Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Page 123
1. Although there are ________________ (number)of cells in the human body,
there are only about _______(number) types of cells.
2. Cell types combine to form tissues, collections of ________________ _________
____ ________ _____________ ______ ____________ __ _________________
_________________ _____________ ___ __________________.
3. There are basicly 4 primary tissue types-list them below with their basic
characteristics-FIGURE 5-1-page 124.
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Page 124
4. The study of tissues is called ___________________.
5. An epithelium is a ____________ ___ ________ _______ ________ __
___________________ _______ _____________ ____________________.
6. Epithelia have no blood vessels-a condition termed _______________________,
so they must obtain nutrients from ______________ _______________ ___
________ ___________ ___________________ __________________.
Page 126
7. Epithelia cover every _______________ ___________
_________________(example- the skin) & they also line the _______________,
______________________, _________________, & _____________________
tracts.
8. In addition, epithelia line internal cavities & passageways, such as
the_______________ _____________, fluid-filled chambers in the
________________, _________, & _____________ ____________, & the inner
surfaces of _____________ ________________ & the _______________.
9. List the 4 functions of epithelia below:
 Providing ____________ __________________

Controlling ________________
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Providing ____________________

Producing ________________ _____________________-called
_____________ cells
10. Define exocrine secretionsGive 3 examples:
11. Define endocrine secretions-
1
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Page 127
12. When an epithelium contains many cell layers, tight junctions often create a
network of ______________________________ __________________
that radiate between the cells and distribute essential _____________________
through the ___________________________.
13. The inner surface of each epithelium is attached to a special ______-__________
______________________________ ________________________________.
14. The layer closest to the epithelium is called the _______________________
____________________________ & provides a barrier that restricts the
____________________________ of large molecules.
15. The deeper portion of the basal lamina is called the ______________________
_______________________________, & it gives the basement membrane its
________________________________.
16. Stem cells, also called _________________________ ___________, are found
in the _________________________ layers of the epithelium & their role is to
maintain ______________________ ____________________________.
17. Many epithelial cells are specialized for
1)
2)
3)
Page 128
18. Specialized epithelia usually show a definite _________________________
along the axis. The organelles are distributed ________________________.
19. Most epithelial cells have _____________________________ on their exposed
surfaces.
Page 129
20. A typical ciliated cell contains about ___________ cilia that ______________
in a coordinated fashion.
21. What is one effect of smoking?
22. Epithelia are classified according to their appearance-2 variable features:
1). The number of _____________ _________________
2.) The __________________ of the exposed cells.
23. The classification scheme recognizes 2 types of layering:
1.)
2.)
24. The classification scheme recognizes 3 cell shapes:
1.)
2.)
3.)
25. If there is only a single layer of cells covering the basement membrane, the
epithelium is termed ______________________ _____________________.
2
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Page 130
26. Simple epithelium line internal ________________________ & passageways,
including the __________________ ___________________, the
__________________, & all ____________________ __________________.
27. Simple epithelia are characteristic of regions where _______________________
or _____________________________ occurs, such as the lining of the
____________________________ & _______________________ tracts, & the gas
exchange surfaces of the _____________________.
28. Draw a diagram of simple squamous epithelium-figure 5-4(a) page 129.
Page 131
29. A __________________________________ epithelium has several layers of
________________________ above the basement membrane.
30. Stratified epithelia are usually found I areas subject to ___________________
or ________________________ stresses, such as the surface of the __________
and the lining of the __________________.
31. Draw a diagram of stratified squamous epithelium-page 129 figure 5-4(b)
32. In _________________ _______________________ the cells are thin & flat &
Look like fried eggs.
33. The cells of a __________________________ epithelium resemble little hexagonal
_________________________.
34. Draw a cuboidal epithelium, simple cuboidal, stratified cuboidal, & transitionalpage 130
3
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Page 132
35. In a ______________________ __________________ the cells are also hexagonal,
but taller & more slender.
