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ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
СРЕДНЯЯ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНАЯ ШКОЛА
№814 ЗАО Г.МОСКВЫ
__________________________________________________________________
Шотландия вчера, сегодня, завтра…
(мифы и реальность)
Проектная работа по английскому языку
Учащиеся:
Вишкарёва Ольга(8Б кл.),
Волохова Александра(9А кл),
Гришина Алёна(9А кл.),
Макаренко Марина(8Б кл),
Пьянкова Екатерина(9А кл.),
Афян Нане(8Акл.)
Руководитель:
Кудрявцева Н.Б.
Консультанты:
Хуторова А.О.
Жингель Г.А.
Москва
2012
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Contents:
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………...3
Main part:
I. Symbols of Scotland ………………………………………………………………..4
II. Geography of Scotland …………………………………………………………….6
III. History and Government ……………………………………………………..….12
IV. Castles of Scotland ………………………………………………………………15
IV. Famous Scots …………………………………………………………………….19
V. Traditions and Customs …………………………………………………………...23
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………27
Literature ……………………………………………………………………………………..28
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Introduction
Everybody knows that the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of 4
countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. But speaking about Great Britain we
usually mean England, speaking about sights of interesting we remember London and so on. But
we seldom think about other parts of the United Kingdom. That's why we know too little about
Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Though, every nation has its own unique culture, history,
literature and even languages. These people have different customs and traditions and even food
changes from region to region. And now we would like to ask: “What do we know about these
countries?”
At our school we asked a number of students, their parents and teachers in different subjects
what they knew about Scotland. The most popular answers were:

It's a part of Great Britain

Kilt

Bagpipe
That's why we decided to find out information about this mysterious country. The most
interesting thing we discovered about this country is its unique culture with its ancient legends,
which are very important, interesting and even mysterious. Scotland is a land of paradox. A
small nation, its presence is felt all over the world. It is a country of preachers and poets,
warriors and dreamers, inventors and explorers. This is the land of tartans and fine whisky, of
romantic castles and the melodies of bagpipes. Scotland also has a rich cultural heritage.
Unfortunately, we came across such a problem as lack of information on this topic. While
searching for information in the Internet we found out that sometimes there are only a couple of
sentences about symbols, castles, well-known Scots and so on. So, the aim of our project is to
create unified image of Scotland. The collected information will make it possible to increase the
interest of studying English at school, to broaden the outlook, to understand the peculiarities of
Scottish character.
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I. Symbols of Scotland
What do we know about this country? Scotland is a country in the United Kingdom to the north
of England. Its symbol is the thistle, and its patron is St. Andrew. St. Andrew’s cross is the
national flag of Scotland. It consists of two diagonal white stripes crossing on a blue background.
The flag forms part of the British national flag (Union Jack).
But why is it that such a proud people as the Scots should choose a humble weed as its national
symbol? In truth, no-one knows. There is a legend which relates how sleeping parties of Scots
warriors were almost set upon by an invading band of Vikings and were only saved when one of
the attackers trod on a wild thistle with his bare feet. His cries raised the alarm and the roused
Scots duly defeated the Danes. In gratitude, the plant became known as the Guardian Thistle and
was adopted as the symbol of Scotland.
Sadly, there is no historical evidence to back up the tale and in fact, there's even confusion as to
the type of thistle that we see represented everywhere. There are many species of thistle and the
spear thistle, stemless thistle, cotton thistle, Our Lady's thistle, musk thistle and melancholy
thistle have all been suggested as possible candidates.
Whatever its origins, the thistle has been an important Scottish symbol for more than 500 years.
Perhaps its first recognizable use was on silver coins issued in 1470 during the reign of James III
and from the early 16th century, it was incorporated into the Royal Arms of Scotland. Scotland's
premier Order of Chivalry, established in 1687, is The Most Ancient and Noble Order of the
Thistle and its members wear a collar chain whose links are made of golden thistles. The Knights
and Ladies of the Thistle also wear a breast star which bears the thistle emblem and a motto
which is regularly associated with it, Nemo Me Impune Lacessit - 'no-one provokes me with
impunity'.
And we have try to find out some information about St Andrew and Scotland.
The brother of St Peter and one of the original Apostles, Andrew was reputedly martyred at
Patras in Greece, having petitioned the Roman authorities who had sentenced him to death not to
crucify him on the same shape of cross as Christ. His request was granted and Andrew was duly
crucified on the x-shaped cross (or saltire) which has subsequently become his symbol.
His association with Scotland traditionally stems from either of two legendary sources. Relics of
the saint were reputedly brought from Patras to Kinrymont in Fife in the 4th century by St
Regulus, following his shipwrecking off the east coast. The church at Kinrymont subsequently
became the cathedral of St Andrews and developed into a major centre of medieval pilgrimage.
Another version relates that in the 9th century, the Pictish king, Angus mac Fergus adopted St
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Andrew as patron following the appearance of a saltire in the sky immediately before his victory
at Athelstaneford.
Records show that St Andrew was probably the patron of Scotland by the year 1000. In 1286, the
Seal of the Guardians of Scotland bore, on the obverse, a representation of St Andrew on his xshaped cross, with the Latin inscription Andrea Scotis Dux Eesto Compatriotis - 'St Andrew be
leader of the compatriot Scots'. In I390, St Andrew was first used as a national symbol on a coin
of the realm, a five-shilling piece minted in the reign of Robert III.
St Andrew's Day, 30 November, is not a full public holiday in Scotland but is voluntarily
observed as such by a number of, largely public sector, organizations.
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II. Geography of Scotland
Yon wild mossy mountains sae lofty and wide,
That nurse in their bosom the youth o' the Clyde,
Where the grouse lead their coveys thro' the heather to feed,
And the shepherd tends his flock as he pipes on his reed.
Robert Burns.
Scotland, administrative division of the kingdom of Great Britain, occupies the northern third of
the island of Great Britain. Scotland is bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean; on the east
by the North Sea; on the southeast by England; on the south by Solway Firth, which partly
separates it from England, and by the Irish Sea; and on the west by North Channel, which
separates it from Ireland, and by the Atlantic Ocean.
Scotland includes 186 nearby islands, the majority of which are contained in three groupsnamely, the Hebrides, also known as the Western Islands, situated on the western coast; the
Orkney Islands, situated to the northeastern coast; and the Shetland Islands, situated northeast of
the Orkney Islands.
