APUSH Student Review Outlines
Table of Contents
Events and People in Colonial America to 1763- Hillary Fairbanks………..2
American Revolution- Causes, Main events, Effects- Kelsey Matson……...5
Articles of Confederation/Constitution- David Shields……………………..9
Washington & Adams’ Presidencies- Nicole Huard……………………….12
Jefferson and Madison’s Presidency- Brooke Van Wingerten…………….15
History of Political parties before the Civil War- Kristen White…………..18
Diplomacy and Wars: 1814-1850- Kyle Easton……………………………21
Economy: Tariffs, Inventions, ONIEDA: 1812-1850- Fiona Redmond…..25
Westward Movement, Manifest Destiny 1800-1850- Jaspreet Singh……...27
Jackson’s Presidency- Tea Mladenovic……………………………………………..30
American Culture 1810-1860-Dustin Montague…………………………...33
Sectionalism and Causes of the Civil War- Bion Johnson…………………37
Civil War (main events, effects) and Reconstruction- Kellen Oetgen…….40
Immigration, 1865-1900- Emily Schick……………………………………44
Politics and Domestic Policies, Gilded Age (1865-1900)- Greg Turk……..46
Economy, 1865-1917 (people, events, stats)- Hallee Hyatt………………..50
Westward movement, 1865-1900- George Huang…………………………53
Progressive Movement, 1900-1919- Chris Ihlan…………………………..58
America becomes a World Power, 1890-1917 – John Farris………………61
Foreign Policy 1918-1941- James Schacht………………………………...66
Labor Movement, 1865-1910- Sarah Jenkins……………………………...70
Domestic issues/Policies 1919-1932- Sarah Knauft……………………….73
Civil Rights Movement, 1940-1970- Jay Chen…………………………….77
Women’s Issues in American History- Ana Sheppard……………………..79
Social Issues, Culture, Nativism 1920-1930- Luis Martinez………………82
Domestic issues/Policies- Terms to Know 1919-1932- Courtney Violette..85
New Deal Policies and their effects 1933-1939- Josh Burdick…………….89
WW II- entry, main events, people, effects on US- Greg Pierce…………..92
Domestic policy/Events, 1961-1980- Ari Diamant…………………...……97
Foreign Policy, 1945-1980- Will Josh……………………………………100
Social Issues and Culture, 1945-1960- Melissa Challendar……………...103
Social Issues and Culture, 1961-1992- Vivian Pauley…………………...107
Key Supreme Court Cases- Janell Murry…………………………………111
Key Presidential Elections 1789-1896- Shelly Finnigan………..………..115
Key Presidential Elections, 1900-2000- Andrew Ohana………………….118
1
People in Colonial America to 1763
Religion
A. In Europe
1517- Luther begins Protestant reformation- believed that the Bible alone was
God’s word. This notion created division throughout Europe for a century
Calvinism- God is all powerful and all-good, Humans were weak and wicked;
“predestination”: God had chosen the elect few for heaven.
1629- Charles I sanctions anti-Puritan persecutions in England.
B. Puritans
1. Separatists, form Plymouth bay
1620- Separatists-aka pilgrims (Puritans who separated from the Church of
England) sail on Mayflower to Plymouth Bay.
2. Non-Separatists, form Massachusetts Bay Colony
1629- Massachusetts Bay Colony is formed by Congregationalists (Puritans
who wanted to reform the Church of England from within). John Winthrop, the
1st Governor, led the group.
“City upon a Hill” speech made by Gov. Winthrop; Colony was to be a
beacon to humanity, a holy society that would be a model for humankind.
1662- “Half Way Covenant”: Puritans gave membership to those who were
not “visible saints”. Church was losing power and needed more voters.
***Neither the Separatists nor the Congregationalists tolerated religious freedom.
C. Other stuff
1. 1634- Lord Baltimore founds Maryland as a refuge for catholics.
2. 1635- Thomas Hooker founds Hartford in order to have a more liberal colony
3. 1635 Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay- had ideals of separation of
Church and State.
4. 1636 Williams founds Rhode Island, freedom of religion, manhood suffrage
5. 1638- New Haven created by Puritans who wanted a closer church-state
connection. 1662 Merged with Connecticut charter.
6. 1638 Anne Hutchinson banished from Mass. Bay Colony for having extreme
views on Pre-Destination- the truly saved need not bother to obey God.
7. 1649- Act of Toleration in Maryland. Allows freedom of religion only to
Christians
8. 1681 William Penn, a Quaker, founds Pennsylvania. Freedom of worship at
first, but pressure from London- deny Jews and Catholics from voting/holding
office.
9. Salem Witch Trials- 1692, division in Salem. The poor accuse the wealthy
of bewitchment. 20 are executed. It grew from unsettled social and religious
conditions.
The 1st Great Awakening: 1730s and 1740s
- Jon. Edwards preached on Clavinism, details of Hell: “Sinners in the Hands of
an Angry God”
- George Whitefield-emotionalism and spiritualism in Christianity.
- “New lights” supported the revival
- Broke down sectional boundaries and united the people- 1st mass movement
of the people
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Mercantilism: Economical power; export more than import and control of currency
- 1650- 1st Navigation Act: Restricted trading to and from the colonies to
English vessels.
- “Enumerated” products: could only be shipped to England or other English
colonies- like tobacco, sugar, cotton, and indigo
- Forbidden to export some products for they would compete w/ Eng. Markets
- England forbade colonies from certain reforms-like curbing down slave trade.
- +: laxly enforced through “salutary neglect”, restrictions could easily be
evaded, easy to smuggle, tobacco had monopoly of Brit. Market.
- Average American was better off than the avg. Englishman.
- 1733 Molasses Act: tax on sugar and molasses imported into the colonies
from the West Indies- protective tariff.
Government
1619- House of Burgesses is set up in Chesapeake, first mini parliament
1620- Mayflower Compact is created by the Pilgrims at Plymouth, majority rule
Town Meetings were held in many towns in New England. All voters would
gather to discuss local issues.
1639 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: a modern constitution, started a
democratic regime.
1686- Dominion of New England: result of England’s need to restore power in
the colonies. Governed by New York gov. Sir Edmund Andros. Opposed by
colonists
1754 Albany Plan of Union: 7/13 colony delegates met during Fr. And Indian
war in order to achieve greater colonial unity. Franklin creates snake cartoon:
“Join or Die”
1734-1735: John Peter Zenger Trials: Zenger printed an article about a corrupt
royal official- Achievement for freedom of press
1763- Treaty of Paris: Ends French and Indian War, Blow to native tribes,
France out of Canada, Spain out of Florida.
Economy
A. Slavery
Headright system- granted large amount of land to anyone who brought
over a certain amount of colonists.
Indentured Servants- Gave so many years of servitude to a person who
paid their passage to the colonies.
1612- John Rolfe grows tobacco: creates economical foundation, stripped
the soil and promoted the plantation system.
1619- 20 African slaves are sold (by the Dutch), the first in the colonies
1661- Barbados Slave Codes deny rights to slaves, set up the system for
futurethe treatment of slaves
1676- Bacon’s Rebellion- Nathaniel Bacon led an uprising protesting
Governor Berkeley’s neglect of calls for a stronger military presence in
the frontier to end problems caused by Indian hostility. Changed the flow
of labor: black slave labor increases.
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1739- Stono Rebellion: 1st major slave rebellion, 50+ blacks tried to
march to Florida, stopped by local militia
Wars
A. With Indians
1644- Powhatan Confederacy destroyed by settlers in Virginia.
1675-1676- King Philip’s War: last Indian war in New England, against
Metacam (King Philip). The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching
white settlers.
1737- Pequot War: Indians attacked settlement in New England (killed 9), the
colonists in return burned the main Pequot village (killed about 400)
B. Problems with France
- 1608- Quebec was founded by Samuel de Champlain, friendly to Indians
- French move around area- fur trapping
- 1688-1763: 4 wars in Europe
- 1754-1763: French and Indian war: begins at Fort Necessity
- 1756 Brit. Invades Canada
- End of War results: France out of N. America, England gets Florida
- ***War shows that England is not invincible
- ***The friction btwn Colonies and Brit, little unity, Brit. Look down upon
colonists.
Early Settlements:
1. 1587 Sir Walter Raleigh, Roanoke Island, 1590 colony disappears
2. 1607- Jamestown founded by Virginia joint-stock Co. John Smith imposes a
martial law. 1609- starving time
Other
-1670- Carolina created in hopes of creating plantations and products to export.
-1733 Georgia founded by James Oglethorpe. Was a buffer state to protect Carolina from
the Spanish and French. Debtors haven. Slow to grow due to unhealthful climate.
South Colonies: Maryland, Virginia, N and S Carolina, Georgia
- Many exports/agriculture; staple crops: tobacco, rice; slavery,
- Scattered plantations and farms slowed growth of cities; difficult to establish
churches and schools.
- Supported the Church of England
- Settlers moved west due to soil corruption
Middle Colonies: NY, NJ, Delaware, Pennsylvania:
- fertile soil, broad land, staple: grain
- Had rivers, fur trade, forests-lumber
- Most ethnically mixed, and tolerant of religion
New England: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire
- poorest soil, least prosperous
- farming made up for lack of soil; fishing and merchant marine
- Highly religious
- Large towns, close knit communities
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The American Revolution
CAUSES
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Distance
Colonists left to get away from old world (religious, economic reasons)
3000 Miles across the Atlantic = weak London government control
Different environments (socially, economically, environmentally)
Salutary Neglect allows colonies to develop on their own until 1763
Begin to think of themselves as “American” not “British”
Mercantilism
Belief that power is measured by $; purpose of colonies is to bolster
mother country’s treasury (good for Britain, bad for colonies)
Navigation Laws (1650s) – to prevent Dutch shippers from getting a cut on
colonial trade
o Commerce to and from colonies must be in English ships
o European-bound goods must pass through England
o Certain products (like tobacco) can only be shipped to England
o Colonies cannot make their own stuff if they can import it from England
o Until 1763 they were laxly enforced (Americans never got used to
regarding them)
New England and Virginia aren’t as profitable to British as southern colonies
 Massachusetts and Virginia emerge as top agitators for revolt
Legislation
French and Indian War causes £140 million debt
Virtual Representation; “No taxation without representation”
George Grenville orders navy to strictly enforce Navigation Acts (1763)
Proclamation of 1763 restricts settlement west of Appalachians
Sugar Act (1764) – 1st law passed for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the
crown
o Lowered substantially after much protest
Quartering Act (1765) – Requires colonists to provide room + board to British
troops
Stamp Act (1765) – Mandates stamps on 50 items; irks businessmen, lawyers,
newspapermen
o  Stamp Act Congress – Formed to ask for repeal
 Colonies unite to non-importation against Brits, make own goods
 Stamp Act repealed after pressure from Brit merchants
Declaratory Act – Replaces Stamp Act to save face
o London has “total control” over colonies
Townshend Acts (1767) – Indirect tax still irks Americans, esp. tea tax (1 million
tea-drinkers)
New York legislature suspended for not complying with Quartering Act (1767)
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Tea Act (1773) – Gave monopoly to East India Company for tea sold in
colonies
o  Boston Tea Party – In response to tea tax (tea was actually cheaper,
but colonists felt tricked into tax)
Coercive/Intolerable Acts (1774) – Brit response to Tea Party; intended to
punish Boston
o Boston Port Act – Closes Boston harbor
o Massachusetts Government Act – No town meetings; military rule, no
trial by jury
o Quebec Act – Conquered French keep traditions and extends their
territory to Ohio River Valley
Other
Sons and Daughters of Liberty – Enforce non-importation against Brittan
o Led by Samuel Adams
Committees of Correspondence – Used as a means of communicating
grievances and coordinating action against Great Britain
Boston Massacre (1770) – 60 colonists bully redcoats, redcoats fire back and kill
five, including Crispus Attucks
o Only 2 found guilty of manslaughter but later released
First Continental Congress (1774) – In Philadelphia; delegates from every
colony except Georgia
o Established to enforce boycotts
The Association – Calls for complete boycott of Brit goods
Lexington minutemen slaughtered at the Battle of Lexington (Apr. 1775)
Second Continental Congress – All colonies; still conservative; main goal was
to stop fighting
o Issues “Declaration of Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms” –
Called on all the colonies to provide for war effort
Olive Branch Petition issued as last effort to make up and prevent bloodshed
o Rejected by King George
Thomas Paine writes Common Sense, calling for freedom and a democratic
republic
Declaration of Independence – June 7, ’76 Congress-leader Richard Henry Lee
declares them independent states
o July 2 this is adopted; July 4 formally approved by congress
THE WAR
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People
Important Americans (and supporters): G. Washington, Ethan Allen (guerilla
leader), George Rogers Clark (frontier military leader), John Paul Jones (navy),
B. Franklin, J. Adams, Sam Adams, T. Jefferson, J. Hancock, John Jay
(negotiates treaty), Baron von Steuben (Prussian-American drillmaster), Horatio
Gates (General at Saratoga), Benedict Arnold (traitor)
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Important British (and supporters): King George III, Gen. William Howe, Gen.
