Class Notes Endocrine System
I.
Endocrine System
A. With
of all body
systems.
B.
coordinates the function
homeostasis through hormones
II.
Hormones
A. Over
hormones found in the body
1. Secretions of
that
enter blood.
2. Have an effect on
cell, tissue organ.
3. Most only affect a
of cells
III.
Pituitary Gland
A. Called
secretes hormones
that control other endocrine glands.
B. Structurally divided into
parts:
because it
C.
Pituitary Gland secretion: HgH (human growth hormone)
1. Most
anterior pituitary hormone
2. Stimulates
,
lipolysis (fat
breakdown)
3. Inhibits
breakdown
D. Pituitary Gland Secretions (cont) TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone
1. Also called
.
2. Influences the
.
3. Stimulates the secretion of:
E.
Pituitary Gland Secretions (cont)
1. ACTH
hormone
2.
Controls the production and secretion of
by
the cortex of the adrenal glands
Thyroid
A.
converted to T3
1. T3 regulates
.
2. Enhances the actions of
hormones
V. Parathyroid
A. On the
thyroid gland
B. Helps with
homeostasis
IV.
VI.
Adrenal glands
( T4) most is
of the
levels and
A.
Adrenal cortex hormones:
1.
2.
3.
Helps
Influences
Cortisol
.
to stress
hormone and
response
4.
Regulated by the
.
B.
Adrenal medulla hormones
1.
2.
of adrenals:
and
.
3.
Makes up over
4.
5.
Responsible for the
Helps the body cope with
of the secretions from the adrenal
medulla
response
.
VIII.
Pancreas
A. Is both an
and
gland.
B. The endocrine tissue of the pancreas is called
of Langerhans
C. Alpha Cells - secrete
raises
.
D. Beta Cells - secrete
.
blood sugar
IX.
X.
STRESS
A. Anything that
B. May be
C. May be related to
Resistance stage
.
, which
homeostasis
.
General Adaptation syndrome (GAS)
A. Three stages
B. Body’s response to stress
1. Alarm Stage
Body is preparing for stress
Body’s way of dealing with a stressor
Body changes during alarm:
2.
.
.
3.
Exhaustion stage
Metabolic Diseases and Disorders of the
Endocrine System
Dwarfism
caused by a hyposecretion of hGH during the growth years
causes slow bone growth
epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached
other organs of the body may also fail to grow and develop
treatment requires administration of hGH during childhood
Gigantism
caused by the hypersecretion of hGH during childhood
abnormal increase in bone length and size of other organs
the person is very tall with normal body proportions
Acromegaly
caused by the hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood
also caused by steroid and hGH use
bones of hands, feet, and skull thicken
eyelids, lips, and tongue enlarge
skin thickens and develops furrows
Cushing’s Syndrome
caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, especially cortisol
results in redistribution of body fat
spindly arms and legs
rounded moon - faced appearance
hanging abdomen with stretch marks or Striae
individuals often bruises easily
poor wound healing
Cretinism
caused by hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during fetal development
exhibits dwarfism because the skeleton fails to grow
individuals are usually severely mentally retarded
retarded sexual development
usually have a yellowish skin color
Myxedema
caused by hypothyroidism during the adult years
causes facial tissue to swell and look puffy
about 5 times more common in females
other symptoms include:
bradycardia
- low body temperature
lethargy
- muscle weakness
dry skin and hair - easily gains weight
sensitivity to cold - hypersensitive to drugs
Graves’ Disease
caused by hyperthyroidism
an autoimmune disorder
increased metabolism
- heat intolerance
increased sweating - insomnia
weight loss
- nervousness
tremors of hands
may have a slightly enlarged thyroid gland (Goiter)
causes the eyes to protrude (Exophthalmos)
Diabetes Mellitus
a group of disorders that leads to an elevation of blood glucose
(Hyperglycemia)
symptoms include:
polyuria
- polydipsia
polyphagia
- glucosuria
Two Types or Categories of Diabetes
Type I Diabetes = Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
Type II Diabetes = Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
Type I Diabetes (IDDM)
pancreas does not produce insulin due to the destruction of Beta cells in the
Islets of Langerhans
requires regular injections of insulin to prevent death
most commonly develops in individuals younger than 20 years old (Juvenile Onset
Diabetes Mellitus)
appears to be an autoimmune disorder
Type II Diabetes (NIDDM)
also called Maturity Onset Diabetes
much more common type of Diabetes (over 90% of Diabetes cases)
most often occurs in individuals over 40
most individuals are overweight or clinically obese
blood glucose levels can usually be controlled by diet, exercise, and weight
loss and control
Complications from Diabetes
atherosclerosis
heart disease
peripheral vascular disease
severe kidney damage
glaucoma
gangrene
ketoacidosis
weight loss
Treatments for Diabetes
regular insulin injections
artificial pancreas
transplantation of the pancreas
transplantation of clusters of Islet Cells
injection of fetal Islet Cells