The Outer Hebrides also known as the Western Isles and the Long Island, is an island chain off
the west coast of Scotland. Most of the islands have a bedrock formed from ancient metamorphic
rocks and the climate is mild and oceanic. The 15 inhabited islands have a total population of
about 26,500 and there are more than 50 substantial uninhabited islands. There are various
important prehistoric structures, many of which pre-date the first written references to the islands
by Roman and Greek authors. Sea transport is crucial and a variety of ferry services operate
between the islands and to mainland Scotland. Modern navigation systems now minimize the
dangers but in the past the stormy seas have claimed many ships.
Lewis and Harris in the Outer Hebrides make up the largest island in Scotland. This is the largest
single island of the British Isles after Great Britain and Ireland. The northern part of the island is
called Lewis, the southern is Harris and both are frequently referred to as if they were separate
islands. The boundary between Lewis and Harris is formed by a line with Loch Resort on the
west and Loch Seaforth on the east.
Harris, from the old Norse meaning 'high land' is often described as the 'high heart of the
Hebrides'. The Isle of Harris has a wide range of landscapes, all of which have their own charm
and interest. There is Amhuinnsuidhe Castle which was build in 1865. “Amhuinnsuidhe” is the
Gaelic for “sitting by the river”. Now it’s a large private country house.
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The largest of the other islands is the Island of Arran. The area, including the islands, is 78,772
sq km.
Scotland has a very irregular coastline. The western coast in particular is deeply penetrated by
numerous arms of the sea, most of which are narrow submerged valleys, known locally as sea
lochs, and by a number of broad indentations, generally called firths. The principal firths are the
Firth of Lorne, the Firth of Clyde, and Solway Firth.
Many of the rivers of Scotland, in particular the rivers in the west, are short, torrential streams,
generally of little commercial importance. The longest river of Scotland is the Tay; the Clyde,
however, is the principal navigational stream, site of the port of Glasgow. Other chief rivers
include the Forth, Tweed, Dee, and Spey. Due to its long coastline, plentiful rivers and large
inland lakes, the people of Scotland have long been involved in fishing and ship building. Today
there are still quite a few fishing hamlets as well as many large cities which have evolved from
their prominent positions by strategically important waterways.
Scotland is characterized by an abundance of streams and lakes (lochs). It has been estimated
that there are at least 31,460 freshwater lochs (including lochans) in Scotland. The majority of
the larger lochs are linear in form; their distribution through the West Highlands reflects their
origin in the glacial over deepening of the valleys they now occupy. Loch is a Scottish Gaelic
word for a lake that has been borrowed by Scots and Scottish English to apply to such bodies of
water, especially those in Scotland. Notable among the lakes, which are especially numerous in
the central and northern regions, are Loch Lomond (the largest), Loch Ness, Loch Tay, and Loch
Katrine.
Loch Lomond
Loch Lomond is a freshwater loch lying on the Highland Boundary Fault, the boundary between
the lowlands of Central Scotland and the Highlands. It is 39 kilometres (24 mi) long and between
1.21 kilometres (0.75 mi) and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) wide. It has an average depth of about 37
metres (121 ft), and a maximum depth of about 190 metres (620 ft). Its surface area measures 71
km2 (27 sq mi), and it has a volume of 2.6 km3 (0.62 cu mi). Of all lakes in Great Britain, it is
the largest by surface area, and the second largest (after Loch Ness) by water volume. Within the
United Kingdom, it is surpassed only by Lough Neagh and Lower Lough Erne in Northern
Ireland.
Traditionally a boundary of Stirlingshire and Dunbartonshire, Loch Lomond is located in the
current council areas of Stirling, Argyll and Bute, and West Dunbartonshire, and its southern
shores lie approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) north of Glasgow, Scotland’s largest city.
Loch Lomond is now part of Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park. Ben Lomond is on
the eastern shore: 974 m (3,195 ft) in height and the most southerly of the Scottish Munro peaks.
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A 2005 poll of Radio Times readers named Loch Lomond as the 6th greatest natural wonder in
Britain.
The main arterial route along the loch is the A82 road which runs the length of its western shore.
For a long time this was a notorious bottleneck, with the route clogged with tourists during the
summer months. It was upgraded in the 1980s and 1990s, although the stretch north of Tarbet
remains unimproved.
The famous Loch Ness.
Loch Ness is in Scotland, and it is long and narrow and very deep. Loch Ness is special. What is
it? Well, “loch” is a Scottish Gaellic word that means a lake or an inlet of the sea. There are
thousands of place names in Scotland containing the word “loch”. So Loch Ness is a lake: 24
miles long, a mile wide and up to 700 feet deep Loch Ness is a land-locked fresh water lake
lying at the eastern end of the Great Glen, a natural geological fault which stretches across the
width of Scotland. The loch forms part of the Caledonian Canal completed by the celebrated
civil engineer Thomas Telford (1757 – 1841), in 1822. Telford took 19 years to build the canal,
which spared coastal shipping and fishing vessels a voyage through the waters of the Pentland
Firth. It is in fact the largest freshwater lake in Britain. But that is not the reason why Loch Ness
is special.
No, Loch Ness is special because it has its very own monster. People say that deep in the lake
there lives a large creature. Occasionally – very occasionally – you can see the creature
swimming on the surface of Loch Ness, or even moving on the land close to the shores of the
lake. No-one is certain what sort of creature it is, so it has no proper scientific name. But
everyone calls the Loch Ness monster “Nessie”.
The oldest stories about the monster date from the 6th century. St Columba, who first brought
Christianity to Scotland, is said to have saved the life of a man who had been attacked by a huge
creature near Loch Ness. The modern stories about the monster started in 1933, when there were
three sightings of a large, strange creature, about 1 meter high and 8 meters long, with a long
neck. There have been similar reports in most years since then, sometimes of a creature on land,
though more normally of a creature in the water. There have been some photographs of Nessie as
well, but most of them are of poor quality, and some may be fakes. Several studies of Loch Ness
using sonar equipment have found traces of a large object or objects deep in the water.
So what is Nessie? Some people think that she (or he?) may be a type of dinosaur, which had
managed to survive when all the other dinosaurs on earth died out. But most scientists think that
this is extremely implausible. So is Nessie some other sort of animal, such as an eel or a seal? Or
perhaps, Nessie does not exist at all. Perhaps the people who say that they have seen a creature in
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Loch Ness actually saw other things – a small boat, perhaps, or a group of birds, or a pattern of
waves and shadows on the water.