John Burgoyne, Chief Joseph Brant (Mohawk), Gen. Cornwallis, Lord North
Other: Catherine the Great (Russia), King Louis XIV (France)
Battles
Lexington and Concord (1775) – 1st shots of revolution, begins war
Bunker/Breeds Hill (1775) – British won, but at great cost; demonstrated that
America will stand
o Am. Major William Prescott: “Don't shoot until you see the whites of
their eyes!”
Saratoga (1778) – Turning point; prompts open support by Fr.; prompts offer of
home rule by Britain
Yorktown (1781) – General Cornwallis surrenders; battle that ends the war
Other Events
League of Armed Neutrality (1780) – To protect neutral shipping; Formed by
Catherine The Great
o Russia, Denmark-Norway, Sweden, Holy Roman Empire, Prussia,
Portugal, The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
o Turns it into a world war, takes focus away from America
o Other enemies of Britain: America, France, Spain, Holland, Ireland
Treaty of Paris (1783) – Negotiated by Franklin, Adams, Jay
o US gets big boundaries, Newfoundland fisheries
o Nothing passed to prevent payment of debts to Brit collectors
o Loyalists cant be persecuted anymore; Congress recommends giving back
Loyalist property
EFFECTS
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Immediate
A new nation forms  Articles of Confederation  Constitution
America is now alone, without British protection, trade
British resentment  War of 1812, extended animosity, French alliance
80,000 Loyalists run away  Lack of conservatism  Increasing support for
equality
Difficulties in raising $ through taxes (that’s why they rebelled)
America got military experience – but doesn’t get a very big military for a long
time
Revolutionary figures brought to forefront in new nation – Washington, Adams,
Jefferson, etc.
Limited respect from other nations – America doesn’t have much so other nations
pick on them
Land speculators get rich from acquired land
Manufacturing gets jumpstarted because they aren’t getting it from Britain
America has to find new customers for exports, but foreign countries opened up
for trade
Profiteers make up to 300%
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Average citizen is worse off than before the war; inflation ruins many
All colonies dispute acquired land
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Distant
Manifest destiny extends US across the continent; US becomes world superpower
Conflict of confederacy (compact theory) vs. union leads states to Civil War
Democratic nation sets precedent of democracy for European nations
Sets Prescient for winning wars (US undefeated until Vietnam)
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The Presidency of George Washington
1789-1796 2 terms
1789- George Washington inaugurated- first president
Judiciary Act- Court system, Chief Justice, first attempts at securing checks and
balances
French Revolution- we don’t help France
1791- The Bill of Rights
I. Freedom of speech, press religion assembly
II. Right to keep and bear arms
III. No quartering without consent
IV. Against search and seizure
V. Not subjected to same offense twice, be deprived of like, liberty, or property
VI. Right to speedy trial
VII. Guaranteed trial by jury
VIII. No excessive bail, fines or cruel and unusual punishment
IX. Rights not confined to what is written
X. Powers not delegated to U.S. are reserved to states
First Bank of the United States is established
Hamilton’s Plan- debt is good, tie interests of rich, promote home
manufacturing, alliance with Britain
- Fund Debt
- Protective tariff
- Bank
1793- Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney
Neutrality Proclamation- America stayed neutral between Britain and France
1794- The Whiskey Rebellion- Poor farmers don’t want to pay excise tax
Wash. uses troops to put down (strong federal Gov.)
1795- Jays Treaty- with Britain- US will not trade with ports opened during war time
that was closed during peace time- Britain will leave forts (Not really) and will
allow US to trade in Asia
Pinckney’s Treaty- With Spain- free navigation of Mississippi River, rights of
deposit in New Orleans
1796- Washington’s Farewell Address
-No political Parties
- 2 Terms
-Peace Time Alliances
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Washington’s cabinet (makes cabinet)
-Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State)
-Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of Treasury)
-Henry Knox (Secretary of War)
-Edmund Randolph (Attorney General)
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Adam’s Presidency
Election of 1796:
Federalists- John Adams
Demo-Rep- Jefferson
1796- John Adams (Federalist) President
1796-1800 1 Term
When in office
-had to fill Washington’s shoes
-hated by Hamilton who headed the “High federalists”
-inherited the French conflict
French angry over Jay’s Treaty
French:
- Thought it was a step towards alliance with Britain and violation of FrancoAmer. Treaty of 1778
- Seize Amer. 300 merchant vessels by 1797- refuse to see Amer. envoy
- Adams send an envoy of 3 men (incl. John Marshall) XYZ Affair
- French Ask for $$$ to talk with Talleyrand
War Fever
-Navy Department Created
-US marine Corps est.
-10,000 men army authorized
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Talleyrand concedes to allow Amer. Foreign minister
Meet with Napoleon Boneparte →Convention of 1800
-signed (treaty) → Amer. pays damages of Amer. shippers and French
annul the marriage between the two
Leads to:
 anti-French craze → Federalists seek to minimize Jeffersonian influence
(immigrants, editors)
 Alien and Sedition Acts
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Alien: raised residence requirement
Sedition: Heavy fine and imprisonment for anyone who impeded the
policies of the Gov. of falsely defamed its officials
- Alien and Sedition Acts converted many to Jeffersonian
Sedition Acts- direct conflict with constitution, but supreme court filled with
Federalists
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Jefferson reacts to Alien and Sedition Acts with Kentucky Resolution
Madison with Virginia Resolution (Jefferson scared his party would be
stomped out by Sedition laws.
Compact Theory – 13 sovereign states create the government= states are
final judge
Federalists
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Jeffersonians
advocated rule by “best people”
(rich and educated”
distrusted full democracy
Strong central government
support private enterprise
(protective tariffs)
Pro-British in Foreign Affairs
Loose interpretation of
constitution
Powerful Central Bank
Restrictions on free speech and
press
Strong Navy
Merchants, Manufacturers,
Shippers on East coast
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Pro-Democracy
Weak central Gov. with states
rights
Strict interpretation of
constitution
Agriculture
Nothing special for manufacturers
or business
Pro-French
Pro-State Banks
Minimal Navy
Support in South and Southwest
The Jefferson and Madison Presidencies
Jefferson
- Terms Served: 2 Terms (1801-1809)
- Election of 1800: TJ tied with Aaron Burr- was determined by House of Representatives- TJ
won due to some representatives not voting.
o Marked the Peaceful Revolution- change in power that all agreed with-ended
power of the Federalist Party.
- Election of 1804: Democratic-Republican Nominee-Jefferson-though disloyal VP Burr was
dropped from the ticket, replaced with George Clinton. Federalist Candidate- Charles
Pinckney.
- Things to Know about Jefferson
o Southerner- interpreted the Constitution strictly
o Head of Democratic-Republicans
o Wrote Declaration of Independence, Virginia Resolution
o For Limited Government, States Rights, No Alliances
TJ Domestic
- Naturalization Law: (1802) Five years residency needed to become a citizen; pardons
those jailed by Sedition Act.
- Repealed the excise tax- tax on domestic products (whiskey)
- Reduced the size of the military (navy)- to prevent dictatorship
- Judiciary Act of 1801: Limited the # of justices on the Supreme Court to 5.
o Repealed Adam’s Midnight Judges in 1802, replaced with an additional judge,
making 6 total.
- Marbury v. Madison: (1803) Judicial Review- Supreme Court can declare a law
unconstitutional- Supreme Court has the final word. 1st congressional act declared
unconstitutional.
o Samuel Chase Impeached- TJ attempted to impeach the justice in retaliation to
the decision. Chase found not guilty.
- Cumberland Road: or National Road. One of the first major improved highways.
- Slave Importation: Halted on January 1, 1808, as promised, although did continue illegally.
TJ Foreign
- Louisiana Purchase: (1803) TJ bought the land of Trans Mississippi from Napoleon-15
million-doubled America’s size. TJ called it “empire for liberty”; sent: Lewis and Clark out to
explore. Strengthened US claims to west.
- Non Importation Act: (1808) Due to Impressment of American Sailors by British. US
couldn’t import goods from Britain that could be created on American soil.
- Embargo Act: (1807) Forbade export of goods from US in attempt to gain Europe’s respect;
dominated TJ’s 2nd term; kept US from war- destroyed the economy (especially in New
England) Temporarily revived the Federalist Party.
o Repealed in March 1809
o Jefferson’s popularity tarnished by Embargo.
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- Non-Intercourse Acts: Replaced the Embargo. Allowed trade everywhere except with
Britain and France.
- Tripoli War: Tripoli declared war on US- dissatisfaction with protection money for the
Mediterranean Sea
o Treaty of 1805-US paid $60,000 to make sure that it wouldn’t happen again.
- Mosquito Fleet: Small gunboats during the Tripolian War. Considered ineffective during the
war.
Madison
- Terms Served: 2 Terms-1809-1817
- Things to Know about Madison
o Democratic Republican
o Weak President
o Father of the Constitution and War of 1812
o Jefferson’s Secretary of State
- During his presidency, American settlers seized more than 100 million acres of fertile Indian
land.
- White House burned when British invade Washington, DC
- New England Factories – Francis Cabot Lowell
Madison Domestic
- National Bank expired. A second bank was debated by Calhoun, Clay, Webster - 1816
- Bonus Bill Veto: (1817) Act to separate funds for internal improvements.
- Hartford Convention: New England colonies met in secrecy for 3 weeks discussing
grievances and to seek redress for wrongs. They forgot about the demands when heard
news of Ghent and New Orleans.
- Star Spangled Banner written by Francis Scott Key when the British attacked Baltimore
during the War of 1812
- Warhawks in Congress
Madison Foreign
- Annexed Western Florida (1810)
- Battle of Tippecanoe: American response to Tecumseh’s organized group of Indians with
British help.
- “On to Canada”: Desire to take Canada as a colony.
- Macon’s Bill No. 2: (1810) Non-Intercourse Act almost expired, so if France or Britain
changed policies to remove parts violating the US, then they would not trade with the other
nation; France agreed- non importation with only Britain. *Cause of War of 1812
- Treaty of Ghent (1814) provided release of prisoners, restoration
- War of 1812- declared 1812, ended in 1814
War of 1812
- Causes
o Freedom of the Seas- merchants needed freedom of the seas
o British Impressment of American Sailors
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o Anti-British Feelings-Warhawks, Indian attacks, maritime problems
o Macon’s Bill No. 2
- Effects
o Treaty of Ghent
 Commission to settle US Canada Border
 Nationalism
 North could strongly oppose war as much as South
o Battle of New Orleans
 Hartford Convention declared a 2/3 vote of houses majority before
war is declared
 Strong Patriotism
 Economic Boom
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History of Political Parties before the Civil War
A. Start of Political Parties
1. Not in the Constitution
2. Personal feud between Hamilton and Jefferson developed into political rivalry
a. Hamilton’s domestic policies stimulate formation of 2 political camps
i. Hamilton Federalists
ii. Jeffersonian Democratic- Republicans
3.Early Opinions of Political Parties
b. Vice-President John Adams said: "There is nothing which I dread so
much as a division of the republic into two parties."
c. "If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all."
Thomas Jefferson (1789)
B. Federalist
1. End of the Federalists
a.John Adams last Federalist President of US
b. Party sank slowly many died or retired disappeared in Jackson days
c.Unable to unbend and appeal to common people couldn’t adapt and
therefore died
d.Last Candidate in 1816 presidential election
C. Republicans and Era of Good Feelings
1. James Monroe 1st president of one-party Republicans
2. End of One party
a. Before election of 1828, Republicans of Era of Good Feelings split into 2
camps
i. Nat’l Republicans w/ultranationalistic Adams as standard-bearer
ii. Democratic- Republicans headed by Andrew Jackson
D. Democrats
1. Democratic-Republicans adopted name of “Jacksonian Democrat”
a. Still major political party today
E. Whigs
1. Jackson’s opponents angered at his exercise of presidential power
a. Condemn him as “King Andrew I” formed Whigs
2. Supporters of Clays’ American System
3. Whigs got support from:
a. Southern states’ righters offended by Jackson’s stand on nullification
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b. Larger northern industrialists and merchants
4.
presidential election with Whigs- Election of 1836
a. 1852 Election, Whigs split
i. Whigs nominate Winfield Scott
ii. Antislavery Whigs of North like him as nominee but dislike his
platform
iii. Southern Whigs accept platform, dislike candidate
iv. Whigs lose led to complete death of Whig Party
F. Republicans
1. With the Kansas-Nebraska Act formed Republican party
a. Sprang up spontaneously in Middle West as protest against slavery
b. Supported by foes of Kansas- Nebraska Act
c. Party spreads eastward and erupted with force
d. Became a major party quickly
e. Still a major political party today