Page 133-Draw a simple columnar epithelium below:
36. Combining the 2 basic epithelial layouts (______________________ &
______________________________) & the 3 possible cell
shapes(___________________________, _______________, & _______________)
enables one to describe almost every ___________________ in the body.
37. A ______________________ ____________________ ______________________ is
the most delicate epithelium in the body. Examples where it is found include
________________ _______________, ______________________ ____________
___ _____ ________________, ____ _______________ __ ____ ________
_______________, & ______ __________________ _______________ ___ ___
_____ ________________________________ ______________.
38.The epithelium that lines the body cavities is known as a ______________________.
39. The lining of the heart & blood vessels is called an __________________________.
40. A ________________________ ____________________ ______________________
Is found where mechanical stresses are severe.
41. A _____________________ ______________________ ______________________
provides limited protection& occurs in regions where secretion or absorption takes
place.
42. True ________________ ________________ _______________ are relatively rareonly in ducts that drain sweat glands.
43. A ____________________________ ___________________ resembles a modified
form of stratified cuboidal epithelium. It lines the ______________ & urinary tract
where great changes in _______________ occur.
Page 134
44. A __________________ ___________________ ______________ provides some
protection & may be encountered in areas where _______________________ or
secretion take place.
45. Portions of the respiratory tract contain a columnar epithelium that includes a mixture
of __________ types. Because their nuclei are situated at
______________________ distances from the surface, the epithelium has a
_____________________ appearance. Yet it is not stratified since all of the cells
contact the _________________________ membrane. It is called a
_________________ __________________________ _________________.
It lines the _______________, or windpipe, & portions of the ____________
______________________ ____________.
Draw pseudostratified columnar epithelium below:
4
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
46. ____________________ ________________ ________________ are
relatively rare, providing protection along portions of the _____________________
________________________, & _________________________ tracts, as well as
A few large _____________________ __________________.
Draw a stratified columnar epithelium below:
Page 135-47. Many epithelia contain ______ cells that produce exocrine or endocrine
secretions.
48. In ___________________ secretion the product released is through exocytosis. It is
the most __________________ mode of secretion.
49. _______________________ secretion involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the
secretory product. ______________ production & _________________ perspiration
are examples.
50. _____________________ secretion does not leave the cell intact-it bursts.
______________________ ________________ associated with hair follicles produce
a waxy hair coating by means of holocrine secretion.
51. In epithelia that contain scattered gland cells, individual secretory cells are called
________________ ______________.
52. _________________________ ___________________ are organs containing
glandular epithelia that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions.
53. There are several types of exocrine glands:
 _______________ ___________ secrete a watery solution
 _______________ ___________ secrete a viscous mucus.
 _______________ ___________ contain more than one type of gland & may
produce two different _______ secretions, one ___________ & the other
______________________. The ______________________________ gland is
an example of a mixed gland. Some mixed glands produce both exocrine &
___________________ secretions. The ______________________ secretes
hormones in addition to digestive enzymes.
54._____________________ cells are the only example of ______________________
Exocrine glands in the body. Their secretion, simply called ______ is an effective
lubricant & a sticky _______________ for foreign particles & __________________.
55. Multicellular ____________________ ________________ contain secretory
epithelia.
56. Two characteristics are used in classifying a gland:
 The branching ________________ ___ ___________ _____________
 The shape of ____ ________________ ___________ ____ ____ ____________
Page 136-57. The duct is called _________________ if it does not __________________
58. If the duct branches _______________ it is called _______________________.
59. Define tubular, alveolar, acinar, tubuloacinar.
5
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Page 138 Connective Tissue
60. Connective tissues are ____________ tissues that are never exposed to the
environment outside the ____________________.
They have many important functions including:
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61. Connective tissues are _________________ in appearance, However all have 3 basic
componenets:

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
62. Classification of connective tissue-several classes are recognized-Copy table 5-11
63. Define matrix-
6
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Bottom page 138-139
64. Connective tissue proper contains
65. Fixed cells are ___________________________ & are involved with ____________
__________________________, ______________, __________________, &
________________ __________________.
66. The number of ____________________ ___________ in an area fluctuates in
response to local or regional stimuli. See figure 5-12.