The Official Loch Ness Monster Centre is opened all year round and has exhibits showing
geology, prehistory and history of Scotland, along with SONAR records and underwater
photography relating to the monster.
The Original Visitor Centre offers a half hour video of the monster detailing the research that has
taken place, along with a video about Bonnie Prince Charlie.
The loch has been surveyed for decades, by the RAF, eminent scientists, cranks, crackpots, minisubmarines and millions of pounds worth of high technology, including NASA computers. And
still there is no proof…
The geology of Scotland
The geology of Scotland is unusually varied for a country of its size, with a large number of
different geological features. There are three main geographical sub-divisions: the Highlands
and Islands is a diverse area which lies to the north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault;
the Central Lowlands is a rift valley mainly comprising Paleozoic formations; and the Southern
Uplands, which lie to the south of the Southern Uplands Fault, are largely composed of Silurian
deposits.
The Highland Boundary Fault is a geological fault that traverses Scotland from Arran and
Helensburgh on the west coast to Stonehaven in the east. It separates two distinctly different
physiographic regions: the Highlands from the Lowlands, but in most places it is only
recognizable as a change in topography.
The Central Lowlands or Midland Valley is a geologically defined area of relatively low-lying
land in southern Scotland. It consists of a rift valley between the Highland Boundary Fault to the
north and the Southern Uplands Fault to the south. The Central Lowlands are one of the three
main geographical sub-divisions of Scotland, the other two being the Highlands and Islands
which lie to the north, northwest and the Southern Uplands, which lie south of the associated
second fault line.
The Southern Uplands are the southernmost and least populous of mainland Scotland's three
major geographic areas (the others being the Central Lowlands and the Highlands). The term is
used both to describe the geographical region and to collectively denote the various ranges of
hills within this region. The Southern Uplands lie south of the Southern Uplands Fault line that
runs from Ballantrae on the Ayrshire coast northeastwards to Dunbar in East Lothian on the
North Sea coast, a distance of some 220 km. In geological terms, the Southern Uplands consist
mainly of Silurian deposits laid down from 400-500 million years ago and pushed up from the
sea bed by the collision of ancient continents.
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Mountains and hills of Scotland
Scotland is the most mountainous country in the United Kingdom. The area north and west of the
Highland Boundary Fault is known as the Highlands, and contains the country's main mountain
ranges. Scotland's mountain ranges, in a rough north to south direction are: The Highlands &
Islands, The Hills of the Central Lowlands, the Southern Uplands.
Some of the most spectacular mountains occur in the northwest highlands, especially on Skye,
the largest island of the coast. On the mainland nearby lie some great ranges based on the
Torridonian sandstone, a Precambrian rock which overlies yet older rocks such as the Lewisian
gneiss. Some of the highest peaks, such as Beinn Eighe are crowned by white quartzite, which
gives those peaks a distinctive appearance. The trend continues to the north with larger caps of
the white rock at Foinaven and Arkle. Some of the quartzite contains fossilized worm burrows. It
is known as pipe rock and is circa 500 million years old.
However, Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the British Isles. It is located at the western end
of the Grampian Mountains in the Lochaber area of the Scottish Highlands, close to the town of
Fort William. "Ben Nevis" is an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic name "Beinn Nibheis".
"Beinn" is the most common Gaelic word for "mountain", "Nibheis" is variously understood,
though the word is commonly translated as "malicious" or "venomous". An alternative
interpretation is that "Beinn Nibheis" derives from "beinn nèamh-bhathais", from "nèamh"
"heavens, clouds" and "bathais" "top of a man's head". A literal translation would therefore be
"the mountain with its head in the clouds", though "mountain of Heaven" is also frequently given
It is known both to locals and visitors as simply the Ben. It attracts an estimated 100,000 ascents
a year, around three-quarters of which are made using the well-constructed Pony Track from
Glen Nevis on the south side of the mountain. For climbers and mountaineers the main attraction
lies in the 700-metre (2,300 ft) high cliffs of the north face; among the highest cliffs in the
United Kingdom, they harbour some classic scrambles and rock climbs of all difficulties, and are
one of the principal locations in the UK for ice climbing.
Natural Resources
Scotland, like the rest of the island of Great Britain, has significant reserves of coal. It also
possesses large deposits of zinc, chiefly in the south. The soil is generally rocky and infertile,
except for that of the Central Lowlands. Northern Scotland has great hydroelectric power
potential and contains Great Britain's largest hydroelectric generating stations. Beginning in the
late 1970s, offshore oil deposits in the North Sea became an important part of the Scottish
economy. The most important city here is Aberdeen which is the oil centre of the country. Ships
and helicopters travel from Aberdeen to the North Sea oil rigs. Therefore, Scotland is rather rich
in natural resources and sometimes can even condition to England.
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Population
The people of Scotland, like those of Great Britain in general, are descendants of various racial
stocks, including the Picts, Celts, Scandinavians, and Romans. Scotland is a mixed ruralindustrial society. Scots divide themselves into Highlanders, who consider themselves of purer
Celtic blood and retain a stronger feeling of the clan, and Lowlanders, who are largely of
Teutonic blood.
The climate of Scotland
The climate of Scotland is temperate, and tends to be very changeable, but rarely extreme. It is
warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic. Rainfall totals vary widely across Scotland— the
western highlands of Scotland are one of the wettest places in Europe with annual rainfall up to
4,577 mm (180.2 in). Due to the mountainous topography of the western Highlands, this type of
precipitation is orographic in nature, with the warm, wet air forced to rise on contact with the
mountainous coast, where it consequently cools and condenses, forming clouds. In comparison,
much of eastern Scotland receives less than 870 mm (34.3 in) annually; lying in the rain shadow
of the western uplands.
But, generally, Scotland is cool and damp and often cloudy, but daily weather is unpredictable
and extremely variable. January and February are by far the coldest months, with the daily
temperatures averaging 41°F to 45°F (5°C to 7°C), while during summer the average
temperatures of 66°F (19°C) during its warmest months of July and August.
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III. History and Government
Most historians agree that the first man appeared in Scotland as long ago as 6,000 BC. Bone and
antler fishing spears and other rudimentary implements found along the western part of the
country serve as evidence to support this theory. The Beaker civilization arrived three thousand
years later, and is notable for its henges (of which Stonehenge is one of the most famous). The
Beaker people eventually spread as far north as Orkney.
