 months of age, by age 2 problems start to develop if abuse persists.
•Extensive time spent in day care is linked to increased __________________and __________________
Self Concept
•Self concept is the sense of their own __________________and ____________________________________.
•It emerges around 6 months
•At 15-16 months, children start to __________________ themselves in the mirror
•When they start school, they can describe many of their own __________________
•By age 10, their ____________________________________is rigid and stable
•The children’s views of themselves affect their actions. Children who form a positive self concept are more
__________________, __________________, and __________________.
Child Rearing Practices
•Kids with the highest self esteem and reliance come from homes were their parents are __________________
•Those with __________________parents tend to have less social skills, self esteem
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•Those with __________________ parents are more likely to be __________________and_________________
•The association between certain parenting styles and certain childhood outcomes is co relational. There are
many other explanations for a child’s behavior other than parenting styles.
Child Rearing Practices
•__________________ parents submit to children’s demands ask little and punish rarely
•__________________ parents impose rules and expect obedience.
•__________________ parents are demanding but responsive to their children
•Sharing genes may lead to a temperament that is comfortable with an __________________parenting style and
that manifests itself in agreeable easygoing social interactions.
Adolescence-Adulthood
Adolescence is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from _____________________to
_____________________.
G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as the _____________________between
__________________________________________and __________________________________________.
Physical Development
•Puberty paves way to a surge of _____________________, creating mood swings.
•The primary sex characteristics (__________________________________________) develop dramatically
•_____________________- first menstrual period
•_____________________-first ejaculation
•Early developing boys become _____________________and _____________________, as well as more
_____________________and have a higher _____________________.
•_____________________ and _____________________ interaction plays a major role of how both boys and
girls feel about puberty
•During puberty, unused __________________________________________are weakened
•_____________________ also grows in the frontal lobe during puberty
•The frontal lobe maturation slows down the _____________________ _____________________system. This
explains why teenagers can be _____________________
•Younger teens are more likely to _____________________ or do _____________________since they are
unable to plan ahead.
Cognitive Development
•Adolescents are more likely to worry about what _____________________think about themselves. Since this
is when they start to think about how others _____________________ them
•During the early teenage years, reasoning is often _____________________. They feel that their private
experiences are _____________________. They think that others can not understand their unique experiences.
•__________________________________________is the shift from preadolescents thinking concretely to
adolescents becoming more capable of __________________________________________. This is Piaget’s
theory
•The teenager’s ability to reason _____________________ and deduce _____________________ allows them
to detect inconsistencies in other’s reasoning and to spot hypocrisy
Developing Morality
_____________________ did studies in which he recorded the morality thoughts of people of different ages.
He found that there were 3 different stages
_____________________Morality- When children before 9 years old, have a preconventional morality of self
interest. These children _____________________ either to
__________________________________________or to _____________________ concrete
_____________________.
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_____________________Morality – When young teenagers, use morality which includes caring for others as
well as upholding _____________________and _____________________just because they are rules and laws.
__________________________________________ morality- When someone develops
_____________________ perceived _____________________, they confirm people’s agreed upon rights.
•_____________________ constructed the moral _____________________, which included the three stages
•Once our thinking matures, our behavior becomes less _____________________ and more caring
•_____________________ tingly, warm, glowing feeling in the chest, usually felt when witnessing someone
doing charity
•Jonathan Haidt exclaimed in his book social intuitionist, that
__________________________________________overpower
__________________________________________. He revealed that moral reasoning aims to convince others
of what we feel
•Joshua Greene found that when a person is faced with dilemmas, their neural responses varied, based on how
much their emotion areas lit up
•Despite the identical logic, the personal dilemma allowed emotions that altered mood judgment.
•Morality is influenced by __________________________________________, and is doing the right thing.
•Children are taught to be _____________________ to others.
•Those who rely on _____________________ _____________________ (restraining one’s impulse and
_____________________for a greater award) became more socially responsible as well as
_____________________ successfully. Students are engaged in responsible action through
_____________________ learning.
Social Development
•__________________________________________exclaimed that individuals go through eight stages in life,
each with a psychosocial task.
•Till age 1, the issue was that of _____________________and _____________________
•Till age 2, it becomes _____________________ vs. _____________________
•Till age 5, the issue is _____________________ and _____________________
Social Development
•Till puberty, the child is given the issues of _____________________ and _____________________
•From adolescence till becoming a young adult, it becomes about
__________________________________________
•For young adults, the issue is between __________________________________________
•From 50-60 years old, it becomes __________________________________________.
•From 60s up, the issue becomes __________________________________________.
Forming an identity
•_____________________ revealed that some teenagers take their _____________________and expectations
and use it as their _____________________.
•Other teenagers tend to gain a _____________________identity by rejecting traditional values ant
_____________________ to a particular group
•William Damon revealed that a main idea of teenagers is to try to
__________________________________________in the world
•Daniel Hart discovered that younger teenagers were more likely to reflect the values of a certain
_____________________ while older teenagers were more likely to reflect their _____________________
personal values.
•Older teenagers were also more likely to have _____________________, the ability to form emotionally close
relationships. This is _____________________ these individuals get a better sense of who they are
Parent and Peer Influence
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•Positive relations with parents _____________________ positive peer relations
•Teenage years are a time of _____________________ parental connection and a more peer connection
Parents have a bigger influence on _____________________, _____________________,
_____________________ and __________________________________________. Most teenagers share their
parents _____________________views
Emerging Adulthood
•Emerging adulthood are people who are no longer teenagers but are not ready to take on adulthood
_____________________.
•Due to this emerging adulthood, _____________________ has been delayed by several years.
Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood
•Physical _____________________ has less to do with age; it has more to do with a person’s
_____________________and _____________________ habits.
•In Eastern countries, _____________________ is given to the aged. _____________________ is seen to be
derived over age
•In many _____________________ cultures, young people are more prized.
