Regional Outline for: Sub
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AP World History AP World History Exam Regional Outline Tables AP World History Name ________________________ Period ________________________ Date _________________________ “The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity. The optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty.” --- Winston Churchill Regional Outline for: Sub-Saharan Africa 8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present Re-colonization of Africa; Sierra Leone, Liberia ; coastal kingdoms ruled by warlords/merchants; intertribal war; Revolutions; White Man’s Burden End of Atlantic Slave Trade Islamic states of West Africa still trade slaves; rely on slave trade more; economic slump Decolonization of Africa; attempt at representative government; involved in WWII; renewed independence efforts civil war, government corruption; socialism Demographic shifts; more males in the slave trade than females (females traded more in the East coast); depopulated Rapid population growth Spanish Flu (global epidemic); clear black majority making decolonization easier (apartheid in South Africa) Hellenistic thought, science/math manioc, maize, sweet potatoes (from America); technology suffered due to slave trade Industrialization; guns, textiles, alcohol (importance of foreign imports); Enlightenment Slow technological development due to colonization, mercantilism, internal instability; miners; no money for industrial goods after WWI; oil (Nigeria) Pyramids, temples, hieroglyphics Linguistic, architectural, artistic version of Christianity; calligraphy, Mosques, minarets Islamic art/architecture, paper making; arts suffered due to slave trade Christian/ Islamic arts ; literary/ artistic forms of the west Western artistic forms, religious art, native art (export) Geography—protected, unique civilization, not as urban as Mesopotamia, Nile river Islamic urban center, Bantu Migrations, trade centers, Trans-Saharan trade route Part of Triangular Trade (with Europe and America); beginnings of European exploration ; Kongo, Benin, Mali, Songhay Open to foreign takeover due to economic slump; colonized by Europe Decolonization new sovereign nations Polytheism , afterlife (mummification), Book of the Dead Islam , Christianity in Ethiopia and Egypt, animistic, syncretism, Islam, Christianity, animism, ancestor worshipsyncretism Islam, Christianity, animism, ancestor worshipsyncretism Islam, Christianity, animism, atheists 1450-1750 CE Politics Pharaoh/queen (living incarnation of sun god), internal disorder, invasions (900 BCE), irrigation Kingship legitimized by Islam, ‘People of The Book’, Bantu (stateless societies) leaders cooperated with slave traders; monarchy Economy Trade with Kush and Mesopotamia, agricultural villages engaged in trade. Trade, with Islam as unifying factor, trans-Saharan trade routes; Ghana (gold), Mali; gold, salt, honey, slaves, ivory, imports, trade with Byzantine Empire, agriculture Triangular Trade/ TransAtlantic Slave Trade; guns traded for slaves; slave trade with Mediterranean world Social Class/Gender Patriarchal, but women manage household, own property, regents of rulers, priestesses, scribes, can divorce, high priest class Merchants valued; patriarchal society, rich women more restricted; Islamic law, ‘People of the Book’, religious tolerance, class centered around age group Science/Inventions Hieroglyphics, bronze tools, papyrus, 365 day calendar, medicine, math, astronomy, iron Art/Architecture Empire Religion Globalized economies; mercantilism in former colonies; poverty stricken countries; international debt Regional Outline: East Asia (China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam) 8000 – 600 CE Dynasties with emperorsmandate of heaven Start of bureaucracy/meritocracy 600 – 1450 CE Japan borrowed from China Increased bureaucracy Tributary system Constant threat from North Prince Shotoku then daimyos 1450-1750 CE Fall of Ming from internal/external - Manchu Japan: Warring States Period to Tokogawa Shogunate Centralized rule 1750 – 1914 CE Abdication of Qing, unification of China Fight for control with Mao Japan: abolishes feudalism, Civil code, regional govs Nationalism = huge force Economy Lots of money flowing in from Silk Roads Otherwise agricultural Paper money Credit or “flying money” High taxes cause peasant revolts Serfs bound to land Provide labor for plantations/mines Meiji Restoration- quickly industrialized in Japan Social Class/Gender Patriarchal Confucian principles Women only power in court Scholars/officials military artisans Few live in cities Iron Age Modernized army Paper, accurate sundials/calendars, agriculture improvements (plow) Brush painting Palaces Code of Bushido- chivalry Women lost freedom in Japan China: trade with Europeans in Qing Japan: manufacturing, merchant class get wealth and power , urbanization, population growth Foreigners allowed in China Manchus higher than Chinese Japan: hierarchy becomes unbreakable, samurai at top lower class women more free – upper obey or die Gunpowder more prevalent Globalization of trade Artistic styles change more rapidly and radically than ever before Empire Collapse of empires in China from internal problems – economic depression, natural catastrophe, social unrest Mongol empires – conquer China, but fail in Japan replaced by Ottoman Turks and Ju Yuanzahng of Ming dynasty Religion Polytheism, animism ancestor worship Confucianism, Legalism Daoism, also spread of Buddhism from India Buddhist missionaries Shinto religion Influenced by monotheistic religions Neo- Confucian thought Japan: kabuki theatre replaces restrained drama, Woodblock prints = art form, borrowed Korean ceramics and western oil painting Japan empire centralized Fall of the Manchu empire Interaction with west = China – relatively isolated, Japan- periods of isolation and acceptance New sects of Buddhism from China to Japan Neo- Confucianism increase (ethnocentric, historicism, rationalism) Politics Science/Inventions Art/Architecture Gunpowder for military Boasts = junks Navigation/block printing Iron production Agriculture technique population cities Infrastructure (roads, inns, postal stations) Japan: haiku, pencil sketches, ink sketches, Noh drama, tea ceremony Rigid Tokogawa hierarchy ended Middle class grows power Lower classes- horrible conditions, taxed a lot British introduced opium to China Westernization of Japan - steamships/railroads Communication revolution The fall of China – opium wars, internal rebellions, external lasses, Boxer Rebellion Japanese imperialismTaiwan, Korea, Russia Scientific/secular world becomes dominant 1914 - Present