As a result of its geography, Scotland has two different societies. In the center of Scotland
mountains stretch to the far north and across to the west, beyond which lie many islands. To the
east and to the south the lowland hills are gentler, and much of the countryside is like England,
rich, welcoming and easy to farm. North of the “Highland Line” people stayed tied to their own
family groups. South and east of this line society was more easily influenced by the changes
taking place in England.
Scotland was populated by four separate groups of people. The main group, the Picts, lived
mostly in the north and northeast. They spoke Celtic as well as another, probably older, language
completely unconnected with any known language today, and they seem to have been the earliest
inhabitants of the land.
The non-Pictish inhabitants were mainly Scots. The Scots were Celtic settlers who started to
move into the western Highlands from Ireland in the fourth century.
In 843 the Pictish and Scottish kingdoms were united under a Scottish king, who could also
probably claim the Picts throne through his mother, in this way obeying both Scottish and Pictish
rules of kingship.
The third inhabitants were the Britons, who inhabited the Lowlands, and had been part of the
Romano-British world. They had probably given up their old tribal way of life by the sixth
century.
Finally, there were Angels from Nothambria who had pushed northwards into the Scottish
Lowlands.
Unity between Picts, Scots and Britons was achieved for several reasons. They shared a common
Celtic culture, language and background. Their economy mainly depended on keeping animals.
These animals were owned by the tribe as a hole, and for this reason land was also held by tribes,
not by individual people. The common economic system increased their feeling of belonging to
the same kind of society and the difference from the agricultural Lowlands. The sense of
common culture may have been increased by marriage alliances between tribes. This idea of
common landholding remained strong until the tribes of Scotland, called “clans”, collapsed in the
eighteenth century.
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The Angles were very different from the Celts. They had arrived in Britain in family groups, but
they soon began to accept the authority from people outside their own family. This was partly
due to their way of life. Although they kept some animals, they spent more time growing crops.
This meant that land was held by individual people, each man working in his own field. Land
was distributed for farming by the local lord. This system encouraged the Angles of Scotland to
develop a non-tribal system of control, as the people of England further south were doing. This
increased their feeling of difference from the Celtic tribal Highlanders further north.
Scotland remained a difficult country to rule even from its capital, Edinburgh. Anyone
looking at a map of Scotland can see that control of the Highlands and islands was a great
problem. Travel was often impossible in winter, and slow and difficult in summer. It was easy
for a clan chief or noble to throw off the rule of the king.
The Scottish kings were closely connected with England. Since Saxon times marriages had
frequently taken place between the Scottish and English royal families. At the same time the
Scottish kings wanted to establish strong government and so they offered land to Norman
knights from England in return for their loyalty.
The Scottish Parliament
Between 1235 and 1286, little can be told with certainty about Parliament's function, but it
appears to have had a judicial and political role which was well established by the end of the
century. With the death of Alexander III, Scotland found itself without an adult monarch, and in
this situation, Parliament seems to have become more prominent as a means to give added
legitimacy to the Council of Guardians who ran the country. By the reign of John Balliol (1292–
96), Parliament was well established, and Balliol attempted to use it as a means to withstand the
encroachments of his overlord, Edward I of England.
In the second half of the 16th century, Parliament began to legislate on more and more matters
and there was a marked increase in the amount of legislation it produced. During the reign of
James VI, the Lords of the Articles came more under the influence of the crown. By 1612, they
sometimes seem to have been appointed by the Crown rather than Parliament, and as a result the
independence of parliament was perceived by contemporaries to have been eroded. This decline
was reversed in the Covenanting period (1638–1651), when the Scottish Parliament took control
of the executive, effectively wresting sovereignty from the King and setting many precedents for
the constitutional changes undertaken in England soon afterwards. The Covenanting regime fell
in 1651 after Scotland was invaded by Oliver Cromwell whose Protectorate government imposed
a brief Anglo-Scottish parliamentary union in 1657. During this period, Parliament gained the
only permanent home it ever had. King Charles I ordered the construction of Parliament Hall,
which was completed in 1639. The Scottish Parliament returned after the Restoration of Charles
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II to the throne in 1660. William II's parliament of 1689 made substantial changes both to
parliament and its relation to the monarchy. The new parliament would subsequently bring about
its own demise by the Act of Union 1707.
The Scottish Parliament was reconvened in 1999 after almost 300 years, having been adjourned
on March 25, 1707 when members passed the Act of Union combining the Scottish and English
Parliaments at Westminster in London. Government in Scotland is in four tiers. A new Scottish
Parliament was elected in 1999, following devolution of powers from the United Kingdom
Parliament in London. This is the first time Scotland has had its own parliament in 300 years.
The Scottish Parliament, which sits in Edinburgh, is responsible for most aspects of Scottish life.
The national parliament in Westminster (London) retains responsibility for areas such as
defence, foreign affairs and taxation. The European Parliament in Brussels (Belgium) exercises
certain powers vested in the European Union.
The Scottish Parliament is supported by the Scottish Executive also based in Edinburgh. The
Scottish Government is led by a First Minister. A Secretary of State for Scotland remains part of
the UK Cabinet, and is supported by the Scotland Office (previously the Scottish Office) based
in Glasgow, with offices in Edinburgh and London.
Local government is divided into 29 unitary authorities and three island authorities, having been
subject to a major reorganization in 1995.
Scotland has its own legal system, judiciary and an education system which, at all levels, differs
from that found "south of the border" in England and Wales.
Scotland also has its own banking system and its own banknotes. Edinburgh is the second
financial centre of the UK and one of the major financial centers of the world.
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IV. Castles of Scotland
There are a lot of castles in Scotland. The first castles were built in Scotland in the 11th and 12th
centuries, with the introduction of Norman influence. These motte and bailey castles were
replaced with the first stone-built castles around 1200. By the late 14th century, the large curtainwalled castles had begun to give way to more modest tower houses, vertical dwellings with less
formidable defences. This type of vertical house continued to be popular with Scotland's
landowning class through to the late 17th century, when classical architecture made its first
appearance in the country. Meanwhile the advance of artillery pressed military engineers to
devise stronger fortifications for important royal strongholds.
Tower houses and castles were upgraded with painted ceilings and decorative plasterwork in the
16th and 17th centuries, employing distinctive national styles. In the late 18th century, medieval
architecture was revived, and castle-style houses were built once more. These "castles" had no
defensive capability, but drew on military and tower-house architecture for their decorative
detail. This trend culminated in the Scottish Baronial style of the 19th century.