1st
Key Presidential Elections
A. 1796- John Adams (Fed.) v. Thomas Jefferson (Dem. –Rep.)
1.1st election involving controversy and public slander
B. 1800- Thomas Jefferson (Dem.-Rep) v. John Adams (Fed.) and Aaron Burr(Dem.
Rep.)
1. Alien and Sedition Acts had turmoil already started
2. Jefferson and Burr same number of electoral votes
a Revolution of 1800- transition from Federalists
C. 1816- James Monroe (Dem.-Rep.) v. Rufus King (Fed.)
1. Federalists nominate last presidential candidate then the end of the Federalists
a. Mainly because of the War of 1812
2. Era of Good Feelings
3. Emergence of Nationalism
D. 1820- James Monroe (Dem.-Rep.) v. John Q. Adams (Dem- Rep.)
1. Monroe popular and Federalist opposition weak
a. Monroe gets all electoral college votes except one
2. No opposition from any other party
E. 1824- John Q. Adams v. Andrew Jackson v. William H. Crawford v. Henry Clay (all
Dem-Rep)
1. Jackson poll as many popular votes as Adams and Clay combined but didn’t win
majority
a. Election goes to House of Reps
2. Clay taken out of race b/c had least popular vote (12th Amendment only top 3
candidates)
a. Clay the Speaker of House( in position to throw the election to the
candidate of his choice)
b. Supported Adams and Adams wins
c. Later Adams names Clay Secretary of State
d. Jackson and supporters charged that Adams and Clay made a “corrupt
bargain”
3. End of Era of Good Feelings
F. 1828- Andrew Jackson (Dem) v. John Q. Adams (Nat’l Rep.)
19
1. Jackson for the “Common People” and Adams for the “Better elements”
2. Jackson start campaign early… Feb. 9, 1825
3. Election called “Revolution of 1828”
a. Permanently split the Democratic- Republican Party
b. 1st time all nomination were made by state legislatures and mass meetings
instead
of by congressional caucuses
c. Increases number of voters
4. 1st mudslinging
G. 1832- Andrew Jackson (Dem.) v. Henry Clay (Nat’l Rep.) v. William Wait (AntiMasonic) v. John Floyd (Nat’l Rep.)
1. 1st time that…
a. A 3rd party enter field (Anti-Masonic)
b. National political conventions chose the candidates for President
2. Bank of United States chief issue in election
H. 1836- Martin Van Buren (Dem.) v. William H. Harrison (Whig) v. Hugh L. White
(Whig) v. Daniel Webster (Whig) v. W.P. Mangum (Whig)
1. Jackson too old to run for 3rd term and also rigged the nomination convention by
making
sure the delegates chose Van Buren
I. 1840- William H. Harrison (Whig) v. Martin Van Buren (Dem.)
1. two-party system emerges
2. Van Buren unpopular but Dem. Had no alternative therefore Van Buren Nominated
3. Whigs don’t chose their ablest statesmen (Clay or Webster)
a. Chose ablest vote-getter: Harrison (“Old Tippecanoe”)
b. Nominated because he was issueless and enemy-less
c. had no platform
J. 1844- James K. Polk (Dem.) v. Henry Clay (Whig) v. James G. Birney (Liberty)
1. “Manifest Destiny”
a. Texas a leading issue in campaign
– Expansionist Democrats: “Re-annexation of Texas” and “Reoccupation
of
Oregon” all the way to 54° 40’
- Whigs: “All of Oregon or None” and “Polk, Slavery and Texas, or Clay,
Union and Liberty”
K.1848- Zachary Taylor (Whig) v. Lewis Cass (Dem.) v. Martin van Buren (Free Soil)
1. Taylor nominated and had never held civil office or even voted for president
a. Clay should’ve been nominated, but made too many speeches and had too
many
enemies
2. Cass had experience and ability and got nominated but was disliked
a. Father of “Popular Sovereignty”
3. Antislavery men of North distrust Cass and Taylor and organized the Free Soil
party
a. Were for the Wilmot Proviso and against slavery in the territories
b. They advocated federal aid for internal improvements and free gov’t
homesteads for
settlers Van Buren diverted votes from Cass
and Taylor won
L. 1852- Franklin Pierce (Dem.) v. Winfield Scot (Whig) v. John P. Hale (Free Soil)
1. Pierce was weak and indecisive figure
a. was enemy-less because he had been inconspicuous
b. platform from Compromise of 1850, Fugitive Slave Law
20
2. Whigs logically should’ve nominated Fillmore or Webster but instead chose Scott
because
he was a military hero.
a. Whig party split
b. End of Whig Party
M. 1856- James Buchanan (Dem.) v. John C Fremont (rep) v. Millard Fillmore
(American)
1. Democrats don’t choose Pierce or Douglas because both tainted by the KansasNebraska Act
a. chose Buchanan a mediocre, irresolute and confused man
b. Platform: popular sovereignty
2. “Higher Law” Seward- Republican would’ve won nomination if he was
confident that
this was a “Republican year”
a. They nominated Fremont- little political experiences
b. Platform: Against the extension of slavery into the territories
3. American (Know-Nothing party) formed
a. Antiforeign and anti-Catholic
4. Buchanan didn’t have majority of popular vote, but won handily
a. Election of 1856 foreshadowed the regional polarization (North and
South)
N. 1860- Abraham Lincoln (Rep.) v. Stephan A. Douglas (Dem.) v. John C
Breckinridge (Dem.) v. John Bell (Constitutional Union)
1. Hung on issue of peace or civil war
2. Democrats
a. Deeply divided in Charleston S.C. (1st convention)
- Northern wing of party chose Douglas
- Southerners regard him b/c of his stand on Lecompton Constitution and
the Freeport Doctrine
- They walked out: a secession of southerners from Democratic Nat’l
Convention
b. Try again in Baltimore… (2nd Convention)
- Northerners for Douglas, South walk out again, nominate Douglas
-Platform: popular sovereignty and obstruction of Fugitive Slave
Law by the states
- Angered Southern Democrats have own convention and nominate
Breckinridge
-Platform: extension of slavery into the territories and annexation of
Cuba
3. Republicans
a. William H. Seward would be the best, except had many enemies with his
“irrepressible conflict” speech, second best was Lincoln and Lincoln
gets the nomination
4. Election virtually 2 elections one in North and one in South
a. With the Democrats splitting, Lincoln won
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Diplomacy and Wars 1814-1850
1812-1816
1. War of 1812-1814
a. Protest the oppression of trade on America
b. Stop the continuing impressments
c. Protect the idea of mercantilism
d. War Hawks; urge to get Canada involved
e. Federalist party against the war
2. 1814 – Treaty of Ghent signed at the war ends
3. Hartford Convention – Federalists against war and mercantilism
a. New England states sort of threaten succession
4. 1816 – 2nd Bank of the U.S./1st protective tariff
a. Henry Clay’s American system – domestic improvements & protective
tariff
Monroe (1816-1824)
1. Protective Tariff of 1816 – Sets tone for high tariffs in future
2. 1817 – Rush-Bagot Disarmament
- Veto of Bonus Bill – Bill for domestic improvements
3. Panic of 1817 – Banks can’t pay off loans
4. McCulloch vs. Maryland – Enforced 2nd Bank of the U.S.
5. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward – Board interpretation of contract
6. Transcontinental Treat – Acquire Florida From Spain
7. Missouri Compromise – Maine free state Missouri slave state; equal balance
8. Monroe Doctrine – No further colonization in the hemisphere
Quincy Adams (1824-1828)
1. Election of 1824 – Quincy defeats Jackson and Clay
a. Corrupt Bargain
2. Gibbons vs. Ogden – Interstate trade controlled by the Feds
3. PAN American Conference
Jackson (1828-1836)
1. Election of 1828 – Jackson promises less executive power, internal improvements
lower debt
2. Maysville Road Veto
a. Beginning of the most active president of his time (12 vetoes)
3. 1830 – Baltimore and Ohio Railroads begin construction
a. Beginning of railroad trend
4. 1831-1838 Trail of Tears – Indians moved to Oklahoma
a. Reservation concept intensified.
5. Tariff of 1832 – Tariff raised
- Force Bill passed
22
- Veto to re-charter the U.S. Bank
- Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia
6. Seminole War (1835-1842)
a. Sauk and Fox braves defeated in Florida
7. Texas War for Independence (1835-1836)
a. Immigration laws set by Mexico are ignored by Americans.
b. Battles of the Alamo, Goliad, and San Jacinto are fought; Americans win
and Rio Grande becomes the boarder
8. 1836 – Gag Order – All petitions and ideas of abolishing slavery will be ignored
by the senate
Van Buren (1836-1840)
1. Van Buren defeats Harrison in the election of 1836
2. 1837 – Republic of Texas is recognized by U.S.
3. Charles Bridge vs. Warren Bridge – Gov’t can stop corporations from becoming
too powerful
4. Panic of 1837
a. Partly due to Jackson’s withdrawals from the national bank
5. 1838-1839 Aroostook War – Dispute over the boarder of Maine and New
Brunswick (not much of a war, no fighting, no fatalities)
Harrison/Tyler (1840-1844)
1. Election of 1840 – Harrison this time defeats Van Buren and puts the Whigs on
the board
2. Harrison dies from pneumonia before doing anything; Tyler takes over
3. 1841 – Independent Treasury Act repealed
- Vetoes re-charter of the U.S. Bank
- Preemption Bill – distribute money made on western lands to the states
(didn’t make it through congress)
4. Webster-Ashburton Treaty – Resolves the Aroostook War; settles boundary
dispute
- American-Britain relations become stressful
a. Carolina Incident – American shit attacked by British
b. Creole Incident – Slaves rebel on U.S. ship and are sheltered by
British
5. Tariff of 1842 – Back to 1832 tariff state
- Dorr Rebellion – In Rhode Island; fight land qualifications to be able to
vote
6. 1843 – Oregon Trail
7. 1844 – Annexation of Texas begins
Polk (1844-1848)
1. Election of 1844 – Polk defeats Clay and Birney (Liberty party)
2. 1848 – Taxes Annexation Bill – Texas and Florida allowed into the Union
23
3. 1846-1848 Mexican-American War
a. Slidell Mission – Negotiation attempt but turned down by
Mexico
b. Battle of Buena Vista occurs; Mexico City taken
c. 1848 – Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo signed; America gains lots
of land
d. Wilmont Proviso – No slavery in the territory acquired from the
war – rejected
4. Independent Treasury System is reestablished
5. Walked Tariff Bill passed – lowered the tariff
6. 1847 – Polk Doctrine – reborn Monroe Doctrine
- Women’s Rights Convention held at Seneca Falls
Taylor/Fillmore (1848-1852)
1. Taylor defeats Cass in the election of 1848 and scores another one for the Whigs
a. Taylor dies in 1850 and Harrison takes over; the Whigs die out…
literally
2. Rise of Mormons – Some Mormons defy some laws; U.S. troops and sent to
attack and straighten them out. Resolved with little bloodshed
3. 1850 – Clay’s Compromise
- California becomes a free state
- Popular Sovereignty is established in territories not yet states (mainly in
the Midwest)
- U.S. takes all of Texas’ debts
- Trading/selling of slaves is banned in Washington D.C.
- Fugitive slave law is strengthened
4. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty – U.S. and Britain agree to neutrality over a canal is
Central America
5. 1852 – U.S. trade is opened with Japan by Commodore Matthew Perry
1852-1856
1. Election of 1852 – Pierce defeats Scott
2. 1853 – Gadsden Purchase – Land bought from Mexico to build a new railroad
3. 1854 – Kansas-Nebraska Act – Two new states admitted for construction of
westward railroad
a. Popular sovereignty established in new states; huge conflict
between pro and anti slavery people
b. Bleeding Kansas
c. LeCompton Constitution
d. Pottawatomie Massacre by John Brown
4. 1854 – Ostend Manifesto – Attempt to take Cuba – failed
- Walker expedition – Raises an army and takes Nicaragua
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25
26
Westward Movement, Manifest Destiny 1800-1850
Manifest Destiny is the belief that Americans had the right, or even the duty, to expand westward across the
North American continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. This would spread the glorious
institutions of civilization and democracy to the barbaric Native Americans. In order to accomplish this
destiny, Americans did not flinch at atrocities such as provoking war with Mexico or slaughtering Indians.
LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803)
LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803): When France obtained the territory from Spain; Jefferson’s goal to
purchase the territory was the great port of New Orleans, land West of the Mississippi, as well as the threat
of French invasion. Jefferson obtained the territory for $15 million, and was ratified as a treaty by the
Senate, though purchasing the territory was Constitutionally illegal and going beyond his presidential
rights. From this territory became 14 new state governments. Jefferson a strict interpreter of the
Constitution declared by making the purchase that if you’re to survive in the world you have to change
over time.
Lewis and Clark (1804-1806): They explored the vast territory west of the Mississippi River by the US,
when they where commissioned by Jefferson.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820): Congress admitted Maine as a free state in 1820 so that Missouri
would become a slave state and prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of 36
30, the southern boundary of Missouri.
The Wilmot Proviso (1846,1847) sought to extend the boundary line westward, blocking slavery and
territory north of that line
Canada
-The War of 1812 -War Hawks – want Canada join the union
-Americans invasion of Canada fails (1812-1813)
Purchase of Florida (1819)
-1818 Jackson Invades Florida
-Spain surrendered Florida to the United States in 1819 by the Adams-Onis Treaty, with a sum of five
million dollars. This however began a rebellion by the Indians, starting the Seminole War (1835-42), and
becoming another reason for Indian hatred of the white man.
MONROE DOCTRINE (1823): U.S. policy was to abstain from European wars unless U.S.
interests were involved, European powers could not colonize the American continents and shouldn’t
attempt to colonize newly independent Spanish American republics. It was used to justify U.S. expansion
later on.
Maine (1842)