Decolonization from Europe Nominally democratic Tensions- China and West USSR/China split Birth of Chinese Republic Japan: parliamentary capitalism Modernization of Japan, Taiwan, South Korea Post- industrial/high-tech Less affected by global depression Need natural resources Slow to embrace/tolerate diversity and individualism High degree/variety social services Rise of feminism- suffrage Women went worked WWII Foot binding outlawed Atomic bombs Nuclear weaponry Militarism in Japan Computer, internet, biotechnology and genetic science Theme for lit- resisting US New style= cubism Movie industry Use of concrete and glass New skepticism Japan- WWII- invades Manchuria, China, Siberia – taking over Southeast Asia, Bomb Pearl Harbor – brings US into war atomic bomb US occupies Japan Religious fundamentalism Western appreciation for science spread 8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE Politics Religion based Hierarchal system Delegation of responsibility Bureaucratic codification 6th century Justinian rule – restore Rome Mongol invasion 12371241 - Russia divided into small kingdoms Tartars control - left day to day control to locals Economy Byzantine empire Most important western terminal of the Silk Road Constantinople located on important trade routs Social Class/Gender Serfdom began in Middle Age Original sin devalues women Trade lapsed under Tartars North-south commerce never returned Moscow – trade, tribute collector Most part, remained agricultural Trades with nomadic people Influx of jews Monogamy replaced polygamy Fairly free farmers Boyars-aristocrats-less political power Science Inventions Art Architecture Hagia Sophia Mosaic Religion based Ornate churches Icons, illuminated manuscripts Religious art vs. local music, street performers & theater Empire Byzantine Empire Religion Animist – gods of sun, thunder, wind and fire Kievan Rus could not replicate Byzantine Kievan decline – rival princes set up regional governments Rapid decline of Byzantium Vladimir I convert to Christianity forced conversion Splendor of Orthodox religious ceremonies Regional Outline for Eastern Europe 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present Ivan III/IV Free from Mongols – 1480 Empire expanded eastward Russia – centralization of authority Peter the Great – St. Petersburg as capital Parliamentary government Secret police First Russian navy Key economy bound to agriculture Devalued merchant class Limited commercial exchange Systemized tax system Metallurgy and mining Economics funded military Russia – tsar continued to be all powerful Prussia – remained militaristic and authoritarian Duma created, but no real power Local rulers – zemstvoes regulate roads, schools Military officers based on meritocracy Tsarist regime falls apart Army in full retreat USSR formed – collapses following cold war Soviet troops occupy all of eastern Europe Gorbachev tries to reform frees E. European nations updated authoritarian structure in reality Backward position in trade Exported some grain to W. Europe Trade deficit lessened by increasing serf output, not improving industry - realizes the need to industrialize But sill doesn’t want to be materialistic COMECON Economies nationalized Collectivization under state planned control Soviet welfare system Focus on heavy industry Lenin’s New economic policy Russia-five year plan Feudalism Peter the Great encourages serfdom Women and nobles forced to dress in western fashions Men shaved beards – denial of Mongol tradition Power to upper class women Focus on Serfs-cheap labor force impeded invention or new scientific ideas John Desarguliers builds first steam engine outside England Not part of Renaissance due to illiterate Mongols Architecture of city done by serfs Romanov Policy - Italian artists/architects to work on churches/palaces Connection to Byzantine Empire - married niece of emperor Expansion – fought Ottoman Empire Fall of Byzantine Empire (1453) Emancipating serfs 1861 -but most indebted, life doesn’t improve Increased literacy Some upper class women have access to new careers Pogroms against Jews Muslim population growth Lenin’s New Economic Policy gave freedom to small businesses, peasant landowners – more power Education started to spread – literacy Western machinery imported Outdated agricultural methods – hard to compete Mendel and some peas, Pavlov and his dog Beginning of some arts flourish -Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Tchaikivsky Nationalist pride through dictionaries, histories, folktales, music Cold War – Arms race, space race Scientists highly respected Research heavily funded Direction/research determined by government – want applied science Art-attacked western style Classical arts Literature walked line of angering government – still discussed patriotism/Russian Feudal Kingdoms in Poland and Baltic States. Russian Empire dominated as well. Southeastern Europe was part of the Ottoman Empire. Greece becomes independent of Ottoman Empire. After World War I, Eastern European countries become satellite states of the Soviet Union. Russification – all Russians had to convert to Orthodoxy Soviet schools taught religion as myth under Stalin No church service to under 18 Orthodox Christianity moved to Moscow Romanov family – state control over Russian Orthodox Church Religion allowed to have vernacular languages Regional Outline for Latin America 8000 – 600 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1450-1750 CE - The leaders are related to divinity (priests) Hierarchal system - Arrival of Cortes (1518) - Annihilates existing political system - Codified laws - Colonization - Implement own government (Europeans immigrate) - Religion (Catholic) plays a strong influence in gov’t Economy - Little trade Internally based Mostly agriculture Large marketplaces - improved technology - dependent - Europe sucks natural resources/profits - monoculture Social Class/Gender - priests rules hierarchal patriarchal (though women appreciated) Cortes – trading Encomiendas Haciendas Trade of crops Brought beasts of burden improved agriculture - more hierarchal (by race) - depreciation of women (European influence) Science/Inventions - Calendar No wheels Road system Chinampas Art/Architecture - Ziggurats Religion-based Empire - Aztecs Incas Mayans Toltecs, etc. - decimated (guns, germs, steel) - Iberian rule - Religion - Animism Polytheism Worship of nature, etc. - - Christianity heavily encouraged Politics - 600 – 1450 CE - - Continued hierarchy - New castes created (creoles, mestizos ) - medical advances (longer life - primitive anesthesia span) - tools for probing, incision, organ - Wheel brought in (levers, extraction