Terminology fact opinion pagination
Abstract
A summary of an academic article found at the beginning of a journal
article. Usually read to decide whether to read the article further.
Academic Honesty
The submission of work that is authentic, original, respectful of intellectual
property and copyright laws, and is properly referenced whenever work is
submitted for assessment and/or evaluation. It includes following good
research practice for all projects and demonstrating good study habits in
preparing for all tests and examinations. Academically honest work
includes no evidence of plagiarism, cheating, collusion, or other
malpractice.
Academic Integrity
Academic work that is created and completed by each individual student,
without cheating, plagiarizing, or receiving assistance from others or by
using technology without permission.
Academic Malpractice
Behaviour that results in, or may result in, the candidate or any other
candidate gaining an unfair advantage in one or more assessment
component. Includes: theft of work, plagiarism, collusion, handing in work
for two purposes, bringing unauthorized work or technology into exam or
test rooms, falsifying records or answers, misconduct in an exam.
Acknowledgement
Identifying the words, ideas and works of others that are included in a
student's own work. Usually done using a citation. See also Attribution.
Annotated Bibliography A list of sources or citations with a brief evaluative summary (annotation)
about each source. Its purpose is to describe and evaluate the source text in
a way that demonstrates to the reader why each source was chosen,
including why it is felt to be a credible source. It also provides information
Annotation
APA Style
Author
Attribution
Biased source
Bibliography
Block style
Cheating
that allows the reader to decide whether or not to read the work itself.
Usually includes a Citation for each source in an appropriate style and an
annotation.
The brief, evaluative description of each source in an annotated
bibliography.
American Psychological Association Style based on author date method.
Used by subjects where date of sources is important.
The creator of written text. Crucial to most citations and proper
referencing. Where no specific author is detailed, can acknowledge an
organization (known as a corporate author).
Same as Citation. Providing credit to a specific author for the use of words,
ideas or other creative work by referencing the source using an acceptable
style that publicly recognizes the ownership of an idea by someone else by
someone who is using it.
A source in which the information demonstrates a preference (unfair or
not) for a certain side of an issue. Students must be aware of potential bias
in sources and use the information only after critically evaluating it.
A list of articles and sources that were used or consulted in the development
of a piece of work listed in a specific manner according to an acceptable
Style Guide. Also known as Works Cited/Consulted or References List.
A way of formatting longer quotations that involves an indentation from the
margin and then no further indentation until the quotation is complete. No
quotation marks are used. Shorter quotations are embedded within the
text with the same formatting as the rest of the paper. Quotation marks
enclose shorter quotes.
Means getting unauthorized help on an assignment, lab, test, quiz, or
Chicago Style
Citation
Cite
Collusion
Common Knowledge
Copyright
examination, including bringing in or using unauthorized technology, notes,
information, getting help from another student or individual, or obtaining
copies of test or exam questions illegally.
A style that is used in many fields that focuses on footnotes and endnotes.
The act of identifying words, thoughts, ideas in a piece of work and giving
credit to the original author. Involves identifying specific phrases,
sentences, quotations, paragraphs, where thoughts are not the work of the
person citing and referencing them to a bibliography at the end of the work
that contains information on how to access or locate the source used.
See also: attribution
To refer to a source of information in a piece of work.
The support of malpractice by another student e.g. lending them work
submitted for assessment, sitting their exam, texting them answers.
Information, facts, and phrases that are considered to be so well known in
the field or widely known by many people such that they do not require
attribution or citation since they are easily found in multiple places. Since
the writer must make this decision, it is recommended that references
always be used whenever there is doubt.
Laws that establish ownership of original work for a certain time period,
allowing the original creator to profit and receive recognition for his/her
work, and prevent others from taking credit for it. The work must be
original and must be fixed in any material form. (The idea cannot be
copyrighted…only its expression in a fixed form).
Reproductions of all or part of a copyrighted literary work (i.e. books,
newspapers and periodicals) are not allowed without prior authorization
from the rightsholder. There is no need to apply for coverage, since
Copyright Act
Copyright Infringement
Corporate author
Creative Commons
Credibility
copyright extends upon the completion of an original work when it is fixed
in some form e.g. digitally or in print publication.