Aroostook War (1838-1839): The Aroostook War was a boundary dispute between settlers in Maine and
New Brunswick.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842): It settled a dispute over the boundary between Maine and New
Brunswick.
Texas (1845)
-In 1836, Mexican president Santa Anna invaded Texas and was captured and forced to sign a treaty
recognizing Texan independence. The Mexican government never recognized this treaty, but could
no longer afford to fight, so Texas became the Lone Star Republic.
-They drafted a constitution modeled after the United States Constitution
-United States recognizes republic of Texas but refuses annexation (1837). Pres. Tyler pushes for it during
the lame dick period
-Congress passed a joint resolution to annex Texas because of the growing popularity of annexation (1845).
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Oregon (1846)
Treaty of 1818-Monroe’s Administration- allowed USA to share territory with Britain
-Grabbing Oregon would open up a getaway of trade with Asia through the Pacifica and Indians
-54’40 Britain claimed to Oregon Country.
-In compromise, a treaty was signed in 1846 giving the United States all of Oregon south of the 49 th
parallel.
Oregon Fever: During the 1830s and 1840s, many Americans traveled to the Oregon Territory in order to
start a new life.
Oregon Trail: The Oregon Trail was an overland route to the Oregon territory, Missouri to the Willamette
Valley. The pioneers who traveled this trail in wagon trains faced many dangers.
Willamette Valley: The Willamette Valley was an area of fertile farmland in the Oregon Territory.
California (1848)
-John Slidell Tried to by from Mexico for $25 million, turned down by Mexicans
-Gold Rush- Very little people got rich from mining gold, but the people who got rich were those who
mined the miners by selling them stuff and providing services.
-The California Gold Rush was at its peak in 1852
--This caused many of the people to move westward (There were so many people, that some even sent their
clothes to Hawaii to be cleaned).
--California was now full of lawless men and virtuous women, which raised crime with robbery,
prostitution (brothels, claim jumping, and murder
--In San Francisco (1848-1846) there were scores lawless killings, but 3 semillegal hanging took place.
-President Taylor wanted California to adopt the US Constitution, which they did in 1849, but excluded
slavery
--California, feeling large enough applied for state hood and as Compromise of 1850, was given statehood
-California conflict was one of the Causes of the Mexicans-American War
MEXICAN CESSION (1846-1848):
Mexican War: The Mexican war lasted from 1846 to 1848. The main cause of the war was American
desire for territory, especially Texas and California. Polk
proposed the war to congress on the basis of (1) unpaid claims (2) Slidell’s rejection.
Slidell Mission to Mexico: Slidell was a negotiator sent to Mexico by James Polk with orders to gain
Mexico’s recognition of the independence of Texas and to purchase California and New Mexico.
This territory included California, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Texas, and parts of Colorado and
Wyoming.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848): This was the peace treaty between the United States and Mexico
that ended the Mexican War. It made the southern boundary of Texas the Rio Grande, gave California and
New Mexico to the United States, and gave $15 million to Mexico in compensation.
COMPROMISE OF 1850:
-Passes as separate acts during Fillmore- but violated
-California free state
-Other area- popular sovereignty
-US takes Texas debts
-Slave trade banned in Washington
-Fugitive Slave Law Strengthened
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
-The Gadsden Purchase was the 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what
is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico.
-Southerners wanted this land in order to build southern transcontinental railroad.
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Missionaries
Second Great Awaking begins (1800)
-Baptists and Methodists held” camp meetings” on frontiers during the pre-civil war era
-Peter Cartwright was best known Methodist-converted thousands of souls to the lord and lashed the devil
with his words
-William Miller was leader of the Millerites (Adventist) who came out of the “Burned-Over” regionbelieved that Chris was coming back to earth on Oct. 24,1844. The failure of Jesus to descend didn’t ruin
the religion.
Mormons
-Joseph Smith created Book of Mormon for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Godey’s Lady’s (1830).
-Joseph Smith and brother killed (1844)
-Brigham Young took over and led his followers to Utah (1846-1847) 5000 people by 1848.
-Population grew by immigrants coming over form Europe-missionary movement
-BrighamYoung-27 wives, 56 children-governors in 1850
-Polygamy laws delayed stated hood for Utah until 1896
Indians/Native Americans
-Government made treaties with the tribes as sovereign nations
-Bureau of Indian Affairs was created in 1836 to look after their needs
-By 1820’s, less than 125,000 Indian lived east of the Mississippi w/13 million Indian total in the US by
1830
-In 1808, The Cherokee created the Cherokee National Council the legislated a Legal Code they had
written for themselves
-In 1827, the Cherokee adopted a written constitution
-In 1828, Georgia legislature declared Cherokee Tribal Council illegal and asserted its own jurisdiction of
their own over Indian affairs and Indian lands
-“Trail of Tears”(1938-1839) A major trial that is connected to the Indians where the US Army moved
15,000 Cherokees fore their ancestral homelands in southwester US and took them to “Indian Territory” or
future home Oklahoma. 4000 died on the 116-day journey
-Black Hawk (the Indian leader near Missouri) and felloe tribal members were crushed in 1832 by regular
federal troops on a mission to gain more land
-The Seminole Indian of Florid were defeated in 1837 and most them went to Oklahoma
-In 1832 George Catlin discovered the Sioux Indians.
Transportation
Railroads
-(1828) First railroad in United States- Gadsden Purchase made so RR could go through South
Water
-(1807) Robert Fulton’s first steamboat- Steamships created an efficient means of transporting goods
upstream, and this led to an increase in the building of canals.
-(1817-1825) Erie Canal construction- Stretching 363 miles from Albany to Buffalo, it was longest canal
in western world at the time. It was a symbol of progress.
-(1843-1846) Era of Clipper ships- During the Gold Rush, from 1849 to 1857, clipper ships were a popular
means to travel to California quickly
Highways
-(1811-1852) Cumberland Road Construction- The National Road was a highway across America. Its
crushed-stone surface helped and encouraged many settlers to travel into the frontier west.
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Jackson’s Presidency
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Era of Good Feelings
After War of 1812 free from partisan battles
Tradition: Secretary of State succeeding to the presidency est. (Washington-Jefferson; Jefferson--Madison; Madison--Monroe; Monroe--J.Q. Adams)
Election 1824…Jackson gets more votes than Adams, Clay, Crawford
Corrupt Bargain w/Clay & Adams
Election (Jackson: Demo-Rep. & J.Q. Adams: Nat’l Rep.)
Jackson ran for president as a representative of the common man, not as as part
of the establishment elites
Ran/elected 1828
Won over S. and W.
Many ppl voted b/c of political issues (slavery)
Power shifted: E. to W., rich to poor
Elected during Western movement: Nationalism:
-appreciates wilderness: paintings+lit.+conservation (e.g. Yellowstone…1872)
Jacksonian Democracy…rep. of common man
-In general:
 He took advantage by the 1820's, almost all states = eliminated remainder:
property qualifications for voting = all white males could vote (universal white
male suffrage).
 Growth of economy b/c ppl understood banks, tariffs, and effect
 The Revolution of 1828: brought to power to 1st President not rooted in the
Eastern aristocracy
-Mingling with the Indians:
 Worcester v. Georgia (1832) = Indians were not subject to the laws of a state. -----Jackson refused to enforce ruling
 Trail of Tears = Cherokees and other Indian tribes in Southeast U.S. forced march
1200 miles to Oklahoma territory
 Indian Removal Act (1830) = 100000+ moved E. of Miss. R. = “Trail of Tears”
 Suak and Fox (led by Black Hawk) resist = crushed in 1842
 Seminoles and ex-slaves escape to Everglades = Guerilla War 1935-42 = ends
when Osceola captured
-Nullification Crisis = South Carolina 1832
 Jackson appealed to people of South Carolina to obey national law, obtained
authority from Congress (Force Act) to enforce laws any way necessary, and
worked out a compromise tariff
 South Carolina stated opposition to tariff (1832) = continued high rates of Tariff
of Abominations (1828)
30
-U.S. Bank War
 Jackson opposed re-charter of Bank because:
- Banks = as tools of the rich oppressing poor
-Foreclosed mortgages on farmers
-No issuance of paper money by state banks
-Biddle made a # of loans to anti-Jackson politicians = smaller banks gone down
-veto = made W. vs E., westerners vs immigrant bankers and investors
 Jackson forced to appoint new Sec. Of Treasury
 Hard for W. U.S.A.
 Bank was anti-w. b/c:
-against wildcat banks that fund expansion
-$ sent to E. = Plutocratic
-Run by Biddle…bad man…bribed newspaper ppl and made loans
 Bank = not bad:
- restrained fly-by night banks
- reduced bank failures
- economic expansion w/credit and good $
-Wildcat banks (created in wake of U.S. Bank's failure)
 Money in circulation incres. + 300%
 Loans made increase. + 400%
 Inflation rose as loans made to land speculators
 Sales: western land increas. from 4 million acres (1832) to 20 million acres (1836)
-Misc. Bank info
 States borrowed much $ = internal improvements = increase. state indebtedness
 Jackson gave fed. gov. surpluses to states = stimulated spending and inflation
 To check the inflationary spiral = Jackson made specie circular = required gold
and silver for land purchases.
 Panic of 1837 b/c:
-English bankers called in loans to states and investors
-Gold supplies = used up = prevented banks from making payments = forced
failures
-TX and Mexico
 Mex. City land grant = Austin to bring 300 U.S. families to TX
-Families = become Catholic Mexicans
 Conflict w/Mexico b/c:
-slavery
-local rights
-immigration
 TX…1836 declares indep.
 U.S. public favored TX
 Jackson didn’t like TX’s overlords (Houston):
-but…had to recognize TX’s indep. B/c if didn’t = slavery prob.
-Election 1832:
 Nat’l Rep. Clay (BUS+big $)
31
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Anti-Masonic Party (anti-secretive+anti-Jackson)
Jackson won (won over W, S, NY, Penn.)
Effects of Jackson’s Prez.
-Changed the Nation
 Made nation into more nationalistic country
 Showed that the W. = the future…growth
 Much use: pres. veto = Jackson strengthened the executive branch = equal in
power to the legislative branch
 Made Dem. Party stronger = re-energized
 Led com. ppl to vote and showed could be trusted w/vote
32
American Culture
1810-1860
Education- first state-supported (i.e public) school had been founded 1795; est’ment
of similar facilities continued throughout the first half of the 19 century:
improved public literacy
 Early 1800s: higher ed of women discouraged (women’s place
believed to be in home-cult of domesticity); however more girls
attended public grade schools
 Horace Mann (1st Sec of State Board of Ed): campaigned for more
and better schools, higher wages and better schooling for teachers,
longer school terms, “expanded curriculum” in Mass.- wanted
unity of local schools into state system of education
 Training of lawyers/physicians became emphasized 1780s-1820s:
Harvard Law School est’d 1817; by 1825 majority of notable uni’s
had medical facilities
 1819: U of VA est’d (designed by T Jefferson); encouraged modern
lang & science
 1821: Emma Willard est’d Troy Fernale Seminary in NY:
encouraged higher ed for women
 1828: Webster published Dictionary
 1830s: WH McGuffey published gradeschool readers (taught
patriotism, morality, idealism)
 1837: Mary Lyon est’d Mount Holyoke Seminary in Mass.
 1837: Oberlin UI permitted co-education (also previously admitted
Af-Am students; 1st U to admit women)
 2GA encouraged est’ment of denominational colleges (mostly is S
and W)
 Libraries became tax-supported (i.e. publicly available)
Transcendentalism and Literature- Between 1810-1860 new Am form of literature
developed mostly in New England, influenced by German and
Asian philosophies/religious trends; greatly reliant upon new ideal
of transcendentalism and played upon nativism
 In part spurred on by Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason (1794; asserted
that all churches were organized to “terrify and enslave mankind, and
monopolize power and profit”)
 1821: James Fenimore Cooper published The Spy, Leatherstocking Talespopular novels with youth
33
 1830s: Transcendentalism =idea of supremacy of God above all human
limitations; relied on science/reason rather than revelation/Bible
(Oversoul can be reached only by transcending of truth)
 1830: Godey’s Lady Book magazine first printed- magazines widely
circulated, thus spreading cultural trends/reforms quickly to wide
audiences
 1835: New York Herald was the 1st successful daily penny newspaper to
be published- news became commonly available at cost- effective price,
allowing for unification of political/social trends
 1837: Emerson delivered “The Am Scholar” address at Harvard-urged Am
authors to look toward purely Am topics for literature instead of
following Euro tradition
 1850: Nathaniel Hawthorne published The Scarlet Letter
 1851: Herman Melville published Moby Dick
 1855: Walt Whitman published Leaves of Grass
Henry Longfellow, John Whittier, William Bryant and EA Poe also
emerged as Am poets (wrote chiefly about manifest destiny, the frontier,