pulleys) - blood letting - Brought in writing system - transfer of European (for Incan empire) inventions/influenced - Western/religion (Christian based) art - Mix of original Spanish and Western art West considered Gods Lose belief in previous Gods West brought Christianity Influenced (little syncretism: superstitions created) Spanish/Portuguese empire Treaty of Tordesillas (1949) Portuguese King moves to Brazil Some French influence 1914 - Present - Decolonization - Majority rules - Series of juntas/dictatorships - Europe cannot maintain Monoculture Difficulty industrializing Heavily dependent on natural resources (Venezuela) - Society opens up More egalitarian Some meritocracy Existing racism - innovation continued beginning industrialization extracting natural resources science/inventions gotten through trade - Combination of European, indigenous, and Christian arts. - split into many countries - General Boliva: legacy of anti American, influenced many countries - No strong institutions due to dependency - Atheism agnostics increased - Legacy of Catholicism - Society more free to choose religion Regional Outline for Mediterranean 8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present - Unification of Italy – Victor Emmanuel (1870) (helped by Revolution of 1848) - Italy before (mid 1800s): foreign controlled small kingdoms – power of nationalism - Iberian colonies freeing selves - Italy: Triple Alliance - N. Italy industrializes - Portuguese coastal settlements (esp. India), and quite harsh w/ African colonies - Italy – not really colonizing (humiliating loss to Ethiopia) WWI - Conflict in Balkans Italy changes sides for alliances – want N territories controlled by Austria (later got some, but not all they wanted) Interwar – Fascist Italy, Mussolini – aggression * no absolutes! Interwar period – global econ crisis Fascists want to protect enterprise Economic Globalization – Italy in G-8 Women: some movement to equality (esp. industrialization) - also w/ indus.: changes in classes (rise of middle) Fascists (unlike Communists) don’t want to eliminate private property, class distinctions Women: roles changed during war - suffrage - (Muslims) Preserved past – added to math and science - Navigational tech - Scientific Revolution Many associated w/ Industrial Revolution Mussolini – attempts to modernize Italy (brought medicine/tech to backward parts) -Greek Orthodox Church: Blend of Greek & Roman elements Domes Icons Cathedrals – Romanesque, Gothic - Exploration/colonization ensured spread of culture - Renaissance (esp. Italy) Humanism Artists experimented with new styles New literary trends (Romanticism, realism) Media used for propaganda (e.g. for war) – Advertisements More new styles (cubism) - Byzantine - 800 CE Holy Roman Empire starts in West - Greece/Rome essentially forgotten - Weakening of Byzantine Byzantine = Greek Orthodox Church West = Roman Catholic Church (1054 Great Schism) Spain –ties w/ Catholic church Spanish Inquisition for heretics Protestant Reformation/ Catholic Reformation Splitting into different countries (e.g. new nation of Italy) Greece, Egypt launch independence movements Eastern Question – decline of Ottoman Mostly continuities – e.g. Scientific Rev. challenged aspects of Roman Catholicism, but people learned to be both Spanish Civil War (training ground for new weapons) – not so directly involved in WW No longer a unifying empire, but separate countries – hard to make generalizations Now most of the area = Roman Catholic, but some Eastern Churches (Orthodox, etc), some Sunni Muslim 1450-1750 CE - Persian Empire: governors and law code - Greece: city states (Athenian democracy) - Roman Republic (510 - 23 BCE): Senate/Assembly -Roman Empire (23 BCE – 576 CE): bureaucrats Trade – among Med (1st controlled by Phoenicians/ Greeks), and also with Africa (Trans-Saharan) and Silk Roads (connected to China) -necessary b/c large scale agriculture impossible Classes: - citizens (adult males) - free people (no pol rights) - noncitizens, slaves or patricians, plebians, slaves Women: inferior (marry in teens) but role in religion Medicine Astronomy (Ptolemy) Engineering (Roman roads, aqueducts) Philosophy *slavery – applied sci behind Byzantine: absolute authority Secular rulers Justianian Code Spain: Ferdinand + Isabella (Christian North + Muslim South) = nation state East Byzantine: trade - at crossroads - commercial, cultural connections - Byzantines not dominant - Iberian wave of exploration -start off strong, later replaced by more W. Europe - Got lots of wealth, but spent just as quickly - N. Italian city-states rich - Women: Overall Europe Printing press – Gutenberg (1436): increased impact of new ideas 1252: Gunpowder to Europe -Muslims in Spain maintained Greek/Roman learning Art/Architecture Classical – pillars, arches - realistic human statues - literature (Homer) Rome borrowed from G Empire Alexander the Great Collapse of Roman -split into east and west - internal/external factors East Roman Byzantine (Justianian reconquest of N. Africa, Italy, Spain coast) Originally polytheistic - Constantine: Edict of Milan (313 CE) legal status to Christianity Politics Economy Social Class/Gender Science/Inventions Religion Serfdom Women: domestic participate in trade/craft some awareness of injustices - limited opportunities Regional Outline for Middle East 8000 – 600 CE Politics Economy -city-state - controlled city and surrounding area Trade -great traders -agricultural 600 – 1450 CE 1914 - Present -Ottoman decline -centralized, but -not around economy -Turkish state -Sultan kicked out Ataturk- father of the Turks -Initially dominated trade (beginning) -Indian Ocean, African Coast -Trade still go on -no longer dominant traders/master traders Harems established -female slaves, women had some rights Social Class: 1)Sultan 2)Gov’t Officials 3)Reg Officials 4)General people (peasants, Merchants..) Military Tech -canons, guns -advanced medically -Medicines -Science- navigation tools, atstronomy Women -stayed same, had some property rights -not really property of men -hardly any rights -devalued WWI- join central power (lost) -“Attempted” Industrialization -Iran, Iraq- Oil supply (econ based) Women -Even with pressure from West. Stayed same -negative effect, treatments -still had to wear the clothes to cover the whole body -Affected by western science -overtaken (no longer dominant -stayed isolated -Fall of USSR -start accepting west influence -Mosques -Minarets -Mosaics Arts -still had Mosques -Minarets -Mosaics -styles still there, but -due to decline of empire, corruption, little time for art “Sick man of Europe” -decline of Ottoman Empire -Balkans -seeking independence Arts -still have, but not much developments improvements -Men work (more freedom) -Women confined to home -Slavery (owned slaves) -from E.Africa Education- more opportunities Women- married at puberty - equal before Allah Science/Inventions -Independent innovations -4000BCE Bronze, Copper -Wheel, irrigation canals -number system (from India, improved) -Navigation tools Mathematics -Algebra, Geometry…etc Science -Objective experiment -classification -navigation: astrolabe improved -Medicine -Calligraphy, designs -Minarets -Mosques -Literature -Poetic works: Arabian Nights” Architecture -Ziggurats -glory of civilization 1750 – 1914 CE Sultan -Provincial gov’t -centralized power Social Class/Gender Art/Architecture 1450-1750 CE Caliphs -political unrest -succession -problem Islam-Theocratic Rulerscodified Islamic law Participated in trade -Trans Sahara Trade -Silk Road/Route -Indian Ocean Trade Empire Regional Kingdom -Babylonians -Acadians…etc -Islamic -regular civil wars -1258 Mongols overran Islamic empire Ottoman Empire -“Gunpowder Empire” -Safavid Persia Religion -Polytheistic -Animistic -Many gods Islam -Suffi’s -respect for Jews/Christians -People of the book Islam -divided -Sunni vs. Shi’a Islam -still the unifying force -tensions between Sunni vs. Shi’a still occur -still tolerant of other religions to some extent Young Turks -Secularization, sceiences technology -Iran vs Iraq -Turkey formed Islam -more focused on religion -tried to become like before Regional Outline: Western Europe 8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present Politics democracy (Greece), republic (Rome), Small feudal kingdoms Decentralization Holy Roman Empire, Franks, English Monarchies Emerging nationalism Emerging constitutional monarchies rivalries between nations strong Experiments with socialism, communism Swing between right and left wings Economy Trade within regions, sometimes trade through silk road Manorialism Self-sufficient Some Trade European exploration: start of mercantilism colonialism Columbian Exch. mercantilism really took off mass production of goods global trade Globally interconnected Capitalism Industrialized nations better Germanic tribes Serfdom Slaves, citizen, free women inferior Feudalism/ Chivalry Power by land owners Peasants tied to land Hierarchical system based on race and ethnocentrism women devalued Enlightment ideas gave women rise end of slave trade racism still exists Feminism Attempts to end racism persecution jews, minorities meritocracy Gutenberg – Printing Press Lateen Sails Scientific Revolution Navigation technology Industrial Revolution Assembly line, mass production, technology in general nuclear power, Internet, Domed, ideal human form, literary works, such as Epic by Homer Gothic style Polyphonic music Renaissance Humanism beginning of modern art—abstract art, cubism, impressionism New uses of concrete and glass, Movies, Cubism Greece, Rome Holy Roman Empire England, Iberia… nation states emerge Imperialism always expanding and colonizing Empires broken up colonies independent, self determination polytheism, animism Roman Catholic Protestant reformation— Calvinism, Anglican Church, Huguenots Protestant religions Better religious tolerance Social Class/Gender Science/Inventions Pythagoras, created field of medicine Art/Architecture Empire Religion Regional Outline for the United States of America Politics Economy Social Class/Gender 8000 – 600 CE Decentralized tribes and villages led of chiefs -pastoral/hunter gather societies- tribes - agriculture- have lots of great farmers, producing their regional crops 600 – 1450 CE Decentralized tribes and villages led of chiefs Even though less so economy is still rather localized agriculture 1450-1750 CE Exploration/Colonization by mostly northern European nations (France, England, Dutch) -English colonial politics based on strong local government Incorporation into global trading network Beginning of Columbian Exchange (African slaves to southern plantation, etc) 1750 – 1914 CE Emergence of England as preeminent colonial powerAmerican Revolution = 1776 (Confederation more centralized presidential democracy) Civil War 1800s = Initial industrialization of textile full fledged industrialization -Tech spurred improvement of infra 1914 - Present Cold War (world = ideological battlefield b/w USSR and US) ‘Police officer/Peace negotiator of the world’ Now, based on European social system: patriarchal -Enlightenment ideas-push for freedoms/rights of women -peasants, wealthy, nobility Huge one-way technological diffusion to Native Americans from Europeans Racism among peoples, particularly toward African Americans -Industrialization = women’s rights slowly ^ Acceleration of women’s rights (suffrage, divorce, economic rights, Feminism) Greater civil liberties (Civil Rights Movt) Tech spurred improvement in infrastructure (rail) -Industrialization = new technology American regionalism, expressionalism (Hopper, Rockwell), and abstractionism (O’Keefe, Dove, Burchefield) Expansionist domestic policy (expansion into West);Isolationist foreign policy(Hesitant to enter WWI)Spanish Am. War=the US Empire (Monroe Doctrine) Christianity = prominent religion Introduction of new religions/beliefs by immigrants (Judaism) Various tech that improved econ; Military weaponry Physics (A-bomb) (Einstein), Rocketry (Space race), Computer (Internet Architecture = steel larger building Art New, independent form of American writing, movies, art, etc WWIWWII (expansion b/c of conflict w/ Axis)Cold War (world = ideological battlefield b/w USSR and US) ‘Police officer/Peace negotiator of the world’ matrilineal societies matrilineal societies For the most part, behind the rest of the world (Cause: geographical location = independent invention) Still behind for the same reasons (Some astrological technology diffused from Mesoamerica) Architecture: Crude, natural materials for basic shelter Art: If any, probably based on nature Moundbuilders of North America (current day Mississippi area) European based art (paintings, engravings) and architecture Empire No empire- series of tribe societies fragmented regions, no central authority to rule and combine all areas together yet European colonial empires (biggest = New England) Religion Most likely, animism Animism New religion/ religious fervor (Pilgrims) / conversion (missionaries) Science/Inventions Art/Architecture Interwar Period = Great Depression (protectionism)Rebuilding after WWIIEconomic globalization Christianity still dominant Spread of other religions by immigrants Regional Outline: South Asia 8000 B.C.E. – 600 C.E. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Aryans (1500 BCE) 16 states Then Maurya (321-185 BCE) Central, powerful military Then Gupta Empire (320 – 550 CE) Central control w/ village gov’ts Active trade and communication with Sumer Ashoka (Maurya) promote trade with rest areas for travelers and Buddhist missionaries Trade with Mesopotamia – Silk, cotton, elephants Silk Road Warrior aristocracy/ enslaved Dravidians Arayans stratify class – Varna – four classes Patriarchal Customs devalued women More isolated – purdh Pi, Zero, numerical system, medicine, astronomy, plastic surgery 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. Collapse of Delhi sultanate in 1300’s 1450 C.E. – 1750 C.E. Centralized under Mughal 1750 C.E. – 1914 C.E. Mughal empire, Buhudar Shahill sent into exile Indian National congress Ghandi European influence 1914 C.E. - Present Nationalism Indian National Congress Push for independence (finally get after WWII) Indian Ocean trade and Trade with Islamic World, China, East Africa and Persia Traded: cotton, silk, elephants, gems, cinnamon, and salt Thrived due to cotton trade European traders British East India Company Globalization facilitate and create greater trade across the globe Caste system Patriarchal Treatment of women better under Akbar (initially) – allowed widows to remarry and intermarry between Hindus and Muslims, portray talents openly Gunpowder technology More racial based Abolish inhumane cultural traditions (Sati) Still patriarchal w/ caste system European education promotes science/ invention Art/Architecture Paintings, temples, sculptures, courtyard Elaborate toms built during the Delhi Sultanate Roads, railroads, canals Empire Indus/Mauryan Empire/Gupta Empire Delhi Sultanate Religion Hinduism…Buddhism Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism Blended w/ Muslim Arches, domes Taj Mahal Mughal Gunpowder empire Decline: due to opening to foreign control Islam, Buddhism… though mostly Hindu Improvement of British railroads. Fast growing economy focusing on computer and communication technology Combination of traditional Indian culture with Western architecture After civil war: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh become independent countries Muslim minority Politics Economy Social Class/Gender Science/Inventions Introduced a new monetary system. British colony Hindu, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity (though not very popular) Thematic Outline for Gender Relations Consider the Following: Inheritance, Infanticide, Rituals, Divorce, Marriage (Age), Suffrage, Leadership, Profession, Education, Religion (missionaries, deities, authority), Sexuality 8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present East Asia China- patriarchal society, emperor can have more than 1 wife. Matrilineal before Shang Dynasty. Women able to gain prestigious jobs, although remain inferior to men. Can Divorce and marry again. Expected to provide sons. Rome-Pater FamiliasCentered around eldest Male. Women have influence on family: supervising family business Greece-Patricians, Plebeians, Slaves-had say in religious rituals, married early and virgin till marriage NO INFORMATION Japan- women live with increased restrictions on daily lives, obey husband or face death. Women educated at home. Known as Warring Period Queen mothers ran royal house, kept relations with foreign nations and controlled marriage alliance. Exploration & colonization ensures spread of Spanish/Portuguese language, culture, Catholicism Russia- nobles adopt Western European culture thru language (some spoke French) and dressing style, but ordinary peoples remain the same. Mughal outlaw Sati, encourage widows to remarry, Hindu-Muslim try for better relations. Women=Aristocrats, able to supply income (all castes) Changes brought by Europeans, Coloumbian Exchange, slavery encouraged, European disease diminish Aztec and Incan culture and peoples. Harems-complex social network, originally nonIslamic slaves/prisoners, mothers had influence if son represented in court-became members of sultan’s extended family Women have little freedom, society corrupted because of Opium Trade leads to war with British Empire in Canton, Macau Western Europe China- Had growing number of infanticide if child was female. Males regarded as lucky-Primo Geniture. Wives and young girls had foot binding. Patriarchal society but women could get power if were upper class aristocrats or monarchs/member of royal family. Industrial Revolution- Poor women who had taken care of home/worked in fields shifted to factories/sweatshops. More and more children working now, people moving to cities, immigrants o US, Australia Emancipation of Serfs in 1861 brings massive changes; Russia modernizes, but changed precedent of tsars because of unrest among lower class. British try to outlaw both Sati and Caste System, still both illegally continued. Violence between Hindu and Muslims also persist. Boys + few girls educated Social inequalities persist in spite of laws against it, People of mixed race, Indians, blacks victims of informal prejudice, slavery continued into 19th Century Merchants contribute to expanding economy based on trade with Europeans, South Asians and East Asians Men and Women seem almost equal-voting rights, job interviews, and day-today rights. Can choose when to get married and not dependable on family to make choices. Well Educated- most prominent place for women Women still subordinate to men; however, both are required to work. Orthodox Church doesn’t encourage divorce. Both males and females educated. Still extremely patriarchal but women can work + have good jobs, expected to provide sons. Not as auspicious as male babies Eastern Europe South Asia Women gained little rights as “needed supervision” from males Patriarchal- Sati Couldn’t own property Latin America No clear-cut indications; however, most likely patriarchal society based on Latin American history. Middle East Men were hunters, women were food gatherers. Ruled by elite, rulers, priests, and patriarchal society. Women can gain power in courts, priestesses, scribes, small business Women treated as inferior to men, but could have say in family life. Both men and women work, mostly agricultural style. Serfdom= work for protection Women remain subordinate to men. Caste system decides each person’s place in society. Males educated if Brahmin, women not educated, worked at home. Aztec/Inca ruled. Women could become priestess or work under the royal family. Human Sacrifice common for gods. Women initially able to conduct businesses and hold certain jobs (Mohammad’s Wife), Women don’t need to veil themselves, divorce is not tolerated Rise of Feminism, more than just legal equality and right to vote (cultural and economical), Cuban government limits rights of women: Communism Laws still very religious (Shari a) but some women can have businesses, males can have up to 4 wives if they can provide substantial lifestyle for each Global Trade/Interactions Consider the Following: Major players, dominant vs. dominated regions, how goods traded, technological innovations, what was traded (disease, ideology, religion, materials), role of merchants, currency, routes, cultural exchange East Asia 8000 – 600 CE China: silk cloth; roads constructed; Han-Silk Road trading increased; Iron Age; modernized army (iron weapons, etc.); paper, accurate sun dials/calendars, use of metals, ox-drawn plow. 600 – 1450 CE China controlled east trading zone; traded: silk, porcelain,& paper, military tech, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity; Japan traded: silver; China refocused on Indian Ocean trade in 15th century; expeditions by Zheng He; junks; Mongols; Port of Canton; Crusades; Hanseatic League: trade monopoly established; begins to trade with Islamic world; 1450-1750 CE China: many navigational inventions[sternpost rudder, lanteen sails, astrolabe, magnetic compass]; relied on regional trade; Japan: prohibited foreign trade 1750 – 1914 CE Opium Trade;1st China greatly benefits from trade; China opens up to Europe; Japan industrializes; Japanese ports open up (1854) b/c second Perry expedition. Industrialization Trade no longer land based only; Hanseatic League; European exploration and colonization; new navigational technology utilized for voyages; British East India Company; stole info. From Spanish/portuguese European dominance of the world; seized trading networks from local/regional control. Russia: forced to establish agencies in Moscow/St. Pete; traded primarily with nomads of central asia; Ottoman Empire: European traders formed colonies with Constantinople; dismissed western tech and trade. India encouraged to trade with West but was more preoccupied with imperial expansion. Exported grain to Europe for western machinery; # 4 in steel production; Western Europe Internal trade mostly; trade &cultural diffusion by boat; wine and olive products for grain in Greece; barter system replaced w/ money system;Hellenism; roman culture spread; rds. connected to silk rd. Eastern Europe not much contact with the outside world; traded very little Hanseatic League: trade monopoly established; Mongol Empires; crossroads of Europe and Asia; didn’t have much interest in Western goods; South Asia Indian Ocean Trade; Mauryans: promoted trade; rds. connected w/ Silk Rd.; Buddhist missionaries sent out; Guptas: “Arabic” # system, inoculation of smallpox, sterilization during surgery, astronomy. Didn’t trade much yet. Indian kingdoms controlled Middle trading zone; ports in India; trades: gems, elephants, salt, cotton cloth & cinnamon Lots of roads; didn’t really trade. Exploration of Portugal; Spain headed West-Columbus’s voyage; Reconquista delayed Spanish exploration; Vasco de Gama, Dias, Ferdinand Magellan; haciendas formed; Great traders in Mesopotamia; traded with Egypt some; Silk Road Trade; trans-Saharan trade; adopted Sumerian beliefs; Arabs dominated trade; controlled western trading zone; traded: textiles, carpets, glass & Arabian horses; Crusades; TransSaharan trade routes; Colonies formed here by western Europe. Traded with West but more interested in expanding empire; Latin America Middle East Exclusive trade over India with British East India Company; increase of urbanization due to British colonialism; roads and canals built in; raw materials exported to Britain, finished materials imported back to India; LA trade increased significantly; sugar, cotton, cacao plantations, beef exports-refrigerated boxcars; used for natural resources. Trade with Islamic world decreased; dependent on European imports; discovery of oil gains lots of money. 1914 – Present Japanese silk exports reduce; rubber exports damaged; China prospered during Global trade; Vietnam: leading rice exporter; Japan supplied food &raw materials, cars, electronics, etc; Korea: cheap textiles;, steel, cars; Taiwan: textiles; Singapore: 4th largest port. Surrenders export dominance to US/Japan (WWI); Common Market; US: huge exports; creditor nation; food, wheat, corn, fast food; NAFTA; advertising= diffusion of products and culture; development of economic unions; Still agricultural & exports to W. Europe; COMECON; industrialization; cut off from world trade because refusal to join “Bretton Woods System”; SW Asia joins in int’l drug trade; cheap textiles; exports clothing; became world’s largest democracy Great Depression kills export economy; US=Cuba’s leading trade partner ‘til 1959; Columbia: int’l drug exchange; Brazil: exotic woods; Mexico: oil; Venezuela: member of OPEC Oil; westernization; ASEAN ; joins int’l drug trade; migration; Africa Major Themes/Turning Points East Africa linked to Southern China through Indian Ocean Trade; Trans-Saharan Trade: use of camel/camel saddle; exchange of salt and palm oil; N. Africa supplied Rome with olives, wheat, and wild animals; Egyptian culture spread. Silk Road; Iron Age Islam spread; Mongols; Trans-Saharan trade routes; salt, gold, honey, slaves, ivory (exports); copper, horses, textiles, figs, iron (imports); Silk Road connected everyone; east to west (1200-1600); Crusades; Mongols; Indian Ocean trade; Trans-Saharan trade; Marco Polo; Global Trade Network; Rise of Islam Internal Africa not explored, Europeans too scared. Trans-Atlantic slave trade ended but slavery still continued illegally; coastal regions important for limited trade: stopping points for merchant ships; center for slave trade; established outposts, naval bases and small colonies; diamond deposits; exported cotton to Britain; After WWI no money to purchase industrial goods, S. African miners prosper from gold mines; after WWII rely on sales of cash crops/minerals; Niger: oil producer, member of OPEC; exports native arts Silk Road connected everyone; east to west (1200-1600); Renaissance; gunpowder; European colonization and exploration; Commercial Revolution; Atlantic Slave Trade; ships used for trade; Crusades End of trans-Atlantic slave trade; industrial revolution; European dominance of world; communication and transportation revolution. WWI & WWII; Great Depression; globalization; Demographic Shifts Consider the Following: Disease, immigration – push/pull factors, attractive regions, infant mortality rates, life expectancy, diet, colonization, scientific advancements, war, forced servitude, urbanization 8000 – 600 CE East Asia Western Europe 1. Shang dynasty = Hwang He – infanticide. 2. Zhou Dynasty = feudal system. 