MP/Lecture 2/15 September 2003/19th Century/Overhead 1
France
1792-1804 First Republic
1804-1814 First Empire: Napoleon
1814-1848 Constitutional Monarchy:
Louis XVIII (1814-1824)
Charles X (1824-1830)
Louis-Philippe’s ‘July Monarchy’ (1830-1848)
1848-1851 Second Republic: Louis-Napoleon 
1851-1870 Second Empire: Napoleon III
1870-1940 Third Republic
MP/Lecture 2/15 September 2003/19th Century/Overhead 2
Germany
1803 Consolidation of German states: 112 disappear
1805 Rheinbund (League of the Rhine) let up by Napoleon
1815-1848 and 1850-1866 Bund (Confederation) of German states,
excluding Prussia: 35 monarchs and 4 free cities
1862 Otto von Bismarck becomes Minister-President of Prussia
1870 Bismarck leads Prussia into war with France, creating united
Germany during the war. Wilhelm I, King of Prussia, becomes emperor
of Germany
The Holy Roman Empire/Austrian Empire/Austria-Hungary
1804 Creation of Austrian Empire by Francis II, who became Francis I
1806 Abolition of Holy Roman Empire
1867 Ausgleich (Compromise) leading to formation of Austria-Hungary
MP/Lecture 2/15 September 2003/19th Century/Overhead 3
Italy
1860 Risorgimento (Unification): Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont becomes
King
Russia
1801-1825 Alexander I
1825-1855 Nicholas I
1855-1881 Alexander II
1881-1894 Alexander III
1894-1917 Nicolas II
England
1837-1901 Victoria
1861 Death of Prince Albert
1877 Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India
MP/Lecture 2/15 September 2003/19th Century/Overhead 4
Alliances
 1st Peace of Paris 30 May 1814
 Congress of Vienna Nov 1814-March 1815; formation of
German Confederation
 2nd Peace of Paris Nov 1815
 Quadruple Alliance Nov 1815, Britain, Prussia, Russia and
Austria
 Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle 1818, Britain, Prussia, Russia and
Austria
 Congress of Troppau 1820, Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria and
France
 Troppau Protocol 19 November 1820, Prussia, Russia and
Austria (Triple Alliance)
 Congress of Leibach Jan 1821,Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria
and France
 Congress of Verona Oct-Dec 1822, Britain, Prussia, Russia,
Austria and France
 Regular meetings of ambassadors
 Russian-Prussian-Austrian talks on Greece 1824-5
 Anglo-French talks on Spain 1826
 Anglo-Russian talks on Greece 1826  St Petersburg
Protocol 
 Treaty of London July 1827, Britain, Russia, France, on Greece
 Chiffon de Carlsbad August 1830, Russia, Prussia, Austria
 Separation of Belgium and Luxembourg from Holland by
negotiation, 1830-32
 Austria and France sent troops to Italy, 1831-38, 
 Russia, Prussia and Austria agreement to prevent such French
interventions, 1833
 Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, 1833, Russia and Turkey
 Russian-Austrian agreement, Sept 1833, to preserve existing
dynasty in Turkey
 Convention of Berlin, Oct 1833, Prussia, Russia, Austria
(renewal of Troppau)
 Anglo-French limited agreement, March 1834, re Spain
 Quadruple Alliance, 1834, Britain, France, Spain and Portugal
 Anglo-Russian agreement, Jan 1840, to work to confine Mehemet
Ali to Egypt
 Anglo-Russian-Prussian-Austrian co-operation re Egypt, 1840,
and agreement on the Straits, 1841
 ‘Entente Cordiale’ from end 1843-46, Britain and France
 Informal agreement, 1844, Britain and Russia, re Turkey
 Informal agreements, 1844-45, Britain and France, re Spain
 Treaty of London, 1852, 5 powers, re Denmark
 Vienna Conference July 1853, Britain and Russia re NE
 Crimean War 1854-55, Russia vs. Britain and France
 Mutual defence treaty, April 1854, Prussia and Austria
 Failed Vienna peace conference, Mar-June 1855, 5 powers
 Peace of Paris Jan-Feb 1856, end of Crimean war (treaty signed
in March)
 Congress of Paris, 1856, 5 powers
 Plombières Agreement, July 1858, France and Piedmont
 Peace of Villafranca, July 1859
 Cobden Free Trade Treaty, March 1860, Britain and France
 Five power conference, Apr-June 1864, London, Danish duchies
 Austro-Prussian War, 1866  Peace of Nikolsburg, 26 July
and Peace of Prague, 23 August
 Prussian dominated Confederation of Germany, 1867
 London Conference, 1867, 5 powers, Luxembourg
 Franco-Prussian War, 1870  Treaty of Frankfurt and
London Protocol, Feb and May 1871, latter signed by 6 powers
(incl. Italy)
 Foundation of German Empire, 1871
 Schönbrun Convention, 1873, Russia and Austria
 Three Emperors’ League, 1873, Russia, Germany and Austria
 Budapest Convention, Jan.Mar 1877, Russia and AustriaHungary re Turkey
 Pan-Slav Treaty of San Stefano, 1878, Russia and Turkey
 Congress and Treaty of Berlin, 1878, 5 powers re Turkey
 Dual Alliance, 1879, Germany and Austria-Hungary
 Three Emperors’ Alliance, 1881, Russia, Germany and AustriaHungary
 Triple Alliance, 1882, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
 Three Emperors’ Alliance renewal, 1884
 Triple Alliance renewal, 1887
 Reinsurance Treaty, 1887, Germany and Russia
 Heligo-Zanzibar Agreement, 1890, Germany and Britain
 Diplomatic Agreement, Aug 1891, France and Russia
MP/Lecture 2/15 September 2003/19th Century/Overhead 5
Socialism
1848 Publication of The Communist Manifesto: ‘Workers of the World
unite, you have nothing to lose but your chains!’
1864 Foundation of International Working Men’s Association (later
known as ‘First International’)
1867 Publication of Das Kapital
1870 Paris Commune; birth of Lenin
1872 Das Kapital translated into Russian
1875 Foundation of Social Democratic Party in Germany
1883 Death of Marx
1884 Legalisation of trades unions in France
1885 Foundation of Socialist Party in Belgium
1888 Foundation of Socialist Parties in Austria and Switzerland
1893 Foundation of Independent Labour Party in Britain
1895 Death of Engels