The Canadian Act giving legal rights to the rightsholder to publish,
produce, reproduce (in whole or part) or perform any literary, musical,
artistic, or dramatic work, or computer program.
Occurs when someone who has not been authorized by the rightsholder
performs an action (such as copying) that only the rightsholder is entitled to
do under the Copyright Act.
There are serious consequences for infringement. The Copyright Act sets out
statutory damages that guarantee rightsholders an amount from $500 to
$20,000 for any copyright infringement of a work.
An organization which gets credit for a work where no specific author is
specified or given credit. This organization is assumed to be a sponsoring
organization for material used from the source and should be viewed
critically to determine bias in any information.
A private organization that allows individuals to post their work on the
Web, retain copyright, while still allowing others to use and distribute their
work as long as they give credit to the creator. Individual creators, choose a
license when they post their work that describes what they will allow. Their
work gets the CC designation. It is a world-wide designation and not tied
to individual countries. It circumvents the copyright requirement that
approval be given prior to the use of a work.
http://creativecommons.org/
The ability to inspire belief or trust. In the area of research, sources that
have higher credibility are deemed more trustworthy, and therefore are
deemed to be higher quality evidence.
Credit
Cut and paste
Database
Direct Quotation
Discernment
D.O.I.
Endnotes
Similar to acknowledgement and attribution.
-see Patch writing
A collection of sources that are organized in a way that a computer
program can search for and locate individual sources using keywords.
Usually made up of fields, (important types of information recorded for
each article; author, journal, title, date etc.) records (the completed fields
for each article) and files (all of the articles in the database)
E.g. EBSCOhost found in the Virtual Library.
http://www.hwdsb.on.ca/services/virtuallibrary/
A direct quote involves the use of the exact words and phraseology of a
section of text. Using quotes with appropriate referencing is acceptable
academic style where the quoted sections are short, chosen for the right
reasons (where the language used by the original author is important) and
are clearly indicated (e.g. surrounded by quotation marks, indented from
the body text, in italics). Good form usually includes a page reference.
Copying substantial passages of text verbatim is generally associated with
cutting and pasting from web pages. See also Verbatim and Cut and Paste.
When citing, it is the step of judgement that determines that a piece of
information, idea, thought or creative work is the work of another and must
be cited.
Digital Object Identifier - a number assigned to digital information to
create persistent ability to identify sources. Assigned by the International
DOI Foundation. Found predominantly on Journal articles in databases.
Full citation listed at the end of the document with a tie to the location of the
cited material in the text (usually referenced by a superscript number or
Ethics
Fact
Fair Dealing
symbol).
The ability to determine right from wrong and act accordingly
A statement of fact expresses only what actually happened, or what could be
proven by objective data.
The exceptions to the Copyright Act in Canada for the purpose of private
study, research, criticism or review but which are not actually defined in the
Act. The courts interpret those provisions. In general, fair dealing has been
interpreted in a restrictive manner. The following criteria have been used
to evaluate whether a reproduction can be considered fair dealing:
1.
Was a large part of the work reproduced?
2.
What was the purpose of the reproduction: private study, research,
criticism or review?
3.
What impact will the use of the copy have on the potential sales of the
work?
These are the 6 criteria the Supreme Court of Canada suggested be used to
judge Fair Dealing:
 the purpose of the use
 the character of the use
 the amount of the work used
 the nature of the work (fact vs. creative)
 available alternatives to the use
 the effect of the use on the value of the original work
If in doubt, get permission. Citing the work does not get you off the hook
for copyright infringement. You will have avoided plagiarism, but
committed copyright infringement which is a violation of the law and
carries stiff penalties.
Fair Use
Parody YouTube video to explain Fair Use.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJn_jC4FNDo
A limitation on the exclusive rights of copyright holders. The U.S.
Copyright Act gives copyright holders the exclusive right to reproduce
works for a limited time period. Fair use is a limitation on this right. A use
which is considered "fair" does not infringe copyright, even if it involves
one of the exclusive rights of copyright holders. Fair use allows consumers
to make a copy of part or all of a copyrighted work, even where the
copyright holder has not given permission or objects to your use of the
work.
Footnote
There are no specific rules. Each case is decided by a judge as it has been
since as far back as 1841 in the U.S.