‘new lands’)
RW Emerson’s essays about individualism: beginnings of “American

Dream” – he was best known as transcendentalist author
Thoreau’s Walden (1854), On the Duty of Civil Disobedience =

rebellion/criticism of industrialism; gave strong influence on ‘furthering
idealistic thought’ both in domestic and foreign philosophies; later
encouraged Gandhi and MLK toward nonviolence
 Washington Irving wrote Rip Van Winkle and stories about early Dutch
settlers
Religion-Like literature, religion also became distinctly Am as tolerance for
diversity allowed emergence of different creeds

1800: 2nd Great Awakening arose as result to liberal religion (caused:
prison reform, temperance cause, women mov’t, abolitionism, humanitarian
reforms
o
Spread by: camp meetings
o Missionaries went to Hawai’i, Asia and in the W with Native Am’s

Baptists, Methodists est’d- Democratic management of church affairs;
stress on personal conversion rather predestination and emphasized
emotionalism
o
Peter Cartwright- best known Methodist frontier preacher: spent 50 years
in TN and IL to convert ppl
o Charles Finney- greatest revival preacher (led massive revivals in NYC and
Rochester, 1831 and 1830)
34

Growing sectionalism over slavery caused divisions in religion (separation
of churches followed closely 1st by division of N & S politics and then
states)
1844-1845: N & S Baptists/Methodists split over issue of slavery
o
o 1857: N & S Presbyterians divide over slavery
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1830: Joseph Smith founds Mormon Church: 1st truly American religion
to be est’d
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1846-1847: Migration of Church of Latter- Day Saints (Mormons) to
UT- led to Brigham Young
o
Beginnings of Mormonism in Euro brought multitude of immigrants to
UT
o 1857: US gov’tal troops marched against Mormons to regain control of
UT (unsuccessful- led to -1862, 1882 anti-polygamy laws which delayed
statehood)
 Rise of denominational diversity; emergence of cult-like Adventists
(Millerites)
Women’s Mov’t-although much of the advances occurred post-Civil War (supported
esp by the 14th Amend) many of the roots of progression occurred in
reaction to the 2GA; improvements made possible largely through success of
war-time economy (i.e. prosperity) post-War of 1812:Industrial Revolution



1837: Oberlin College admits female students
1839: Mass 1st state to allow women to own property postmarriage (rather than bequeathing it to husband)
1843: Dorothea Dix petitioned Mass. Legislature on behalf of the
insane


Result: major improvements and reformed conceptions that insane
were NOT willfully evil but rather mentally ill
1848: Seneca Falls Woman’s Rights Convention (organized/led
by Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton
 Produced Declaration of Sentiments calling for equality of the
sexes and suffrage (launched modern women’s rights mov’ts)


1849: Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell graduated as 1st Am female Drwomen not only becoming involved in industry but in service
professions, as well
Cult of Domesticity- woman’s sphere believed to be in the
home; “Feminist” mov’t went directly against this traditional
logic
35

Women viewed as “keepers of society’s conscience” (Rep
motherhood)
Other Notable Aspects of Am Social Culture



Lyceum lecture associations significantly aided spread of cultural
change
Children’s clubs (ex: Cold Water Army) est’d
Rise of “reformism” –general demand for change; encouraged by
religious reforms- eventually concentrated on abolitionism
 Reformism = effort to restore traditional values
 Women esp prominent re: suffrage
Nationalism rose as a result:
1. Growth of agriculture/industry (encouraged prosperity)
2. Common language and history of colonies (provided means for
unification)
3. Natural geographic boundaries (allowed for virtually uninterrupted
manifest destiny)

Temperance mov’t to adopt prohibition legislation began 1826: Am
Temperance Society formed in Boston
 TS Arthur’s Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There (1845)
greatly encouraged prohibition


Est’ment of churches/schools/town halls for W settlers aided
growth of urban communities in frontier
Am music and art also developed (although most significant
contributions made immediately post- Revolution)
 Philharmonic Society of Boston founded 1810 (PS of NY founded 1842)
 Handel and Haydn Society of Boston formed 1815
 Gilbert Stuart, Jonathan Trumbull, Benjamin West, Charles Wilson
Peale = most recognized painters
36
Sectionalism/Causes of the Civil War
(1810-1860)
Themes:
Political and States Rights
Slavery
Economics
Cultural
Political Events and States Rights
-War of 1812 - New England was against and the South was for it.
-Missouri Compromise 1820 - Missouri admitted as slave state to balance
Maine as free state. The 36° 30’’ is established as the maximum longitude
for slave states.
-Tariff of Abominations 1828 - (as called by the South) North disliked but
supported, South was totally opposed to +5% tariff.
-Election of 1828 (Jackson vs. Adams) - Everyone for Jackson besides the North
slightly for Adams
-House vote on Tariff of 1846 - The majority of states were for, but the South was
firmly against.
-Compromise of 1850 - North got California as a free state and no slave
trade in D.C. South got stricter Fugitive Slave laws and $10 Million
compensation to Texas.
- Kansas Nebraska Act 1854 - North angered at the repeal of Missouri
Compromise, South excited about Nebraska’s potential adoption of the
institution of slavery. Bleeding Kansas establishes 2 capitals.
-Dred Scott Decision 1857 - North pissed, South happy, Dred Scott REALLY
pissed.
-Election of 1860 (Lincoln wins over Bell [Constitutional Union] and Breckinridge
[Southern democrat]) - The south is very unhappy over this.
-Mexican Cession Territory - North saw potential free states, South saw potential
enemy states.
-Northwest Ordinance 1787 - new northwest states to be free states.
-Declaration of Independence - Mention of slaves omitted to achieve unanimity.
-Constitution - 3/5’s clause, counting blacks in the South as 3/5s of a person.
-South Carolina 1835, forbids abolitionist mail from delivery/transit in state.
-Congress 1830s - Gag order on slavery in effect.
-Alien & Sedition Acts 1798 - Led to Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of
nullification.
-Hartford Convention 1814 - New England discusses secession.
-South Carolina Nullification Crisis 1833 circa.
-Personal Liberty Laws of the North in response to the Fugitive Slave laws.
-Mexican American War 1846-48
-Gadsden purchase 1853 - for the South
-Compact Theory
37
Slavery
-Dutch 1619
-Barbados Slave Codes
-Stono’s Rebellion 1739
-20% of Americans black in 1775
-Demark Vesey revolts in South Carolina 1823
-Nat Turner’s Rebellion 1831
-4 million of 9 million Confederate State residents black
-Underground Railroad led my Harriet Tubman
-William Lloyd Garrison publishing the anti-slavery periodical The Liberator
-Uncle Tom’s Cabin written 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe
-John Brown kills 5 at Pottawattamie Creek - 1855
-John Brown seizes Harper’s Ferry, southern states send out militia - 1859
Economics
(Tariffs mentioned in politics section)
-North was more industrial and fishing. Whereas the South was agricultural.
-Eli Whitney invents cotton gin and interchangeable parts 1793, demand for
slaves skyrockets.
-Southern economics system relied on slave labor.
-South produces cotton and tobacco for world market, which garners the support
of Britain.
Cultural
-South, greater emphasis on family loyalty. North, greater emphasis on money.
-Higher literacy rates, better education in North due to urban environment.
Education in the South mostly by tutors.
-Culture of self reliance in the South, due to rural environmental, self sustaining
farms. North more about business and cooperation.
-North had a much higher population of immigrants. Most people in the South
were raised there.
-1830s, Baptist and Presbyterian churches split over slavery.
-South has “soul food” North has cod.
Misc.
-Southern slavery and nullification championed by South Carolina senator John
C. Calhoun (1782-1850). He was vice president under John Quincy Adams and
under Andrew Jackson and a graduate of Yale University.
-William Lloyd Garrison published the periodical The Liberator, to advocate
abolitionism.
-Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Paine advocated the
gradual abolition of slavery.
-Frederick Douglas published The North Star against slavery.
-Nat turner, abolitionist.
Quotes!
38
“Wolf by the Ears” and “Firebell in the Night” ~ Thomas Jefferson
“In few countries is so much left to the share of the laborer” ~ John C. Calhoun
“I accuse the land of my nativity of insulting the majesty of Heaven with the
grossest mockery that was ever exhibited to man” ~ William Lloyd Garrison
“You can smash machines but you can’t smash ideas” ~ Frederick Douglas,
when men came to destroy his printing shop.
Up Next:
The War Between the States
The War to Suppress Northern Insolence
The Civil War
39
Civil War and Reconstruction Outline

When Lincoln is inaugurated, several states had “left the Union” to form the
Confederate States of America. During the years 1860-1861, eleven states had seceded
including South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas,
Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
While initially a war to preserve the union, Lincoln’s motives later added bills to free the
slaves and move the nation closer towards racial and social equality.
Political Events:
1861 – The Confederate States of America is formed led by Pres. Jefferson Davis
1861 – Congress passes the Morrill Tariff Act raising duties from 5 to 10 percent
1861 – Kansas is admitted into the Union as a free state
1861 – Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus and passes Martial Law in MY (necessary
in holding the Union together because of location near D.C.)
Ex Parte Marryman – Only Congress can suspend habeas corpus
Lincoln began taking total control and increased the power of the President. He
increased the size of the army, directed the Sec. of Treasury to advance money for
military purposes, and held Maryland in the Union by establishing Martial Law.
1862 – Congress passes the Homestead Act of 1862
Gov’t helped families acquire land
1862 – Congress passes the Pacific RR Act
Sets precedent to create a Transcontinental Railroad
1862 – Poor volunteer numbers force the CSA to enact the draft (a year before the Union)
1863 – Congress authorizes the National Banking System
1863 – Congress enacts a federal conscription law; many men bought their way out of service
Draft Riots occur in New York
1863 – After the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation
Helped prevent any foreign aid for Confederacy (UK & France had abolished slavery)
1864 – Lincoln wins re-election over former Union General McClellan
Chooses Andrew Johnson as running mate to help secure more southern votes
1865 – Hampton Roads Conference: Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse
Militarily the South had the early advantage in the war. To win, all the South had to do
was repel the Union forces on their home turf (fight a defensive war), and their armies were
equipped with more talented officers (Lee and Jackson). However, the South was lacking with
factories to supply the army with needed munitions and their economy was dragging.
The North’s greatest strength was its economy as well as its dominance of the Railroads
and boasting a superior navy to block southern ports. Despite the south having more talented
officers, the north had an overwhelming population advantage and more people willing to
preserve the United States by volunteering.
40
Important Military Battles:
Fort Sumter – The remaining Union fort in the South was fired upon and taken over in 1861 by
the CSA when Lincoln sent provisions, not reinforcements, to the fort.
First Battle of Bull Run – Southern forces outlasted the Union army when Jackson brought in
reinforcements in the first “real” battle of the war. Lincoln’s dream of the “90 Day War”
was crushed and the bloodshed continued for years.
Battle of Shiloh – Gen. Grant (USA) begins the war in the west as he successfully counterattacks
a Confederate surge and overtakes Shiloh. Again, this battle showed that the war in the
west would have no quick end either.
Peninsula Campaign – “Tardy George” McClellan was first given command of the Union army
and decided to move towards Richmond with a water-borne approach. Lincoln sent
McClellan’s reinforcements to chase Jackson who was trying to capture Washington D.C.
leaving McClellan’s troops all alone. Lee took advantage and during the Seven Day’s
Battle drove McClellan back to the sea forcing the Union to abandon the Peninsula
Campaign (Union lost over 20,000 men).
Union strategy now turned to total war. Their strategy now included plans to blockade
southern coasts, free its slaves (break their economy), cut the south in half by controlling the
Mississippi River, sending troops throughout GA and the Carolinas and finally capture
Richmond.
Second Battle of Bull Run – Gen. Lee attacks Union forces led by Gen. Pope. Pope’s army was
easily overtaken and Lee began to invade Union territory.
Antietam – Gen. Lee (CSA) marched Confederate troops north into Maryland expecting the
citizens to welcome them after defeating McClellan at Bull Run. Neither
army gained a significant amount of land during the battle, but the north
was able to prevent a southern invasion in the bloodiest day of the civil
war. McClellan failed to pursue Lee, which would have ended the war, but
he didn’t and was fired once again as commander of the Army of the
Potomac. However, this “victory” in repelling the south prompted Lincoln
to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
Vicksburg – Gen. Grant laid siege to Vicksburg in his best-fought campaign
of the war. Union
forces quickly moved on to capture Port Hudson and New Orleans
cutting the Confederacy in two down the Mississippi River.
Fredericksburg (VA)– Gen. Burnside replaced McClellan for the Army of the Potomac due to
McClellan’s slow decisions. Burnside rashly attacked Lee’s stronghold and got over
10,000 Union soldiers killed.
Chanchellorsville (VA) – Lee sends “Stonewall” Jackson to attack the union flank. Union
general Hooker’s army was badly beaten, but Gen. Jackson was shot and killed by
friendly fire (crushing blow to the Confederate army).
Gettysburg – Lee’s army of 76,000 kept moving north into Pennsylvania where he fought Gen.
41
Meade’s army of 92,000. The winner of the three-day battle was clear once Gen.
Pickett’s (CSA) charge was stopped breaking the heart of the Confederate cause and
pushing Lee’s army out.
1864 – Sherman’s March to the Sea implements total war as his army burned Atlanta and others
Grant’s Virginia Campaign – Grant, “the Butcher,” led over 100,000 men into Virginia where
he led his men into certain death, but his greatly numbered army eventually earned him
the victory that forced Lee’s surrender.
The War at Sea:
1.) Northern forces blockaded Southern ports disallowing any trade with foreign nations.
2.) CSA troops rebuilt the Merrimack (now called the Virginia) and fought the Union ship, the
Monitor, in an ironclad standoff in 1862.
Important Generals:
Union
Confederate
Ulysses S. Grant
William Sherman
George McClellan
Ambrose Burnsides
Joe Hooker
George Meade
John Pope
Robert E. Lee
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathaniel Forrest
Pierre Beauregard
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart

1863 –
1864 –
1865 –
1865 –
Lincoln announces the 10% plan to readmit Confederate states into the Union
Lincoln vetoes Wade-Davis Bill calling for a stricter policy to readmit CSA states (50%)
Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in Ford’s Theatre 5 days after the war ends
Johnson issues Reconstruction Plan (uses many of Lincoln’s ideas)
Also pardons most Confederate leaders
1865 – Freeman’s Bureau established to provide food, clothes, medical care, and education to
freedmen and white refugees
Taught 200,000 blacks how to read; expired in 1872
1865 – In response to the Freedman’s Bureau, southern states passed Black Codes to regulate
the affairs of emancipated slaves in hopes of preserving the Cotton Kingdom
Most freedmen forced to become sharecroppers (practically slaves again)
1866 – Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1866
Guaranteed all races (except Native Americans) citizenship and rights
1866 – KKK is founded
Reconstruction Act of 1867 – Divides South into 5 military districts controlled by Union
generals with 20,000 troops
1867 – Seward’s Folly: US buys Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
1867 – Tenure of Office Act passed after Johnson fires Sec. of War Stanton
President can’t remove appointed officials w/o Senate Consent
1868 – Pres. Johnson impeached for “high crimes and misdemeanors,” but is found not-guilty
Gen. Grant elected President
1869 – Fisk and Gould enter market
42
1869 – Transcontinental RR completed at Promontory Point, Utah
By 1870, all of the seceded states had been readmitted into the Union
1870, 1871 – Congress passes the Force Acts
Allows federal troops to stamp out “lash laws”
1873 – Nation enters a financial depression: Crime of ’73 (silver dollar coinage ends)
1875 – Congress passes the Resumption Act to back all paper currency with gold
Grant Scandals:
Whiskey Ring Scandal – federal employees (including his personal secretary) were found to
have embezzled millions in tax revenue
Credit Mobilier Scandal – Union Pacific RR creates fake company that overcharges and earned
huge profits (scandal included Vice President Colfax)
Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1875 saying blacks are equal under the law
Aimed to eliminate racial discrimination, but Southern Democrats made it unenforceable
1876 – Hayes / Tilden presidential standoff leads to the Compromise of 1877
Electoral Count Act of 1877 passed – recount presidential votes
Hayes elected, but forced to withdraw federal troops from the South
Reconstruction Amendments:
13th Amendment – Slavery abolished (1865)
14th Amendment – All people born or naturalized in US become citizens (1868)
Corporations considered legal entities
15th Amendment – Black males receive voting rights (1870)
(Unfortunately, Black Codes prohibited many southern blacks from voting)
Reconstruction Supreme Court Cases:
Ex Parte Milligan – Military courts can’t try civilians when civil courts are available
Slaughterhouse Cases – 14th Amendment protects US citizens from rights infringements on
federal, not state level
US v. Reese – Allows voting qualifications (literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clause)
END OF RECONSTRUCTION ERA
Reconstruction reunited the United States, although many concessions were made
compromising the leaps that were made to help bring the nation toward equality
Carpetbaggers – Northern Republicans who involved themselves w/ southern politics
during Reconstruction
Scalawags – White Southern Republicans who opposed secession
43
Immigration: 1865-1900
1. Statistics:
 More than 2 million immigrants arrive every decade from 1850-1880
 Over 5 million arrive in the1880’s, with a high of nearly 800,000 in 1882
 25% of the 20 million immigrants from 1820-1900 returned home, called
“Birds of Passage”
2. Old Immigrants:
 Majority of immigrants prior to 1880
 From British Isles and Western Europe, largely Germany & Scandinavia
 Generally fit in, do same jobs as before (like farming)
 Mostly Protestant (except Catholic Irish and Germans)
 Literate
 Come from similar government structure, culture
 Assimilate easily into American society
Irish:
 Work on Trans-Continental railroad
 Win the election for Cleveland (D) after Blaine (R) insults Democrats of
being a party of “Rum, Romanism and Rebellion) in 1884
 Do cheap labor, members of Knights of Labor
 Irishman Denis Kearney leads riot against Chinese labor in 1870’s
New Immigrants:
 Majority of immigrants after 1880
 From southern and eastern Europe
 Italians, Poles, Slovaks, Greeks, Croats…
 Illiterate, impoverished
 Unaccustomed to culture, government
 Worship in traditional synagogues or orthodox churches
 Work in industrial jobs, not farming
 Do not assimilate easily into society
 Live in urban setting, create neighborhoods like “Little Italy”, try to
preserve culture through Catholic and Hebrew schools, foreign language
newspapers and traditional meeting places
 Children reject old ways, transition easily into American society
 Vote along party lines: Most Catholics, Lutherans and immigrants vote
democratic
 Strike along party lines
 Speed new industrial revolution in 1880’s, especially Poles
Asians:
 Move to CA
 Usually single, uneducated men hoping to return home
 Mine gold, work on railroads
 ½ return home, others do bad menial jobs
44
Italians:
 Come from S. Italy
 Attempt to farm in U.S. fails, most become laborers (construction
workers, longshore men, etc.)
 Many return home after making $
Jews:
 Russian Jews flee persecution in Russia, go to Atlantic coast and NYC
 Bring shop keeping and tailoring skills
 Settle in cities
 Find difficulty fitting in with other Jews
3. Reasons for leaving native countries:
“Push Factors”
 No room, population of Europe doubles from 1800-1900
 Formerly rural populations move to cities or keep going to U.S.
 Persecutions of minorities worsen in Europe, Russians attack Jews in
1880’s
 Military conscription in Old World
“Pull Factors”
 “American Fever”, tales of opportunity, freedom from mandatory military
service and persecution
 American employers seek foreigners to work
 News of gold reaches China
4. Reaction to Immigrants:
Positive:
 Awakens “social conscience” of Americans
 Protestants take “social gospel” to slums
 Walter Rauschenbusch: noteworthy pastor in German Baptist church,
NYC, (1886)
 Jane Addams: Found Hull House (1889) in Chicago, provides services for
new immigrants, others follow
Negative:
 Antiforeignism/nativism begins with the arrival of Irish and Germans in
1840’s and 50’s
 New Immigrants are viewed as inferior, are blamed for problems in
government and for working “starvation wages”
 American Protective Society: (1887), anti-Catholic, nativist
 Political machines, like Boss Tweed, flourish because government can’t
handle large-scale urban immigration
5. Government Actions:
 1879: Congress restricts immigration of Chinese, Hayes vetoes
 1882:Congress bans criminals, paupers