•_____________________ is the ending of the menstrual cycle beginning around when a woman hits her 50th
birthday. _____________________ is reduced during this period.
•usually does not create __________________________________________for women.
•A woman’s attitudes reflect on how she will _____________________ and go through menopause
•Bernice Neugarten went around and asked women who had their menopause how they felt. The majority felt at
the _____________________ of their lives.
•Men experience a more gradual _____________________ of sperm production over age. Testosterone levels
are also at a declining rate.
Physical Changes in later life
•Life expectancy has increased from the average ______years to _____ years
•Women _____________________ men and after the stage of infancy, _____________________ them
•After age ________, hearing, distance perception, reaction time, stamina, muscle strength, sense of smell all
decrease
•_____________________ process slow their rate
•Around age 80, _________ of the brain shrinks.
•Physical exercise however, can stimulate the development of some _____________________ cells and
_____________________.
•The risk of _____________________ increases, doubling every five years from age 60. It is _________ a
normal part of the aging process.
•Older adults who _____________________regularly become _____________________due to the oxygen and
nutrient circulation.
•_____________________affects over 3% of the world’s population by age 75. This is not part of the normal
aging process. It is the _____________________ of brain cells and deterioration of _____________________
that produce the neurotransmitter _____________________. Memory and thinking thus decrease.
Aging and Memory
•_____________________new information declines during the early and middle adulthood years.
•Older adults are able to recall __________________________________________more easily than
meaningless information, they may however take longer to produce _____________________ to describe these
memories
•Thomas Cook and Robin West discovered that younger adults were more likely to recall
_____________________after one introduction, while older age groups had a poorer performance.
•When asked how they heard a certain event or news , many could recall instantaneously upon a few moments,
while asking after a couple of months prompted variations in their recalls.
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•David Schonfield and Betty-Anne Robertson found that recognition memory is better for older adults
_____________________ in the day rather _____________________.
•Being able to recognize a set of words via _____________________had a minimal decline when compared to
the results of each age. It was the _____________________ of the words which had a greater difficulty
•_____________________tasks as well as habitual tasks decline over age
Aging and Intelligence
•__________________________________________are comparing people of different ages with one another.
•These studies revealed that intelligence declined after __________________________________________
•They excluded the factors of generational differences of education as well as life experiences
•__________________________________________is the retesting the same people over a period of time,
these studies showed that intelligence may be _____________________ through out the years. They however,
excluded the factors of people dropping out of studies, those who were less intelligent and that in poor health.
•The present day view is that _____________________ intelligence takes place by declining later in life and
that crystallized intelligence does not. (Paul Baltes)
•Crystallized intelligence is the _____________________ of knowledge and skills
•Fluid intelligence is the ability to _____________________and _____________________.
•Scientists and mathematicians are more likely to have their best outcomes in
_____________________adulthood, while historians and writers experience success _____________________
in life.
Adulthood’s Ages and Stages
•_____________________takes place in the early forties and is associated with struggle, regret, and feeling
struck down. Usually triggered by illness, divorce or by job loss.
•The _____________________is the cultural prescription of when the _____________________of each stage
in life must occur. For example, what time to leave home, college, get a job, family, etc.
Aging and Intelligence
•Romantic attraction is often influenced by _____________________encounters.
•Not many identical twins would feel attracted to their twin’s partners.
•The social clock varies from _____________________to_____________________
Adulthood’s Commitments
•_____________________pinned two aspects of our live. _____________________and
_____________________.
•Generativity is being _____________________ and _____________________ future generations.
•Love and work are two major themes of adulthood
•The social expectation of families staying together, is explained by
__________________________________________in having a better chance of passing down one’s genes.
•Due to the increased _____________________ of both women and men and women’s increased independence,
divorce rates have _____________________in the past 40 years
•Those who _____________________their marriage before getting married had a higher rate of divorce and
marital dysfunction.
•The risk of poor martial outcomes appears greatest for those who _____________________ prior to
engagement. Cohabiters tend to be less committed to the ideal of enduring marriage.
•John Gottman discovered that __________________________________________provide five times more
instances of smiling, touching, complimenting, laughing than of sarcasm, criticism and insults.
•Work _____________________ reveals the roles of the woman, such as a paid worker or a wife did not matter,
but the quality of her experiences in these roles meant a lot.
•Satisfying _____________________ correlates with _____________________satisfaction
Well Being Across the Life Span
•A person’s feeling of satisfaction and well being are _____________________ through out one’s lifespan
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•Older adults may experience a higher rate of satisfactions since they had satisfied the tasks of early adulthood.
They are filled with a strong sense of satisfaction and identity
•Older adults are _____________________to negative facts. The _____________________ show decreased
activity in _____________________ to negative events while maintain its responsiveness to
_____________________ events.
•Mihalay Csikszentmihalyi and Reed Larson revealed that teenagers got over an emotion within an hour while
older people _____________________ their emotions longer.
Death and Dying
•Death of _____________________is the hardest for a person
•When death comes at an _____________________, grieving may be short lived.
•When death comes earlier, grief is more _____________________
•Erikson believed that older people were filled with a sense of _____________________and
_____________________when thinking about death
Continuity and Stages
•Researchers who stress _____________________ maturation see development as a series of genetically
predisposed _____________________.
•Researchers who stress _____________________development stress _____________________and
_____________________.
•Piagets’s, Erikson’s and Kohlberg’s ideas have shown us the ways people _____________________ at various
points in the _____________________.
•Lifelong development also shows _____________________and _____________________
•_____________________ gradually _____________________throughout age.
•When we age, we may change our earlier personalities but sustaining
__________________________________________in comparison to our age mates.
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