There have been well over two thousand castles in Scotland, although many are known only
through historical records. They are found in all parts of the country, although tower houses and
peel towers are concentrated along the border with England, while the best examples of larger
Renaissance-era tower houses are clustered in the north-east. Interestingly there is some
discussion about if Scottish Castles are considered to be "true" castles, however this discussion is
mainly focused around opinions held by some scholars as per the exact scope of the word castle.
Here we would like to say a few words about those castles that are still in use now, though there
are a lot of ruined castles, which are connected with history of this beautiful country.
Edinburgh’s Castle
The Royal Castle of Edinburgh is the most powerful symbol of Scotland. For centuries, this
mighty fortress has dominated its surroundings with a majesty, which has deeply impressed
many generations.The volcanic castle rock in Edinburgh was born over 340 million years ago
following a violent eruption deep in the earth’s crust. Its story as a place of human habitation
stretches back a mere 3,000 years, to the late Bronze Age. It was evidently a thriving hill-top
settlement when Roman soldiers marched by in the first century AD.
The place had become an important royal fortress by the time of Queen Margaret’s death there in
November 1093. Throughout the Middle Ages Edinburgh Castle ranked as one of the major
castles of the kingdom and its story is very much the story of Scotland. But within the building
of the Palace of Holyroodhouse in the early 16th century, the castle was used less and less as a
royal residence, though it remained symbolically the heart of the kingdom.
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Edinburgh Castle is the home of the Scottish Crown Jewels, the oldest Royal Regalia in Britain.
The Honours of Scotland – the Crown, Sword and Sceptre – were shaped in Italy and Scotland
during the reigns of King James IV and king James V and were first used together as coronation
regalia in 1543.
After the 1707 Treaty of Union between Scotland and England, the Honours were locked away
in the Crown Room and the doors were walled up. 111 years later, the Honours were
rediscovered and immediately displayed to the public. Displayed with the Crown Jewels is the
Stone of Destiny, returned to Scotland after 700 years in England.
Edinburgh Castle boasts having the giant siege gun Mons Meg in its military collection. Mons
Meg (or simply “Mons”) was made at Mons (in present-day Belgium) in 1449. It was at the
leading edge of artillery technology at the time: it weighs 6040 kilogrammes and its firing
gunstones weigh 150 kilogrammes. It soon saw action against the English. But it great weigh
made it ponderously slow to drag around – it could only make 5 kilometres a day. By the middle
of the 16th century it was retired from military service and restricted to firing salutes from the
castle ramparts. It was returned to the castle in 1829.
Tour the Castle is National War Museum Scotland.The National War Museum Scotland has a
large collection exploring more than 400 years of Scottish military history. The building was
originally an ordnance storehouse, built in 1755. The Museum was opened inside the Castle in
1933, the first of its kind in Britain. Its large collection of military artefacts dates back to the
17th century.
Balmoral Castle
Set amongst the magnificent scenery of Royal Deeside, in the shadows of Lochnagar is the
Balmoral Estate. Purchased by Queen Victoria in 1848, the Estate has been the Scottish Home of
the British Royal Family ever since. The Estate covers about 20,000 hectares (just over 50,000
acres) acres of heather clad hills, ancient Caledonian woodland, policies and of course the
beautiful River Dee is nearby. Over the past 150 years careful stewardship by the owners, The
Royal Family, has preserved the wildlife, scenery and architecture which is available for all
generations to enjoy. In her journals Queen Victoria described Balmoral as "my dear paradise in
the Highlands". The grounds, gardens and exhibitions will be open on a daily basis from Sunday
1st April until Tuesday 31st July during 2012.
Glamis Castle
Ancestral home of the Earls of Strathmore for over 600 years.
Glamis is a living, breathing monument to Scottish hospitality; a place of enjoyment, reflection,
laughter and wonder for all. The castle has witnessed more than 600 years of history and we take
great delight in sharing the many stories, secrets and intriguing tales that surround it.
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As well as tours of the castle and garden visits we offer a full programme of events throughout
the year. Glamis is a stunning wedding venue, ideal for private receptions, lunch parties, grand
dinners, filming and wedding receptions and much more.
The historical roots of Glamis by no means should suggest that the Castle has not remained
fashionable; additions, alterations and reconstructions have all taken place in order to satisfy the
aspirations of the Strathmore family. In the mid-18th century the grounds in front of the Castle
were landscaped with radiating avenues of trees.
The pitched roof of the East Wing was replaced with castellations in 1797 and the reconstruction
of the West Wing in a matching style was effected in about 1800. The main avenue was
replanted in about 1820.
St Andrews Castle
On a headland to the north of St Andrews stand the ruins of the city’s castle, the main residence
of the bishops and archbishops of St Andrews – the focal point of the Church in Medieval
Scotland. Today, a siege mine and counter-mine can be explored, and the ‘bottle dungeon’
viewed. Visitor centre with exhibition. St Andrews Castle was the official residence of
Scotland’s leading bishop (and later archbishop) throughout the Middle Ages. Its scale
demonstrated the power and wealth of the bishops, and it was the setting for many important
events which determined the course of Scottish history. Some of the key moments leading up to
the Scottish Reformation in 1560 were played out within its precinct. These include the burning
of George Wishart, the Protestant preacher, the murder of Cardinal Beaton, and the great siege of
1546–7, when Rev John Knox was one of the garrison.
Inveraray Castle
An Inveraray Castle has been standing on the shores of Loch Fyne since the 1400s, although the
impressive castle we know today was inspired by a sketch by Vanburgh, the architect of
Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard in the 1700s. Vanburgh died soon afterwards, but the great
architect's germ of an idea became the base of the house which the 2nd Duke was eventually to
build. The foundation stone was laid in 1746 and what followed was the construction - to a
design by the architects Roger Morris and William Adam - of a truly modern, baroque, Palladian
and Gothic-style castle, architecturally before its time. Both Morris and Adam died before the
castle was finished and Adam's sons, John and Robert, brought the castle to completion 43 years
after the first stone was laid.
The castle we know today was the result of a fire in 1877, which resulted in the addition of the
third floor and conical roofs on the corner towers.
Borthwick Castle
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For nearly 600 years Borthwick Castle has overlooked the gently rolling hills on the edge of the
romantic Scottish Borders. One can easily imagine that Mary Queen of Scots looked from her
bedchamber window onto a very similar landscape in the 16th Century.
The Castle's long and illustrious history has romance and drama and the walls still bear the
battle-scars of Cromwell's cannon.
Nowadays, with central heating and en-suite bathrooms, the castle retains a medieval ambience
which charms even the most seasoned travelers.