Chinese Exclusion Act, bans most Chinese until 1943
 1885: Congress outlaws the importation of foreign workers under contract
 Later laws ban insane, alcoholics, prostitutes…
45
The Gilded Age
I. Social Issues
A. Reconstruction
1. 13th amendment2. 14th amendment- civil rights.
3. 15th amendment- black (male) suffrage
4. 10%, 50% plans, Wade-Davis Bill – Percent of Southerners
needed to pledge in order for state to re-enter union- Lincoln 10, RR’s 50,
W-D Bill went with 50.
5. “Radical Republicans”- refers to republicans who controlled
congress during reconstruction who wanted complete civil equality.
6. Freedmen’s Bureau- 1865 - dedicated to helping freed slaves
with schooling.
7. Force Acts of 1870/1 – to enforce 14th and 15th amendments
8. Civil Rights Act of 1875- supposed to make civil life equal
9. KKK- I hope we all know
10. Black Codes- extremely restrictive to blacks, passed in
south- essentially re-instated slavery.
11. Hayes-Tilden “election”- compromise ended
Reconstruction.
12. Plessy vs. Ferguson- legalized segragation
B. Nativism
1. “Know-Nothing” Party- secretive, anti immigration
2. American Protective Association (APA)- anti Catholic
3. Restrictive Immigration Laws- 1875 banned
convicts/prostitutes.
4. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)- no George Huangs…
C. Dawes Severalty Act 1887
1. Designed to control Indians
2. Set up individual family heads with 160 acres
3. Essentially wiped out tribes and tribal ownership of land.
II. Foreign Policy
A. Venezuela46
1. Boundary dispute between British/ Venezuela- gold found…
2. U.S. thinks Monroe Doctrine challenged
3. Cleveland threatens force; Brits submit matter to
international arbitration
.
B. Hawaii1. White plantation owners in Hawaii want annexation for
sugar profits.
2. Cleveland opposes
3. Cleveland overcome by followers of Manifest Destiny
III. Economic “Issues”
A. Labor
1. Haymarket Square 1886- meeting to protest brutalities by
authorities- bomb thrown when police advance; killed/injured dozens.
i. Leads to anti labor sentiments
2. Homestead Strike 1892- at Carnegie Homestead Steel plant
i. Pinkerton detectives called in
ii. Battle- Pinkertons defeated
3. Coxey’s “Commonwealth Army” 1894- unemployed
demonstrate for assistance.
i. “Army” marches from Ohio to Washington
ii. Arrested for walking on grass
4. Pullman Strike 1894- Strike to protest wage cuts of 1/3.
i. Attorney General Olney dispatches troops, Cleveland
agrees with Olney- strike crushed.
B. Unions
1. National Labor Union
i. Founded 1866 with 600,000 members
47
ii. Worked for 8 hr. workdays and labor dispute
arbitration
iii. 1873 depression killed it
2. Knights of Labor
i. 1869-1881
ii. Worked for 8hr workday and often won
iii. Became associated with Haymarket Square and lost
popularity.
3. American Federation of Labor
i. Founded 1886 by Samuel Gompers
ii. Skilled laborers only
iii. Worked for better conditions for workers.
B. Panics/Depressions
1. Panic of 1873
i. Overload of market
ii. Debtors hit hard by lack of inflation
2. Depression of 1893
i. Caused by over speculation and overbuilding
ii. Leads to repeal of Sherman Silver Act of 1890
C. Money/Gold vs. Silver
1. Resumption Act 1875- allows Greenbacks to be exchanged
for gold.
3. Crime of ’73- demonetized silver
i. Farmers/debtors want silver, because it increases
inflation- bankers want gold- less inflation
2. Bland Allison Act 1878- Gov. must coin 2-4 million $ of
silver each month.
3. Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890- repealed Bland-Allison
Act by allowing government to redeem silver with silver or gold.
4. Populists- mostly farmers who wanted “free silver”.
D. Tariffs
1. McKinley Tariff- highest tariff rates ever at 48.4%
2. Wilson-Gorman Bill- Reduced McKinley rate to 41.3%
IV. Miscellaneous
A. Scandals
1. Most during Grant’s Presidency.
48
2. Fisk/Gould 1869- Plan to corner gold market
3. Boss Tweed- corrupted NYC until exposed by New York
Times in 1871
4. Whiskey Ring- Robbed treasury of millions in tax revenue
during Grant’s time
B. Business
1. RAILROADS
i. Railroads grow like crazy because of popularity/
government gives land next to built railroads.
ii. Union pacific (east)/ Central Pacific (CA) companies
race for transcontinental railroad- finished 1869 in Utah.
iii. Time zones- created for railroad efficiency
iv. Economy built on railroads- allowed for sectional
economies.
v. 1887 Interstate Commerce Act controlled RR
companies.
2. Business explodes
i. The Gilded Age started big business, as they were
formed into trusts, or massive monopolistic corporations.
ii. Rockefeller/ “horizontal integration” / Standard oil
iii. Carnegie/ “vertical integration” / U.S. Steel
iv. Meat-packaging trusts such as Armour were created
3. Social Darwinism
i. Belief that rich were made to be rich and poor to be
poor. Obviously adopted by rich.
ii. Russell Conwell’s Acres of Diamonds speech
supported this.
4. Tackling trusts
i. Sherman Anti-Trust act passed in 1890
ii. Usually used against labor unions
49
Economy from 1865-1917
Technological Advances after the Civil War
A. Railroads and the associated inventions: steel rail, etc.
1. Grew from 35,000 to 192,556 miles of track from 1865-1900
2. Towns connected by railroads became cities, economic hubs
Effects:
a. National economy stitched together
b. Creation of jobs
c. Increase in markets
d. Stimulated many other industries, spawned
industrialization
e. End of the buffalo
f. Cheated gullible customers
B. Steam Engines and other agricultural advances
1. Less people needed to farm
2. Mechanization of farms
a. Less small, family-owned farms, foreshadows the upcoming era
of big business
Reconstruction Era economic questions
A. Morrill Tariff
1. Favors north
B. Pacific Railroad Act
1. Favors north
2. Continues trend of over speculation of railroads
C. Acquisition of Alaska
1. Opens opportunity for future economic growth from natural resources
2. Maintains frontier to some extent
America Becomes a Manufacturing Giant
A. Trusts provide a strong base for American economy that dominate the global
market
1. Strongest economy in the world by 1894
a. Steel and Oil trusts emerge
B. Railroads continue to strengthen economy
C. Abundant liquid capital
D. Fully exploited natural resources
E. Massive immigration produces labor force
F. Mass production from Eli Whitney perfected
1. Use of other new inventions (like typewriters)
50
Depression and Demands for Inflation in the Gilded Age
A. Panic of 1873
1. Debtors demand inflation and relief
2. Too many railroads and factories formed than markets could bear
a. banks over-loaned
3. Began with the failure of Jay Cooke and Company
B. The Silver Question
1. Bland Allison Act
a. treasury bought minimum between $2-$4 million per year of
silver
b. President Grant opposed to coinage of silver
Agricultural Deflation and Debtors: late 1880s-90s
A. Treasury surplus of $145 million
1. Pres. Cleveland lowers tariff in response
B. Plight of Farmers
1. Prices deflated as market rebounds in the 1880’s
2. Deflation worsens debt
3. Dust bowl begins, pest infestations
C. Greenback and Grange movements
1. Farmers attempt to organize
2. ½ of US population is still farmers
D. Farmers ripped off by the railroads, gouged by the government and trusts
Economy in the 1890’s
A. Sherman Silver Purchase Act
1. Doubles minimum requirement
B. McKinley Tariff
1. raises tariff, a boon to Eastern manufacturers
C. Depression of 1893- 97
1. Caused by overbidding and speculation
2. Free silver debate leads to instability in credit overseas
3. Labor unrest
4. Agricultural depression
5. European banks call in loans
D. Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act
1. caused a deficit
E. Gold and Job Shortages
1. Imbalance international trade to remove ourselves from gold standard
2. Cleveland issues $100 million in gold bonds
a. Borrows money from Wall Street and JP Morgan
Tariff and Currency Changes
A. McKinley Tariff causes $61 million in deficit for US
B. Wilson-Gorman Bill
1. reduced McKinley tariff and adds an income tax
2. Shot down by Supreme Court 1895 over the income tax
51
C. Dingley Tariff Bill 1897
D. Gold Standard Act 1900
1. Paper currency can be exchanged for gold
E. Open Door Policy opens China to our economy
Reigning In Trusts
A. Department of Commerce and Labor Created 1903
1. Kept an eye on interstate commerce
B. Elkins Act 1903
1. Fined railroads over unfair rebates
2. Railroads had taken advantage of the people
C. Hepburn Act 1906
1. ICC expanded
2. no more free passes
D. Northern Securities Company dissolved by the Supreme Court 1904
E. Taft breaks up numerous trusts, more than TR
The “Roosevelt Panic” of 1907
A. Wall Street blames Pres. Roosevelt
1. TR blames trusts
2. Need for fiscal reform
B. Aldrich Vreeland Act
1. National Banks could issue emergency money
a. different forms of collateral
2. Set stage for Federal Reserve Act
C. Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914
1. Lengthens list of unacceptable practices by trusts
Progressive Economic Reforms
A. Federal Reserve Act 1913
1. Creates stability
2. Paper money accepted
3. Regional districts and central banks
B. Underwood Tariff 1913
1. Reduced import fees
2. Graduated income tax through 16th Amendment
C. Federal Trade Commission Act 1914
1. formed FTC
2. Meant to kill false advertising and corruption in business
D. Progressive social programs that affected economy\
1. Federal Farm Loan Act 1916
a. Credit easily available for farmers
2. Workingmen’s Compensation Act
a. Would have assisted federal employees during hard times
b. Shot down by Supreme Court
c. Adamson Act 1916
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Westward Movement 1865-1900
RAILROADS
Effects of Railroad
o Opened new markets
o Stimulated mining and agriculture
o Easier to travel west
o Carry materials quickly to cities
o Millionaires created (and corruption)
o Cities developed along rails
o People could settle harsh areas in Great Plains
o Time zones
o Railroad towns “hells on wheels”
 Workers settled here with prostitutes and performers
Major Railroads
 Union Pacific Railroad
o From Omaha, Nebraska westward
o Finished in 1865
o Used federal loans
o Irish “Paddies” worked on it
o Credit Mobilier scandal
 Central Pacific Railroad
o East from Sacramento over Sierra Nevada
o Used federal loans
o Chinese laborers were numerous and expendable
o Met Union Pacific in Ogden, Utah 1869
o Big Four commissioned this
Other railroads (but weren’t supported by federal money)
 Northern Pacific Railroad
o Lake Superior to Puget Sound
 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroads
o Stretching through southwestern deserts to California
 Southern Pacific Railroad
o From New Orleans to San Francisco
 Great Northern Railroad
o From Duluth to Seattle
Improvements that bolstered railroads
 Steel rail
 Standard gauge of track width adopted
 Westinghouse air brake
 Refrigerator car
 Pullman Palace Cars
o “gorgeous traveling hotels”
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INDIANS
Warfare with Indians 1868-1890
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Why did the Indians lose?
o Locomotives gave whites big advantage
o Diseases killed Indians
o Near-extinction of buffalo hurt Plains Indians
Significant Americans
o General Sherman
o General Sheridan (“the only good Indian is a dead Indian”)
Bozeman Trail attacked by Sioux
o Result: warfare intensified
o Settlers all killed and mutilated
Custer’s Last Stand
o Completely wiped out by superior force
o Little Big Horn River
Nez Perce wars
o Gold discoveries on reservation caused gov. to shrink it by 90%
o Chief Joseph was leader of clan
o Worked with Sitting Bull, but lost the war
Apache wars
o Led by Geronimo, who was feared by whites
Policies and attitudes toward Indians
 Indian treaties
o Indians leave their land for promise that they would be left alone
o Many Indians conned
o Treaties often violated
 Reservations established
o Great Sioux Reservation
o Indian Territory of Oklahoma
 Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
o Forced Indians to conform
o Dissolved tribes as legal entities
o “good Indians” got citizenship, land in 25 years
o Reservation land often sold to whites
o Indian schools established to change them
 A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson
o Describes cruelty to Indians
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o Inspired sympathy
“Humanitarian help” and forcing the Indians to change
o Sympathizers helped Indians, but disrespected their culture (so making
them white is right!)
o They were forced to change (“for their own good”)
MINING
 Bessemer process = more mining
Major mining jackpots
 California gold
 1858 Pike’s Peak, Colorado
o fifty-niners
 1859 Comstock Lode, Nevada
o more fifty-niners
o gold and silver!
 Smaller “lucky strikes” in Montana, Idaho, and others
Spawn of mining crazes
 Boomtowns or “Helldorados”
o Small towns that came with miners
o Many saloons and liquor
o Lynch law and hempen vigilante justice
o Abandonment created the “ghost towns”
o Prostitutes
Corporations creep in the West
 Ore-breaking process required expensive machinery that only companies could
afford
 Independent miners became simply laborers
Effects of Mining
 Attracted wealth and population
 Women and men found work
o Running boardinghouses or being prostitutes
 Women’s suffrage (Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho)
 Added to American literature by authors Bret Harte and Mark Twain
CATTLE AND RANCHES
Growth of Poultry Industry
 Poultry business expands because of railroads
o Swifts and Armors companies leaders in meat-business
o Becomes major industry of West
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“Long Drive”
o Cowboys would herd cattle over many open lands
o Terminal stops included Dodge City, Abilene, Ogallala, Cheyenne
o Proved very profitable (as high as 40%)
Obstacles faced by Poultry Industry
 Barbed wire fences from sheepherders
 Terrible Winter of 1886-87 (-56 degrees)
 Overexpansion and overgrazing
 Solution
o Fence their ranches, don’t overproduce…
o Organized (Wyoming Stock-Growers’ Association)
HOMESTEAD ACT OF 1862
 Settler can acquire as much as 160 acres by living on it for 5 years, improving it,
and paying nominal fee of $30
 Or land acquired after six month residence for $1.25 acre
 Land sold to encourage settlement, not for revenue
 “During 40 years after its passage, half a million families took advantage of it”
AGRICULTURE
Taming the lands
 Immigrants and Americans induced into buying cheap land by railroads
 Prairie lands become useful (they discover the soil beneath is fertile)
 Dry farming
o Farmers pushed beyond 100th meridian looking for good land
o Chewed up crusty earth leading to drought and “Dust Bowl”
o Ignored John Powell’s warning that beyond 100th meridian rain was too
minimal for crops without irrigation
 Tough strains of wheat introduced
 Federal irrigation projects
o American Desert blooms
Farms mechanize and commercialize
 Concentration on only “staple crops” for profit
 Large-scale farmers become business-orientated
o tied to banking, railroading, manufacturing
 Mechanization
o Steam engines
o Combined reaper-thresher
 Incorporation of Farming
o Rural farmers driven off
o Foreshadowed giant agribusinesses
o America becomes the world’s breadbasket, butcher shop
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THE END OF THE FRONTIER AND WESTWARD MOVEMENT
No more frontier
 Frederick Jackson Turner’s “Frontier thesis”
o American needs a frontier
 1890 census stated that a frontier no longer discernible
 New states admitted: North/South Dakotas, Montana, WA, Idaho, Wyoming
 Opening of Oklahoma to settlement
 Most good lands were taken; remaining lands sterile or less desirable
 National parks established: Yellowstone, Yosemite, Sequoia
Urban movement
 Safety valve theory