Criteria:
1. Purpose and nature of the use (research, non-commercial, educational
or for profit?)
2. Nature of the work (fair use more likely for factual works than
creative)
3. Amount of work used (substantial vs. insignficant)
4. Effect of the use on the value of the original work.
Text presented at the bottom of a page that gives further information about
Intent
a point made in the main text on the page. This can include more details,
comments and/or a reference. The existence of a related footnote is
indicated by a number or symbol (e.g. an asterisk *) within the text. This is
acceptable referencing practice in some fields but not others. E.g. Chicago
style
A formatting requirement for bibliographies. A hanging indent is where the
first line of each reference is fully left justified while subsequent lines are
indented to the right. The width of the hanging indent should be 5-7 spaces
or 1.25 cm. Hanging indents and double spacing are set by the word
processors.
One of the facets of Character Education, meaning to be sincere,
trustworthy and truthful. In context, then all work submitted by students
should be their own and any work of others that is used must be cited
properly.
When a quote is found for an author in another author's work. To cite it,
you must cite the "secondary" or indirect source (i.e. the second author's
work)
One of the facets of Character Education., meaning truthful and sincere,
where what a student says matches what a student does.
Refers to a plan or desire to do something.
In-text citation
With respect to plagiarism, intent refers to whether an offender has
plagiarized on purpose or by accident. It is difficult to prove intent,
therefore guilt of plagiarism and application of the associated penalties does
not depend on whether the infringement was committed on purpose or not.
Clear identification within the text of a document that the work of another
Hanging indent
Honesty
Indirect Source
Integrity
Intellectual Property
Invisible Web
Journal
author is being referred to. This entry is linked to full reference information
given in the references section of the same document. The format of in-text
citations depends on the style being used. Also called in-text reference or
parenthetical reference.
Legal concept that recognizes and protects ideas and creations of the mind.
Copyright, patents, and trademarks are some of the legal means used
protect intellectual property.
The sources you cannot find using search engines and directories. Sources
behind paywalls, in databases or deemed unworthy of being added to search
engine indexes, are not accessible unless special tools are used.
Alternatively called a periodical. A collection academic articles/papers
based on an area of common interest that is published at regular intervals.
To be included in a journal, a paper needs to undergo a process of peer
review in order to be accepted and published. This involves anonymous
experts in the subject field validating the paper's content. Journal articles
are then generally held to be of higher credibility.
Misappropriation
MLA Style
Opinion
Publishing papers and articles in journals is an important part of sharing
academic research and is a key activity for many academics.
The use of the ideas or work of another in a manner that is misleading or
deceptive
Modern Languages Association Style that emphasizes the location of
references within a text. Mainly used in the humanities.
Expresses an attitude toward something – it makes a judgment, view, or
conclusion, or gives an opinion that cannot be proven true or false.
Original Work
Originality report
Pagination
Paper mills
Paraphrase
A work that is the product of the author's own skill, judgment and
creativity, has not been copied and demonstrates more than a trivial,
mechanical level of skill and judgment.
The output of the Turnitin.com plagiarism detection service which
highlights text within submitted assignments that matches text in other
documents. These documents can be web pages, journal articles or
previously submitted assignments.
The originality report does not identify if the assignment has involved
plagiarism as it does not take into account any referencing used in the
assignment. Instead it is a tool by which students can check their work to
see that they have referenced all sections of their work that require it.
Whether a source has page numbers. For journals and books in volumes,
page numbers can be continuous or numbered by issue or volume. This is
important when citing since issue number is only used for journals that
number each issue starting at page one.
An organization that sells or provides pre-written essays, assignments. To
submit a piece of work obtained from such an entity is considered to be the
worst form of plagiarism.
The rewriting of a section of another source in your own words and
sentence structure, without losing or altering its meaning.
This technique is valued above using verbatim quotes as it shows that you
understand the information given in the source. Paraphrasing is a key part
of academic writing.
Note - Paraphrased sections must be referenced to indicate the sources that
Parenthetical reference
Patch writing
Periodical
Plagiarism
Primary Source
Public domain
References
have been paraphrased! You must not just change a few words and
reference it as a paraphrase. Re-write the section without looking to ensure
that you use unique word choice and sentence structure. Do not inject your
personal voice or opinions/ideas within the same sentence as a paraphrase.