Ashford Castle
In 1228 Ashford in Mayo is founded by the Anglo-Norman de Burgo family following their
defeat of the native O'Connors of Connaught. the de Burgo's would build several such castles
throughout the province, but Ashford in Ireland would remain the principal stronghold. The
native O'Connors also leave a legacy in the form of the nearby 12th century Augustinian abbey
of Cong, Co.Mayo, built on the site of a 6th century monastery.
In 1985 A group of Irish American investors purchase Ashford in Mayo. In the 16 years since,
Ashford has been voted not only one of the best hotels in Ireland by the most discerning
guidebooks, but also one of the top 50 resort properties in Europe.
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IV. Famous Scots
There are many famous inventors from Scotland. James Watt is one of them. He was born in
1736 in Greenock that is situated not far from Glasgow. Being a teenager James became
interested in astronomy and chemical experiments. After learning in London he came back to
Scotland and became a mechanic at university in Glasgow. Having been asked to repair the
model of steam engine James Watt made various improvements of that engine that favoured
increasing its efficiency. Thereby in 1782 he invented his own steam engine. Besides James was
good not only in physics. He coped with learning many languages.
Another person who is famous for his invention is Kirkpatrick MacMillan. His father was a
farrier. Just that very case promoted him to invent the wheel-propelled bicycle. In 1824 when he
was twelve he started to work with his father. Once having seen toy horse Kirkpatrick decided to
invent something that was similar to it. Furthermore he thought it would be more sensible to
invent such toy horse that it wouldn’t require touching ground with feet to make it start moving.
In 1839 everything was done. Later his invention was little improved and widely used.
Alexander Graham Bell is famous for invention of telephone. He was born in 1847 in
Edinburgh but soon his family and he moved to Canada because of death of tuberculosis of two
his brothers. As his parents were rhetoricians he taught eloquence and studied music, by the way.
He was keen on inventing. One day he heard about compensation that would get person who
invented something that would be able to transmit reports with the help of a couple of wires.
Well, Alexander Bell started working out the way of inventing the first practical telephone. In
1876 he succeeded. The first practical telephone was invented. In fact it’s said that the first
practical phone was invented by Italian Antonio Meucci in 1871.
One more inventor is Alexander Fleming. He was born in 1881 in Ayrshire. He graduated from
medical school. In 1906 he became a member of Royal College of Surgeons. He was famous for
his untidiness. It was it that helped him to make the greatest discovery. Alexander Fleming
discovered penicillin scrutinizing mould that had been taken from his unwashed cup. For his
discovery Fleming was awarded with Nobel prize.
Another legendary inventor is Robert Watson-Watt. He was born at Brechin in 1892. He was
educated at the University of St. Andrews. After graduating from that university his further
education was disrupted by World War I during which Watson was working as a meteorologist
at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, attempting to locate thunderstorms with radio
waves. Once having noticed interference in radio while aircraft had been flying. This case made
him consider everything to use it to detect approach of enemy aircraft. Well, soon he designed
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the device that was intended for radiolocation of air transport. And in 1935 he became the
inventor of radar that could spot a plain within sixty-four kilometers.
Scottish
literature
includes
literature
written
in English, Scottish
Gaelic, Scots, Brythonic, French, Latin and any other language in which a piece of literature was
ever written. Among the best known Scottish writers there are two who are strongly associated
with the Romantic Era, Robert Burns and Walter Scott.
Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796), Scotland's favourite son, the Ploughman Poet,
Robden of Solway Firth, the Bard of Ayrshire and in Scotland as simply The Bard, was a
Scottish poet and a lyricist. He is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland, and is
celebrated worldwide. He is the best known of the poets who have written in the Scots language,
although much of his writing is also in English and a "light" Scots dialect, accessible to an
audience beyond Scotland. He also wrote in standard English, and in these his political or civil
commentary is often at its most blunt.
He is regarded as a pioneer of the Romantic movement, and after his death he became a great
source of inspiration to the founders of both liberalism and socialism and a cultural icon in
Scotland and among the Scottish Diaspora around the world. Celebration of his life and work
became almost a national charismatic cult during the 19th and 20th centuries, and his influence
has long been strong on Scottish literature. In 2009 he was chosen as the 'Greatest Scot' by the
Scottish public in a vote run by Scottish television channel STV.
As well as making original compositions, Burns also collected folk songs from across Scotland,
often revising or adapting them. His poem (and song) Auld Lang Syne is often sung at
Hogmanay (the last day of the year), and Scots Wha Hae served for a long time as an unofficial
national anthem of the country.
Walter Scott was a superstar novelist of the early 19th century, and a pioneer in the art of the
historical novel. His special interest was Scotland's history and culture; his first literary success
was a collection of Scottish ballads and narrative poems, the five-volume Minstrelsy of the
Scottish Border (1802-03). Over the next 30 years he produced a tremendous amount of novels,
biographies, stories and poems. The best-known is probably Ivanhoe (1819), a romantic tale of
chivalry with a cast that included Richard the Lion-Hearted and Robin Hood. Other works
include The Lady of the Lake (1810), the Waverly novels (first published in 1814), Rob Roy
(1818), The Bride of Lammermoor (1819), and the epic poem Marmion (1808) which includes
his famous ballad Lochinvar. Never a prudent man with money, Scott suffered a calamity when
the publishing firm of which he was part-owner went bankrupt in 1826. Scott resolved to pay off
the debt by writing, but the tremendous exertion ruined his health and led to his death in 1832.
21
Everybody knows Robert Louis Stevenson as author of the world-famous adventure stories and
novels. The point is that he travelled a lot. He was born in 1850 in Edinburgh. But since 1890 he
lived on the islands of Samoa. The novel «Treasure Island» that was written in 1883 brought him
a big world fame. Robert Stevenson was not only a writer. He was also a poet. The ballad
«Heather Ale» is a well-known ballad in Russia indeed.
Heather Ale: A Galloway Legend
by Robert Louis Stevenson
ВЕРЕСКОВЫЙ МЕД
пер. С.Маршака
From the bonny bells of heather,
Из вереска напиток
They brewed a drink long syne,
Забыт давным-давно,
Was sweeter far than honey,
А был он слаще меда,
Was stronger far than wine.
Пьянее, чем вино.
They brewed it and they drank it,
В котлах его варили
And lay in blessed swound,
И пили всей семьей
For days and days together,
Малютки-медовары
In their dwellings underground.
В пещерах под землей.
There rose a King in Scotland,
Пришел король шотландский
A fell man to his foes,
Безжалостный к врагам.