67. ______________________ are the most abundant fixed cells in connective tissue
proper. These slender or _____________________(____________ shaped ) cells ar
responsible for the __________________ & __________________ of the
_________________________ ______________ ___________________.
Each fibroblast _____________________ & secretes _______________
____________________ subunits that interact to form ______________
____________________ in the ___________________ __________________.
They also secrete _______________________ ___________ a __________________
that gives the ground substance its ________________ ______________________.
68. Fixed ______________________________ are scattered among the fibers. These
cells __________________________ ______________________ cells or
______________________.
69. Fat cells are known as __________________ __________ ,or simply
_____________________________.
70. Connective tissues may also contain cells that synthesize and store a _____________
pigment, __________________:these cells are called ________________________.
71._________________ macrophages perform the same _______________________ as
Fixed ________________________, but they are highly ______________________.
72. _____________________ cells are small, mobile _______________ _____________
cells often found near blood _____________________. The cytoplasm is packed
with granules of ______________________ & ____________________. Histamine
__________________________ blood vessels increasing the ___________ ________
To the area. Heparin _______________ ________________ _______________.
73. In addition to mast cells & free macrophages ____________________ &
___________________________( special phagocytic cells of the blood) may
____________ through __________________ ______________.
74. Some of the lymphocytes may develop into ______________ ____________, the
cells responsible for the production of _________________________-proteins that
destroy invading ________________________ or __________________ substances.
75. Connective tissue may also contain small numbers of __________ ____________,
also called mesenchymal cells. These cells respond to an ________________ or
_____________________ by __________________ to produce _______________
cells that differentiate into _______________________, _____________________,
or other ___________________ ___________________ cells.
7
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Page 140 Connective Tissue Fibers
76. There are 3 basic types of fibers. List & describe below:
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77._____________ __________________ fills all the spaces between cells &
__________________________ all the ____________________ tissue ___________.
It is clear, ___________________, & in addition to _____________________ acid
it contains a mixture of other ______________________ & ____________________.
78. Connective tissue proper is usually divided into _________________ ____________
___________________ & __________________ ____________ ______________
On the basis of the relative ________________________of cells, ______________
& ____________________ _____________________.
79. _____________________ connective tissues are the packing material of the body.
They fill spaces between _________________, provide _________________ &
Support ________________________. They also anchor ______________
________________ & ____________, store _____________, & provide for the
__________________________ of materials.
Pages 140-141
80. There are 3 types of LOOSE connective tissues. List & discuss them
below & on the back of the paper.
8
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Page 141
81. __________________________ is a surgical procedure for the removal of unwanted
adipose tissue. The only way to ensure that fat lost through this procedure will not
return is to adopt a _________________ that includes a proper ______________ &
adequate _______________________.
82.Most of the volume of ___________________ connective tissue is occupied by fibers.
They are often called _____________________ tissues because collagen fibers are
the __________________ fiber type. In dense __________________ connective
tissue the fibers are arranged in an ____________ ______________________. In
dense ____________________ connective tissue the fibers form an
_________________ meshwork.
83. In dense REGULAR connective tissue, the collagen fibers are packed
________________ & aligned with the forces applied to the tissue. List &
describe the 5 important examples of this tissue type-See Page 146
9
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Page 146-Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
84. The fibers in ___________ _______________ ________________ ______________
do not show any consistent _______________________________.
85. Dense irregular tissues provide ___________ & __________________ to areas
subjected to ____________________ from many _________________. It also forms
a thick layer called a _____________________, that surrounds ________________
organs like the liver, _______________, & __________________ & encloses the
cavities of ______________________.
Fluid Connective Tissues
86. ____________________ & _______________________ are fluid connective tissues.