3. Qin: iron weapons 4. Han = paper, sundials, ox-plow. 5. Han Collapse: internal 1. Mediterranean 2. Greece = city-states, have slaves, Persian War, Peloponnesian War. 3. Roman Republic: geography: protected from northern invasion by land (Alps), conflict: Punic Wars – defeat in 3rd one open Medit to Rome. 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1. Trade spread disease, black plague. 2. Mongols facilitated trade. 3. Vietnam = Champa Rice. 4. Japan = isolated, 4 main islands. 5. Mongol tech: siege weapons = catapults, exploding balls. 6. Ming = extensive agriculture. 7. Tang/Song: junks, gunpowder, flying $, magnetic compass, sternpost rudders. 1. Growth of cities = pop increases. 2. Specialization of labor. 3. Dark Ages. 4. Feudalism – serfs = similar to slaves. 5. Few tech advances. 6. Vikings = raided Europe. 1. Asia to Euro = yellow fever, malaria, small pox. 2. Malaysia + Indo + Sing = colonized. 3. Ming = brief exploration, but pull back = isolated. 4. Qing/Manchu Dynasty 5. Tokugawa Japan = united Japan, pop growth, rain grain production increase, urbanized, quality weapons. 6. Pop growth in China 1. China = sweet potato. 2. Japan = improve in nutrition, medical care, strain in natural resources, industrialize, fewer people working in agriculture, national infrastructure. 3. China = opium trade. 1. Korea = highest population density. 2. Jap = address pop increase through birth control & abortion. 3. Asia industrializes & mechanizes. 4. Nagasaki & Hiroshima = bombed. 5. Firebombings of Japanese cities. 6. Comfort women in Korea & SEA. 7. Mao = kill many people. 8. Great Leap Forward = collectivization. 1. Syphilis 2. Growth of urban pop. 3. China + Japan colonized. 4. Exploration, colonization, imperialism. 5. Port: colonize Goa, Malacca, Sri Lanka. 6. Spain = Columbus. 7. English fight wars with Spain for territory. 8. France = colonized India. 9. Dutch = Indonesia, Africa 1. Industrialization. 2. Famine = Ireland. 3. Push = poverty. 4. Urbanization. 5. Live expectancy rose – improve medicine, Louis Pastuer Germ theory. 6. Diet improve. 7. Cholera + TB. 8. Tenements = bad living conditions. 9. Major pollution. 10. Increase in pop = more food. 11. Enclosure movement = common 1. Spanish Flu = Global epidemic. 2. Guest workers = labor shortages, seek workers from outside = low wages & discrimination. 3. WWII = total war, civilians as targets. 4. Blitzkrieg. 5. Poverty, shortage of food, clothing. 6. Holocaust. 7. Welfare systems, econ 1914 - Present Eastern Europe 4. Roman Empire: initially empire expands, large landowners use slaves, cities overcrowded = displaced small farms. 5. Reliance on slavery = tech fall behind. 6. Science: Pythagoras, Hippocrates: Father of medicine. 7. Movement of Huns+Germans – Great Age of Migrations. 8. Huns to Mongolia. 9. Germans = along Roman frontier. 10. Germanic peoples = defeat Rome. 11. Rome Collapse = internal + external. 1. Byzantine 2. Coined $. 3. Between medit and Black Seas. 4. Rise of towns, enclosure of open fields. South Asia 1. India: millet & barley. 2. Indus Civ. 3. India tech: pi, zero, Arabic # system. 4. Aryan Invaders = base class on race. 5. Hinduism = caste system. 6. Indus Collapse: external. Latin America 1. Maize, beans, squash. 2. Mesoamerica + Andean South America = slavery. 1. Aztecs = tribute empire = sacrifice people. 2. Maya, Aztecs, Incas = agricultural societies, peasants + slaves. 3. Maya: Pyramids, cotton + maize, ridged field system. 4. Aztec: Pyramids, Chinampas, maize & beans, large urban capital. 5. Inca: communication through roads, terrace farming, animal husbandry. 1. Mesopotamia 1. Arabs = captured slaves & force into bondage. 2. Trade with Africa – Swahili Coast. 1. East Africa = 1st to migrate = search for food. 2. Green Sahara = dries up, seeds to forests. 3. Plantains, beans, squash. 4. Egypt = Nile River. 1. Bantu Migration – change pop from huntergatherer to agricultural based. 2. Farming + pastoralism, follow Congo river, spread Middle East Africa Cape Colony. 10. Extract natural resources. 11. Colonize Americas. 12. Spanish + Port = bring in African Slaves to Americas. 13. Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Scientific Rev, enlightenment. 1.Trade with nomads of Central Asia. 2. Cossacks: recruited peasants. 3. Russia = isolated from West, pushed eastward. 4. Not part of Renaissance. 5. Catherine the Great = enforced serfdom. area gone. 12. New sources of energy = steam, petroleum. 13. New materials = steel. 14. Interchangeable parts. 15. Steam locomotive. 16. Birth of middle class. prosperity, scientific +tech = advance. 8. Emphasize consumerism. 1. Emancipation of serfs = but still have to work on land to pay off, so not really free. 2. Not industrializing. 3. Not borrowing from West Euro = fairly isolated. 1. Refugees = displaced during WWII. 2. Pull: Economy + politics = repressive. 3. WWI = destruction of eastern Euro empires. 4. Communism. 5. Political instability. 6. Russia lost Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland. 1. Mughal India = Gunpowder Empire = use weapons to maintain regional power. 2. Conflict between Hindus & Muslims. 3. Decline of power = vulnerable to outside influence. 4. Brit East India Company. 1. India = learn western value. 2. Colonized. 3. India: Brits = build roads & canals, urbanization increased. 4. Paving path toward independence = Indian National Congress. 1. India & Pakistan = split = 1000’s pep displaced. 2. Arab-Israeli War = hundreds of thousands of Palestinians. 3. India Green Movement. 4. Migration from South Asia to Arab oil-producing nations. 1. Measles. 2. Monoculture. 3. Domestication of animals. 4. Exploitation of natural resources. 5. Columbian exchange. 6. Pop increase. 7. Horses = new method of labor. 8. Encomienda system = Am Feudalism. 9. Food: squash, beans, corn, potatoes, cacao = population growth. 10. Euro disease kill Ams. 11. Huge Estates = Haciendas. 1. Abbasid Caliphate = lose power. 2. Gunpowder empires: ottoman, safavid. 3. Influence Ren in Euro = go back to ideas of Greek and Romans. 1. Colonized = used as slaves. 2. Monoculture = destroy land. 3. Boundary = total disregard for societies that existed before. 1. Massive Urbanization. 2. Bad living + working conditions. 3. Import Substitution. 4. Immigration w/in and to US – legal & illegal. 5. Pep live in shantytowns. 6. Settlements incorporated into city. 7. Migration for employment. 8. Urbanized peasants = no access to industry. 1. Ottoman Empire = Middle Eastern Question. 2. Want to keep stable or else will be chaos. 3. Balkan Crisis. 4. Egypt + North Africa taken from Ottoman Empire. 1. Atlantic slave trade = slaves taken from Africa = deplete population. 