He smote the Picts in battle,
Погнал он бедных пиктов
He hunted them like roes.
К скалистым берегам.
Over miles of the red mountain
На вересковом поле
He hunted as they fled,
На поле боевом
And strewed the dwarfish bodies
Лежал живой на мертвом
Of the dying and the dead…
И мертвый на живом…
Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle was born in Scotland and studied medicine there, eventually
serving as a physician in the Boer War (1899-1902). But his fame rests on his creation of the
fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. Doyle published his first Holmes tale, A Study in Scarlet, in
1887. Over the following 40 years he published 56 short stories and four novels featuring
Holmes and his sidekick, Dr. Watson. Holmes was a keen observer, relentlessly logical and a
master of deduction from the smallest of clues -- traits that made him a model for many later
detectives, and made Doyle a model for many later mystery writers. Late in life Doyle became
closely interested in mysticism and wrote the 1926 book A History of Spiritualism.
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The British think that the best actors of the film “Adventure of Sherlock Holmes and Dr.
Watson” after Conan Doyle are Russian actors V. Livanov and V. Solomin. There wasn’t such a
phrase as “It's elementary, Watson” in books by Conan Doyle, but thanks to this screen version
now it is famous all over the world.
And speaking about actors we can't but mention such a great and well-known actor as Sean
Connery. I think this person is known by everyone. Sean Connery is a film actor and producer.
He is holder of Oscar Award, Golden Globe Award. The fact is that he was son of not well
provided parents. As family strongly needed money in 1951 at the age of twenty five Sean went
to get a job in Royal EdinburghTheatre. Sean Connery is wide famous for acting in the films
about secret agent James Bond.
We also asked a number of different people about James Bond and the actor, who played this
character. Nearly 90% of all answers are Sean Connery.
23
V. Traditions and Customs
Kilt
Speaking about Scotland we can’t but mention about its traditions and customs. The first most
popular thing speaking about Scotland is Kilt. Kilt - the subject of men's clothing, traditional
clothes of Scottish Highlanders. Kilt is a piece of cloth wrapped around the waist. It fastened
with pin cold Kilt-pin. The kilt is a relic of the time when the clan system existed in the
Highlands. But its origin is very ancient. The Celtic tribes who fought Ceasar wore kilts. When
the Celts moved north up through Cornwall, and Wales, and Ireland, and eventually to Scotland,
they brought the kilt with them. A thousand years ago, there was nothing specially Scottish about
it. Now it has become the Highland’s national dress and is worn in many parts of Scotland. The
first kilt appeared as the great kilt, the breacan or belted plaid, during the 16th century and is
Highland Gaelic in origin, a full-length garment whose upper half could be worn as a cloak
draped over the shoulder, or brought up over the head. The philibeg or small kilt, also known as
the walking kilt (similar to the modern kilt) was invented by an English Quaker from Lancashire
called Thomas Rawlinson sometime in the 1720s for the use of the Highlanders he and Ian
MacDonnell, chief of the MacDonnells of Inverness employed in logging, charcoal manufacture
and iron smelting, for which the belted plaid was "cumbrous and unwieldy". The word kilt
comes from the Anglo-Scottish "kilt", meaning «wrapping clothing around the body." There are
different kinds of colour of Kilts, which depend upon tartan. The matter is that every Scottish
clan had its own tartan. Scottish clan consists of some families linked by kinship. Everybody in
clan have the same surname like a MacGregor. Mac means “the sun of”. And full surname
means “the sun of Gregor”. By no means all tartans belong to specific clans – several are
“district” tartans, representing particular areas. The fascinating story of the tartan itself is told at
the Museum of Scottish Tartans. The museum possesses lots of rare exhibits. One of them is the
remarkable woman’s Plaid or Arisaid, the oldest dated in the world: 1726. The Arisaid, worn
only by women, reached from head to heels, belted at the waist and pinned at the breast.
The oldest piece of Tartan found in Scotland dates back from about 325 AD. The cloth was
found in a pot near Falkirk, a simple check in two shades of brown, a long way from the checked
and coloured tartans that came to be worn in the Highlands of Scotland in the 1550s. There are
now over 2,500 tartan designs, many of them are no more than 20 years old.
One more thing which is necessary with kilt is Sporran. Sporran is a pouch for money, drink and
other little things. Sporran is trimmed with fur. Sporran is decorated with an animal head. The
sporran is worn on a leather strap or chain, conventionally positioned in front of the groin of the
wearer. Since the traditional kilt does not have pockets, the sporran serves as a wallet and
24
container for any other necessary personal items. It is essentially a survival of the common
European medieval belt-pouch, superseded elsewhere as clothing came to have pockets, but
continuing in the Scottish Highlands because of the lack of these accessories in traditional dress.
The true Highlander in his right sock to wear is a knife. It is worn as a part of traditional Scottish
Highland dress along with the kilt. It is worn tucked into the top of the kilt hose with only the
upper portion of the hilt visible. The sgian-dubh is normally worn on the right leg, but can also
be worn on the left, depending on whether the wearer is right or left-handed. The name comes
from the Gaelic sgian-dubh. Although the primary meaning of dubh is "black", the secondary
meaning of "hidden" is at the root of sgian-dubh, based on the stories and theories surrounding
the knife's origin, in particular those associated with the Highland custom of depositing weapons
at the entrance to a house prior to entering as a guest.
Bagpipe
Scotland has its own typical musical instrument, the pipes (sometimes called the bagpipes). The
bagpipe was known to the ancient civilizations of the Near East. It was probably introduced into
Britain by the Romans. Carvings of bagpipe players on churches and a few words about them in
the works of Chaucer and other writers show that it was popular all over the country in the
Middle Ages.
In Scotland the bagpipe was first recorded in the 16th century during the reign of James I, who
was a very good player, and probably did much to make it popular. For long it has been
considered a national Scottish instrument. Even now it is still associated with Scotland.
The sound of the bagpipes is very stirring. The old Highland clans and later the Highland
regiments used to go into battle to the sound of the bagpipes.
The bagpipe consists of a reed pipe, the “chanter”, and a wind bag which provides a regular
supply of air to the pipe. The wind pipe is filled either from the mouth or by a bellows which the
player works with his arm. The chanter has a number of holes or keys by means of which the
tune is played.