They contain distinctive collections of cells in a ________________ matrix.
87. The red blood cell(RBC’s), or ________________________. Accounts for almost
___________ of the blood volume. They also transport ______________ &
_______________ ____________________ in the blood.
88. Blood’s watery ground substance, called __________________, contains small
numbers of _________________________ or white blood cells(WBC’s)Page 147
They are important components of the ______________ system, which protects the
body from infection & ____________________. They include phagocytic
_______________, _______________________, & macrophages called
_________________________. Tiny packets of cytoplasm called
___________________ function in clotting.
89. The extracellular fluid of the body includes 3 major subdivisions. List & describe
them below:
10
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Page 147-Supporting Connective Tissues
90. ________________________ & ______________ are called supporting connective
tissues because they provide a _______ _______________ that
 ___________________ ___________________ the rest of the body.
91. The matrix of _________________________ is a firm gel that contains proteoglycans
called ______________________ ____________________.
_______________________ are the only cells found in the matrix; they live in small
pockets known as ____________________.The cartilage is set apart from
surrounding tissues by a fibrous _______________________.
92. List, describe, & tell the locations of the 3 major types of cartilage-pages 147, 148
& 150:
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Page 150-Growth & Repair of Cartilage
93.Two mechanisms are involved in the growth of cartilage: __________________
growth & _______________________ growth.
94. During _________________________ growth chondrocytes undergo mitotic
divisions within their ______________, & the new chondrocytes separate as each
produces new ________________ materials. The cartilage expands from
_______________ & this type of growth is seen during the early phases of cartilage
formation- ______________ birth & in ____________ childhood.
95. ___________________________ growth occurs after the perichondrium has formed
& this growth occurs even after ________________. The cartilage grows through the
addition of cartilage to the outer surface.
96. Neither _____________________ nor _________________ growth normally occur
in adult cartilages.
97. Page 151-Under unusual conditions calcium phosphate crystals may precipitate
within the matrix producing ________________________ _______________.
11
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Page 151 BONE
98. Bone is known as _________________________ tissue.
99. Roughly one third of the matrix of bone consists of __________________
________________________. The balance is a mixture of ____________________
_______________, primarily ________________ ________________ with lesser
amounts of ______________________ ___________________.
100. The general organization of bones can be seen in figure 5-18. Lacunae within the
matrix contain bone cells, or ______________________. The lacunae are organized
around __________________ __________________ that branch through the bone
matrix.
101. Page 152-Define canaliculi-
102. Each bone is surrounded by a fibrous _____________________ that is layered like
the ________________________.
102. Because the matrix is ________________ rather than _______________, bone cells
within the matrix _________________ move farther apart. As a result
___________________ growth occurs & an osteocyte never undergoes
__________________. But unlike ____________________, bone undergoes extensive
remodeling on a _____________________________ _________________.
Membranes-Pages 152-155
103. List, tell locations, & describe the 4 types of membranes:
12
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Page 156
104. Muscle tissue is specialized for ________________________. Individual muscle
_________ are long & slender; as a result, they are usually called _________________
____________________-large may be ______ ___ in diameter &
___________________ ___ long.
105. Muscle fiber contraction involves interaction between filaments of _____________
& _________________. These are proteins found in the _________________ of many
cells. However, in muscle fibers, these proteins are more______________ & arranged so
that their interaction produces a ____________________ of the entire ________. This
contraction process requires large quantities of _______, so muscle fibers have a high
demand for ________________.