2. Triangular Slave Trade – slaves from Af in Middle Passage = many died, Euro 1. Islamic states of West Africa = keeps slaves. 2. End of Atlantic Slave Trade, but 2 mill still traded. 3. Loss of pop from trade. 4. Intro of guns = increase likelihood of 1. Forced migration due to Peace of Paris – Turks to Turkey. 2. Pop increase. 3. Ethnic divisions. 4. Military coups. 5. Pop explosion. 6. Poverty. 7. Lack of fresh water. 1. Legacies of colonization. 2. Civil wars between ethnic groups. 3. Population explosion. 4. Low per capita income. 5. Lack on capital for Major Themes/Turning Points Applies to all: 1. Ice Age = big game gone & usable land. 2. Alter skin color & Race type 3. Environ = more suitable for growing crops so settle down. 4. Diet better 5. 3 classical emps: pep live closely now & settle next to rivers. 6. Milder conditions, warmer temps, higher ocean levels. 7. Foraging vs. Pastoral societies 8. Foraging = disease, famine, natural disasters, no permanent shelters, limit on how much land can feed 9. Pastoral: domesticate animals, mountain regions, insufficient rainfall, small scale agri. 10. Migratory vs. slash and burn. 11. Irrigation 12. Fermentation of alcoholic beverages. 13. Create cities 14. Land = reconfigured to fit needs of humans – divert water, clear land for farming, roads built, build monuments. 15. Religious diffusion. knowledge of iron-working. give guns to Af. 3. Euro & Africa in Columbian exchange= horses, pigs, goats, chili peppers, sugar cane. 4. Africans = separated from families. inter-tribal war. 5. Sierra Leone + Liberia = safe haven for slaves. 6. Cotton gin = need more slaves to work. 7. Scramble for Africa. infrastructure. 6. Urbanization. 7. Huge debtloads. 1. Atlantic Slave Trade. 2. Crusades = huge migration of people. 3. Urban growth. 1. Rise of nation states = rivalry between nations for territory. 2. World Trade. 3. Columbian exchange – disease = unintended part = bubonic plague. 4. Growth of urban population == famine, enclosure movements. 1. Industrialization. 2. End of Atlantic Slave trade. 3. Colonization. 4. Asians + Africans = provide labor. 5. New Birth rate patterns in Western Euro. 6. Raw materials = depleting. 7. Increased pollution. 1. Immigration. 2. Threat to environment = deforestation. 3. Global warming. 4. Warfare: WWI WWII – people=homeless, chemical warfare. 5. Terrorism. 6. NGOs – Green Peace & WWF. 7. Communication revolution = world closer together. 8. Dictatorial regimes = killed many people. 9. Separation of ethnic groups. 10. Cold War: World = divided between US & USSR. 11. Globalization: relocation to new cities/countries, find cheapest labor, lower wages, sudden unemployment. 12. Xenaphobia. Religion Consider the Following: Polytheism (pantheon) vs. monotheism, enumerated laws, relation to state (theocracy), gender roles, missionaries, major ideologies, schisms, syncretism, economic interests, persecution of minority religions 8000 – 600 CE East Asia Western Europe Ancestor worship (China, Japan) Spirits of nature (China) Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism. women treated as subservient (food binding) Polytheism- many gods Animism- believe in animals Monotheism- single god Christianity, Judaism 600 – 1450 CE Neo-Confucianism Daoism, Confucianism, Legalism= philosophies/semi religion Ancestor worship Leaders- Mandate of Heaven Foot binding less due to silk road Christianity spreadCrusades Theocratic Church powerful economic 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present Influence of BuddhismSamurais detachment from pain. Neo Confucianism Religion through trade. Women increased restrictions, lower class better Christianity Japan Agnostics- believe in god but no religion. Global State sponsored religionShintoism Both open up Atheism- no god in China Shintoism, sects of Buddhism, and some belief of Confucianism (a combination of all) Reformation- split in church Protestant, Catholic Enlightenment Scientific revolution- less Persecute Judaism- (later Nazi) Increasing beliefs in deism and Atheism – due to Christianity Influx of Muslim Freedom of religion entity(no tax) religious, secular Inquisition-kill heretics Animism Christianity- monotheism Judaism- monotheism Some influence of Islam – due to Mongol influence Christianity (Tsar) Orthodox Christianity Animism Spirits of nature Caste system- through Hinduism Codified laws Ashoka-Buddhism, classicalreligion flourished Subverted caste systemBrahmans angry Latin America Animism Polytheism Native American religious Sun god- sacrifice Losers of the battle sacrificed to the Gods. Middle East Polytheistic Greater women’s right (Muhammad’s wife higher) Islam- submission Acceptance of people of the book (Christianity, Judaism) Allow converts (Malawi) Ulama- fundamentalist Sharia- Islamic laws, veiling Spanish-Christianity Mohammed Spread of trade Persian Ulama- conservative back lash Spread of trade (Mongol, silk road) Orthodox Christianity Tsar supported by Church Ortho- right correct doxthinking, Third Rome Women- dressed like Western Gupta-caste system, Hinduism Classical-religion flourished Islam-major force Out law sati, female aristocrats Missionary dominant force to conversion African belief systems (due to slave trade) Christianitydominant Conservative movements Gunpowder nations Ottoman Empire- tolerant of non-Muslims. Govern variety – Orthodox, Nestorian, Coptic, Catholic, Protestant , Sunnis, Shiites Harems Eastern Europe South Asia Major Themes/Turning Points Nation-states- need for organized religion Something to hold them together. Islam- Arabs held by religion Schism- great split Orthodox and Catholic Reformation-protestant and Catholic Against catholic abuseintellectual movements Atlantic trade Enlightenment and affects of Bubonic Plague Protestant (counterreformation) Strong revival in Roman Catholicism (counterreformation) Continued strong belief in Orthodox Christianity Persecute Jews- pogroms 1917-1991- Atheism Christian revival More freedom in religions Still strong belief in Orthodox Christianity Existing influence of Islam Islam continues to grow British colonization affects religion, Christianity Second largest Muslim nation Hinduism main India split, Pakistan and India Christianity dominant Less of traditional gods. Restricted religion Christianity- limited role (however, strong legacy of Christianity behind) Ottoman Empire Islam Secularized- scientific knowledge instead of clergy complaints Tanzimat reforms- religious tolerance, schools for women Persecution of Jews Majority Islam – Sunnis vs. Shiites Colonization Missionaries Secular Industrialization More trade Globalization Flat world Technology- internet