Haggis
The third most well known thing about Scotland is Haggis. It is a traditional Scottish dish
containing sheep's 'pluck', minced with onion, oatmeal, suet, spices, and salt, mixed with stock,
and traditionally simmered in the animal's stomach for approximately three hours. Haggis is
popularly assumed to be of Scottish origin, but there is a lack of historical evidence that could
conclusively attribute its origins to any one place. A serving of haggis, neeps and tattiesThe first
known written recipe for a dish of the name (as 'hagese'), made with offal and herbs, is in the
verse cookbook Liber Cure Cocorum dating from around 1430 in Lancashire, North West
England.
25
Highland’s dances and games.
You can also find in Scotland its own national dances, Highland dances and Scottish country
dances; its own songs (some of which are very popular all aver Britain), its poetry (some of
which is famous throughout the English-speaking world), traditions, food and sports, even
education, and manners.
Speaking about sports we can’t but mention Highland Gatherings or Games held in Braemar.
They have been held there since 1832, and since Queen Victoria visited them in 1848 the games
have enjoyed royal patronage. The Games consist of piping competitions, tugs-of-war (a test of
strength in which two teams pull against other on a rope, each trying to pull the other over the
winning line), highland wrestling and dancing, and tossing the caber.
Holidays
Scotland has its own traditions and customs. And speaking about them we can’t but mention
about its Holidays, for e.g., Independence Day in Scotland. At the Battle of Bannockburn
Scottish king Robert the Bruce defeated the army of King Edward II, restoring the independence
of their country.
Birthday of Robert Burns. Robert Burns is a famous Scottish poet. That’s why everybody in
Scotland celebrates his birthday. It celebrates in the form dinner the so-called Burns Supper. At
first there is a small show with songs, poems and folk dances. Burns suppers are most common
in Scotland and Northern Ireland, but occur wherever there are Burns Clubs, Scottish Societies,
expatriate Scots, or aficionados of Burns' poetry. There is a particularly strong tradition of them
in southern New Zealand's main city Dunedin, of which Burns' nephew Thomas Burns was a
founding father. The first suppers were held in Ayrshire at the end of the 18th century by Robert
Burns' friends on the anniversary of his death, 21 July, In Memoriam and they have been a
regular occurrence ever since. The first Burns club, known as The Mother Club, was founded in
Greenock in 1801 by merchants born in Ayrshire, some of whom had known Burns. They held
the first Burns supper on what they thought was his birthday on 29 January 1802, but in 1803
discovered from the Ayr parish records that the correct date was 25 January 1759, and since then
suppers have been held on 25th January, Burns' birthday.
Walpurgis Night. Walpurgis Night - is the main coven, as well as one of the most important
pagan holidays. The current festival is, in most countries that celebrate it, named after the
English missionary Saint Walburga (ca. 710–777/9). As Walburga was canonized on May 1st ,
she became associated with May Day, especially in the Finnish and Swedish calendars. The eve
of May day, traditionally celebrated with dancing, came to be known as Walpurgisnacht
("Walpurga's night").
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Hogmanay. Hogmanay – on the Scottish language is the last day of the year, also called a
popular festival which takes place every year in Edinburgh on New Year’s Eve. It is a long
holydays full of developments. In that day Scottish people believe that their luck depends on the
first human come to the house. It will be better if the first human will be a man with a dark hair
and gifts. This tradition is call “first footing”.
The Military Tattoo. For many visitors Edinburgh’s Castle means nothing without the Edinburgh
Military Tattoo which is taking place at the Castle Esplanade. The esplanade had been a narrow
rocky ridge until the middle of the 18th century when the present platform was created as a
parade ground.
The signal (Tattoo) indicated that soldiers should return to their quarters and that the beer in the
taverns should be turned off. This signal was transmitted by drum beat each evening. Eventually
this developed into a ceremonial performance of military music by massed bands.
It began when the city held its first International Festival in the summer of 1947. The Army
staged an evening military display on the Esplanade. The march and counter-march of the pipes
and drums which was held near one of the most dramatic places anywhere in the world made it
an immediate success. The Tattoo has been repeated every summer since on the same site. Each
Tattoo closes with another “tradition”- the appearance of the lone piper on the battlements of the
castle.
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Conclusion
Summing everything up, we would like to say that we managed to collect some information
about history, geography, culture of Scotland. We found out a number of legends, theories and
facts about different aspects of this mysterious country. Now it depends upon you to believe in
the Loch Ness monster or not, as now we know a number of versions. This time we realized the
difference of tartan and that kilt is not only a skirt for men. We found out Robert Louis
Stevenson is not only a famous adventure-writer but and a poet as well.
The matter is that when we try to search some facts about famous people we find a number of
other well-known Scots, whom we will add in our list. Certainly, it's impossible to describe
everything we managed to learn about its people, traditions, customs, history and the way of life,
as there is a lot of information which we continue to collect.
Unfortunately, in the part “History” we paid too little attention to the monarchs. For example, we
told only a few words about such a well-known Queen as Mary Queen of Scots, who is also
known as a “Tragic Queen”. But it is a huge part of history, which should be learnt and
understood perfectly. It is not enough to give names and data of Births in order to explain a
number of historic events of Scotland and to judge the importance of them.
This time we have represented our material, but working with this topic we decided to work out
our own website, where we would be able to add some new facts about history, some new
legends and which we'll try to represent you next year. That’s why we are going to continue our
project.
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Literature
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2. Oshepkova V. V. “Britain in brief”/Oshepkova V. V., Shustilova I. I., Moscow, 1997. –
197
3. Markova N. N. “Across England to Scotland” - Moscow, 1971.
4. McDowall D. “An illustrated history of Britain” - Edinburgh, 1996.
5. Swinglehurst E. “Robert Burns country” - Edinburgh, 1996.
6. Kaufman K. I “Pages of Britain’s history”/Kaufman K. I., Kaufman M. U., Obninsk,
1998.
7.
“English for intermediate level” Part I, Moscow, 1995.
8. “Welcome to Edinburgh”, guide-book 1998/99
9. Susan Sheerin “Spotlight on Britain, Second Edition”/ Susan Sheerin, Jonathan Seath,
Gillian White – Oxford University Press, 2008 – 137
10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Lomond
11. http://www.scotland.com/scotland-lochs-rivers/
12. http://lingualeo.ru/jungle/15489
13. http://www.scotlands-enchanting-kingdom.com
14. http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/ggw/newsletter/fall_08/Scotland1.pdf
15. http://www.scotland.org/government/
16. http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/3872837/post131254271
17. http://www.shotland.net/me.html
18. http://log.toeoda.com/Countries/scot.html