106. There are 3 types of muscle tissue: _________________, ____________________,
& __________________________. They differ in the ____________________ of their
________________ & ________________ _____________________.
Page 157
107. _____________________ __________________ tissue contains very large fibers
(________) tied together by loose connective tissue. Skeletal muscle fibers are very
unusual because they may be a __________ or more in _____________ & each cell
contains _______________ of _______________. New muscle fibers can be produced
through the division of ______________________ cells, mesenchymal cells that persist
in _____________ muscle tissue. Thus, skeletal muscle tissue can at least partially
________________ itself after an injury. Because the actin & myosin filaments are
arranged in organized groups, skeletal muscle fibers appear to have a series of
____________ or _______________ across them. These bands are also known as
_______________________( ____________) . Skeletal muscle fibers will not usually
contract unless stimulated by ________________, & the nervous system provides
__________________ control over their activities. Summarizing these properties,
skeletal muscle can be considered as __________________ __________________
____________________________.
108. Cardiac Muscle Tissue is found only in the __________. There is only _______
nucleus in each cell & the fibers are not as large as _____________ muscle tissue.
Cardiac muscle fibers are called _________________ & cardiac muscle tissue damaged
by injury or disease cannot ________________________.Like skeletal muscle tissue,
cardiac tissue also has prominent _____________________. Unlike skeletal muscle
tissue, cardiac muscle fibers do not rely on ______________ to contract. Instead
specialized fibers called ________________________ cells establish a regular rate of
________________________. In short, cardiac muscle can be considered as
__________________________ ____________________ _________________.
109. Smooth Muscle Tissue can be found in the _________ of ______________
__________________, around ____________ ___________ such as the
______________ _______________; & in layers around the ___________________,
____________________, __________________, & _________________ tracts. Its fiber
is small & _________________ ______________ with a single _____________. These
cells are capable of ________________, & smooth muscle tissue can
_____________________ after an _____________________.
13
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Smooth Muscle (Continued –page 157)
110. In smooth muscles, the actin & myosin filaments are _____________________
throughout the cytoplasm & there are no ______________________. Smooth muscle
fibers may ______________ on their _____________, or their contractions may be
triggered by _________________ _____________ ____________________. The
nervous system does not provide ________________________ control over smooth
muscle contractions, & it is therefore categorized as _______________________
____________________ _______________.
111. Page 156-Draw, color, and label the 3 types of muscle tissue. Beside each
diagram list location(s) & functions:
14
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Page 157
112. Neural Tissue is specialized for the _____________________ of
_______________________ ________________ that convey ________________ or
______________________ from one _______________ of the _____________ to
another. It contains 2 basic types of cells:
 Neurons or __________________ ______________
 Neuroglia –several ______________ _________ of __________________ cells
with 4 basic functions:
o
o
o
o
113. ________________ are the longest cells in the body, reaching a _______________
in length. Page 158-They are often called ______________ _____________. Most
neurons are incapable of undergoing ___________________. A typical neuron has a cell
body or _______________ that contains the ________________.
114. Draw, color and label Neural Tissue figure 5-21 page 158 :
15
Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet
Name___________________ _______________________ Period _____
Page 159 The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body
115. The entire array of connective tissue layers & wrappings can be divided into 3 major
components: (list & define)
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Tissue Repairs
116. Tissues respond to injury. This defense, which involves the coordinated activities of
several tissues , is called ____________________________ or the _________________
______________________. The repair process is called-Page 161- _________________
First Phase: Inflammation
117. ______________________ refers to the tissue degeneration that occurs after cells
have been injured or destroyed.
118. The accumulation of debris , fluid, dead & dying cells, and necrotic tissue
components that may result is known as ____________.
119. When an injury occurs that damages fibers and cells, the stimulated mast cells
release chemicals-_________________ & ____________________.
Page 162
120. Histamine causes vessels to enlarge or _______________________.
121. Heparin prevents the formation of insoluble fibers known as __________________.
122. A dense fibrous meshwork, called a _________________, surrounds the damaged
area.
Second Phase: Regeneration
123. The process called fibrosis produces a dense, collagenous framework known as
______________ ______________________.
Tissues, Nutrition, and Aging
124. Tissues change with age. In general, repair and maintenance activities grow
______________ efficient, and a combination of ________________________ changes
and alterations in ____________________ affect the structure and __________________
composition of tissue.
Page 165-list the 7 warning signs of cancer:
C
A
U
T
I
O
N
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