The reader should be certain which ideas the citation covers.
See in-text citation.
Writing that includes sections of text that are copied directly from sources
that are connected by a few other sentences. See also cut and paste.
These sections need referencing. This type of plagiarism is usually easy to
detect due to changes in the writing style.
See Journal
Presenting someone else’s work as your own. Work means any intellectual
output, and typically includes text, data, images, sound or performance.
A work produced by the individual directly responsible for the work. Can
be maps, speeches, manuscripts, artifacts, results of scientific experiments,
lab notes etc. It is always recommended that good researchers go back to
primary sources when citing rather than rely on secondary sources since
they are deemed more credible since the author or creator was closer to the
original work.
Information or creative work that has moved from the realm of personal
ownership to public use, such as when copyright has expired. These works
still need to be cited when used. In Canada, copyright lasts for 50 years
after the death of the author.
The list of sources that were used in the production of a piece of work when
using APA Style. Each source listed must have been used or referenced
within the piece of work. It does not include works consulted.
Referencing
Royalty-free
Secondary source
Source
Style
Summary
The proper use of citations to indicate where ideas are not the work of the
author.
Really a misnomer. Known as the lifetime synchronization model, where
after paying a licensing fee, a person has the right to use the music forever.
An organization collects and disburses the fees to creators. Done to make it
easier to use music, by not requiring each use of a work to be paid for.
A work that restates or reinterprets original research. Not usually done by
the original creator. An attempt should be made to read and interpret the
primary source and secondary sources should only be used when the
primary source is unavailable and references should indicate that a
secondary source was used.
When used to describe a citation, it means a citation that references a
source by an author that was found in the work of a second author. E.g.
you find a quote from Einstein in a book by Freeman. You should try to
locate a source by a primary source for your quote, but if you cannot, then
cite the secondary source. Also known as an indirect source.
A firsthand document, statement, interview, video, or primary reference
work used in the creation of a research paper. Sources can include books,
articles, websites, conversations, movies and more. It may include not-wellknown facts, opinions, or common knowledge elements. It can be print or
electronic. It can be biased or objective.
The structure of a bibliographic citation. Many organizations have created
styles. Subject areas choose a style that serves their needs best. Some styles
are APA; MLA and Chicago.
A summary is similar to a paraphrase except that a summary is shorter, but
may cover a larger amount of another work (e.g. a paragraph, chapter).
Turnitin.com
URL
When you summarize, you compress large amounts of information into the
fewest possible sentences. To do this, you include only the main points and
main supporting points, leaving out the details. You must not change the
meaning of the original text. You include your own words and sentence
structure.
A web-based software that allows submitted work to be checked against
work on the web, in journals, and in previously submitted assignments. An
originality report is produced that highlights areas where referencing
should occur.
Uniform Resource Locator is the location of a resource or source on the
web. It is also known as a web address.
Standard form is
http:// or https:// (secure) protocol (hypertext transfer protocol)
www (optional)
host computer name
type of organization that is displaying the information
 .com
 .edu
 .org
 .net
 .gov
 or geographical location by country code e.g. .ca
what follows can be a hierarchy of file names that gets deeper into sub files
at the host computer location.
E.g. http://www.hwdsb.on.ca/ancasterhigh/departments/Library
Verbatim
Voice
Works Cited
Works Consulted
The main point to remember is that digital resources do not stay static.
Websites come and go; URLs change. Where you found a resource last
month, may not exist now. Record other information and date accessed so
you can find articles again. Some styles no longer require URLs for articles
published in journals, magazines, newspapers since with all of the other
information, articles can be located elsewhere.
Exact use of the words and structure of an original source. See Direct
Quotation.
A student's own opinions in a piece of work. The student should interpret
the work of others when using it to support their opinions. Each use of
another's work should be cited and explained.
The list of sources at the end of a piece of work that were used in its
production. One type of bibliography, e.g. when using MLA Style. Each
source listed must have been used or referenced within the piece of work.
It does not include works consulted.
Any source examined/used in the production of a piece of work whether
referenced directly or not.