o In reality, the safety valve was the cities, not the frontier now
Cities boom as people move in for better wages than farming
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The Progressive Movement 1900-1919
Progressivism: Anti-monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice.
 Extension of Populists and Greenbacks
 “Strengthen the State”, End Laissez-Faire
 Middle class, Bipartisan “Majority Mood” for reforming to preserve
capitalism (working through the system vs. revolution)
 Direct Primary Elections (no party bosses)
 Initiatives and Referendums so state policies approved by the people
 City-Manager System – more efficient, less democratic (hired people for
city jobs instead of elected) Based on Galveston, TX.
Progressive Amendments:
 16th Amendment – Income Tax (1913)
 17th Amendment – Direct election of senators (1913) (Not voted by state
legislatures anymore.) More democratic
 18th Amendment – Prohibition (1919) (Due to sacrificial attitude of
WWI)
 19th Amendment – Women’s Suffrage (1920)
Theodore Roosevelt Period (1901- 1908) (Republican) president when McKinley was
assassinated
Square Deal – Control of Corporations, Consumer Protection, Conserve
Natural Resources
State Acts:
 Corrupt Practices Acts – reduced campaign funds and those received
from corporations.
 In Wisconsin, Robert LaFollette took regulated utilities and lowered
corporation powers.
 Prohibition laws in some states
Trusts:
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Department of Commerce formed (probe interstate commerce, break
monopolies)
o Elkins Act – curbs Railroad rebates
o Hepburn Act – No RR free passes (used for bribery)
Dissolves Northern Securities Company Trust – Railroad monopoly in
North
Trust busting bad trusts showed the government in charge, encouraged
self-regulation of companies.
Allowed “good trusts” (i.e. U.S. Steel absorbing Tennessee Coal and
Iron)
Labor:
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Safety and Sanitization Codes in industries
Maximum Hours and Minimum Wages
Workmen’s Compensation Laws (for injured workers)
Muller vs. Oregon – Women labor laws legal because they are weaker
Coal mine strike ended when T.R. convinced the owners to meet the
workers’ demands (pro-labor)
Conservation:
“wilderness is a waste” – T.R. (need to use but not trash
nature)
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Other:
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Desert Land Act – required cheap land to be irrigated if bought
Forest Reserve Act – allowed National Parks and reserves to be set aside
Carey Act – gave federal land to states if it was irrigated and settled
Gifford Pinchot – the head of Division of Forestry
Newlands Act – money from land sales went towards irrigation in the
west
Dams – helped irrigation (like the Roosevelt Dam)
Built Dam near San Francisco despite Naturalist pleas.
Meat Inspection Act- interstate beef can be federally inspected
Food and Drug Act – kept mislabeling from occurring
1907 Panic is blamed on TR’s policies but he blames trusts for causing it.
Aldrich-Vreeland Act- emergency bank money can be issued if backed
by collateral instead of gold (leads to the federal reserve)
William Howard Taft Period (1908-1912) (Republican)
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Taft kept with the status quo mainly.
Busted more trusts than TR in less time
o Standard Oil (violation of Sherman Anti-Trust Act)
o US Steel (despite TR’s sanctioning of it earlier)
Supreme Court “rule of reason” – only trusts that reasonably restricted
trade were illegal
Fired Pinchot for arguing with Sec. of Interior Ballinger over giving
public land to corporations (Republicans didn’t like this)
Dollar Diplomacy – encouraged stability in other nations by investing
money in them
Signed Payne-Aldrich Tariff though it raised many tariffs (was meant to
decrease them, infuriated Republicans)
Roosevelt ran in 1912 as a Bull Moose Progressive – Republican split
gave opportunity of President to the Democrats
Woodrow Wilson Period (1912- 1920) (Democrat) Southerner, Progressive, former
president at
Princeton
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New Nationalism – TR Progressivism, break up bad trusts only, social
welfare programs, social insurance, women’s suffrage
New Freedom – Wilson ideals, favor small enterprise, break up all trusts,
no social welfare
1913 Underwood Tariff- reduced tariffs and enacted graduated income
tax
Federal Reserve Act – 12 regional central banks could issue paper money
as decided by the Federal Reserve Board
Federal Farm Loan Act – low rate loans for farmers
Warehouse Act – permits loans based on staple crops
LaFollette Seamen’s Act – better treatment of sailors (sent shipping costs
up)
Adamson Act – 8 hour workday with overtime pay
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Trusts:
 Federal Trade Commission Act – commission could stop unfair trade
practices
 Clayton Anti-Trust Act- added objections to trusts to the Sherman antitrust act, exempted labor unions from being called trusts
During WWI:
 National Labor Board – headed by Taft solved labor disputes
 The AFL supported the war
 Women in workplace helped pass 19th Amendment
Progressive Era Literature and Reporters:
 “Muckrakers” -Theodore Roosevelt (negative because they can’t look at
the good), reporters sought to cleanse capitalism like the progressives
o Magazines: Cosmopolitan, Everybody’s, and Colliers
 “Wealth Against Commonwealth” by Henry Loyd (anti-standard oil)
 “Frenzied Finance” by Thomas Lawson (corruption of stock trading)
 “The Jungle” by Upton Sinclair exposed unsanitary meat packing
 “The Treason of the Senate” by David Phillips in Cosmopolitan
(government representing trusts and railroads)
 “Call of the Wild” by Jack London leads to boy scouts (get away from
civilization)
 “The Promise of American Life” by Herbert Croly inspired TR’s new
nationalism
 “Other People’s Money and How the Banker’s Use It” by Louis
Brandeis showed problems of American Financial System
 Journalists Lincoln Steffens & Ida Tarbell (big business influencing
government)
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America Becomes A World Power (1890-1917)
Expanding the U.S.
1890:
Factors For Expansionism: Exports rising, manufacturing capability
increases, as well as power and wealth America begins to expand onto the world stage, using
overseas markets to send its goods.
1890s: Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst invented the “yellow press”
which influenced overseas expansion, as did missionaries inspired by Reverend Josiah
Strong’s Our Country: It’s Possible Future and Its Present Crisis. Darwin’s theory of
survival of the fittest was applied to foreign policy by American society. The Influence of Sea
Power Upon History, 1660-1783, argued that every successful nation had a great navy,
starting a naval race among the great powers.
1890s: U.S. v Canada: America’s new imperialistic mood was shown by the U.S.Canadian argument over seal hunting near the Pribilof Islands off the coast of Alaska.
1893: In negotiations in Paris, America got Guam and Puerto Rico and freed Cuba.
McKinley decided to keep the Philippines due to popular demand. The U.S. paid $20
million for the islands.
1898:
The Anti-Imperialist League sprang into being, firmly opposed to this new
imperialism of America, and its members included Mark Twain, William James, Samuel
Gompers, and Andrew Carnegie. They were against the American control of the
Philippines. Their opposition, the American expansionists believed that the U.S. should
remain in control of the islands, envisioning them as the next Hong Kong.
1899: America and Germany almost go to war over the Samoan Islands (over which
could build a naval base there), while Italy and America almost fight due to the lynching of
11 Italians in New Orleans.
1917: Wilson buys the Virgin Islands from Denmark
Presidential Election Issues
1900: Election of 1900: In the 1900 presidential election, William Jennings
Bryan’s supporters concentrated on imperialism. He lost the election, as Americans grew
tired of the subject.
1916: 1916 Election: Wilson wins re-election with the slogan, “He kept us out of
war”.
Annexation of Hawaii
1893: Hawaii Annexation? When the McKinley Tariff of 1890 raises the prices of
sugar, it affects U.S. commercial trade with the Hawaiian Islands. Americans felt like they
need to offset this, so they annexed Hawaii. This was opposed by its leader, Queen
Liliuokalani—but in 1893, desperate Americans revolted. Hawaii seemed ready for
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annexation, but when Grover Cleveland became president again, he believed that it was
dishonorable, so the annexation was postponed.
Spanish-American War
1895: Cuba revolts against Spain. America interferes after Cubans torch Cuban sugar
cane fields, (U.S. supports the Cubans). Spanish General Weyler comes to Cuba to crush the
revolt and ends up putting many civilians into concentration camps that killed many. The
American public clamor for action, but Cleveland would do nothing.
1898:
Maine Explosion: U.S. battleship Maine mysteriously explodes in Havana
Harbor, killing 260 officers and men. America was war-mad, and Spain was about to be
crushed. What really happened was that an accidental explosion had basically blown up the
ship. This was a similar conclusion to what Spanish investigators suggested, but America
ignored them.
1898:
President McKinley sends his war message to Congress. America had to
defend Democracy, opposing a war could split the Republican Party and America. Congress
also adopts the Teller Amendment, which proclaimed that when the U.S. had overthrown
Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom.
1898:
Victory over Spain: Admiral Cervera of Spain is finally ordered to fight the
American fleet, and his fleet was destroyed. On land, the American army, commanded by
General Nelson A. Miles, met little resistance as they took over Puerto Rico. Soon
afterwards, on August 12, 1898, Spain signs an armistice.
1900: Giving Cuba their freedom? The Foraker Act of 1900 gives Puerto Ricans a
limited degree of popular government, (in 1917, Congress grants Puerto Ricans full
American citizenship). In the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court barely ruled that the
Constitution did not have full authority on how to deal with the islands (Cuba and Puerto
Rico). This essentially lets Congress do whatever it wants with them. In 1902, the U.S. walks
away from Cuba, but it also encourages Cuba to write and pass the Platt Amendment, which
becomes their constitution. This said that the U.S. could intervene and restore order in case of
anarchy, that the U.S. could trade freely with Cuba, and that the U.S. could get two bays for
naval bases, notably Guantanamo Bay.
Building the Panama Canal
1900: Mapping out the Panama Canal: U.S. chooses Panama to build the Panama
Canal after Mount Pelée erupts and kills 30,000 people. U.S. negotiates a deal that would buy
a 6-mile-wide strip of land in Panama for $10 million and a $250,000 annual payment, but
this treaty was retracted by the Columbian government, which owned Panama.
1903: U.S. fends off Colombia and recognizes Panama: When Colombia tries to stop
the killing of a Chinese civilian and a donkey in Panama, the U.S., citing an 1846 treaty with
Colombia, wouldn’t let the Colombian fleet through. Panama was thus recognized by the
U.S., and fifteen days later, Bunau-Varilla, the Panamanian minister despite his French
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nationality, signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty that give a widened (6x10 mi.)
Panamanian zone to the U.S. for $15 mil.
1906: TR visits Panama. He becomes the first U.S. president to leave U.S. soil.
1914: Panama Canal is completed at a cost of $400 million, (construction began in
1904).
Americans in the Philippines
1895: Open Door Note: After China was defeated by Japan, the nation was carved
into spheres of influence by the European powers. Americans were concerned by this,
(worries of missionary work and business). Secretary of State John Hay dispatches the
Open Door note, which urges the European nations to keep fair competition open to all
nations willing and wanting to participate. China was saved from being carved up.
1898: Dewey in Philippines: During the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt cables
Commodore George Dewey, who is commanding the American Asiatic Squadron at
Hong Kong, and tells him to take over the Philippines. Dewey successfully takes over
the islands from the Spanish.
1898:
American troops finally arrive to assist Dewey and capture Manila. They
collaborated with Filipino insurgents, who were led by Emilio Aguinaldo, to overthrow the
Spanish rulers. When the U.S. annexes Hawaii, it was so that it could use the islands to
support Dewey. Hawaii received full territorial status in 1900.
1899: Filipino Revolt: The Filipinos revolt against the U.S. when they don’t receive
their freedom after the Spanish-American War. Emilio Aguinaldo leads the insurrection, and
takes his troops into guerrilla warfare after open combat proved to be useless.
1901:
The Filipino rebellion is broken when U.S. soldiers invade Aguinaldo’s
headquarters and capture him.
1916:
Wilson signed the Jones Act, which granted full territorial status to the
Philippines and promised independence as soon as a stable government could be established.
Other U.S. Issues with Asia
1900: The “Boxers” revolt and take over the capital of China, Beijing. They take all
foreigners hostage, including diplomats. A multi-national force soon breaks the rebellion,
the powers made China owe $333 million for damages, of which the U.S. eventually received
$24.5 million. Fearing that the European powers would carve China up for good, John Hay
officially asked that China not be carved.
1905: Peace between Russia and Japan: Russia, after being attacked by Japan,
approaches Teddy in hopes of him facilitating a peace treaty with their attackers. At
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, both sides met, and in the end, TR negotiated a deal in which
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Japan got half of Sakhalin but no indemnity for its losses. U.S. lost both nations as allies
though because neither believed they got a fair share in the treaty. Note: Teddy with this act
and his work in North Africa, received the Nobel Peace Prize.
1906: Tensions with Japanese Immigrants: After the war, Japanese immigrants
poured into California. However, after the San Francisco earthquake, the city decrees
that due to lack of space, Japanese children should attend a special school. This became
an international issue, but Teddy settled it. The city would not displace students while
Japan would keep its laborers in Japan. The Root-Takahira Agreement states that the
U.S. and Japan are to respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific and that
they will uphold the Open Note in China.
Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America
1889: James G. Blaine pushes his “Big Sister” policy, which sought better relations
with Latin America, and he presided over the first Pan-American Conference, held in
Washington D.C.
1892: U.S. and Chile almost go to war after the deaths of two American sailors at
Valparaiso.
1892:
Dispute over Monroe Doctrine: A discovery of gold worsens situations
between the nations of British Guiana and Venezuela, which are disputing over their
border. So, President Cleveland, sends a note written by Secretary of State Richard Olney to
Britain informing them that the British actions were trespassing the Monroe Doctrine and
that the U.S. controlled things in the Americas. Britain responds four months later saying that
the Monroe Doctrine doesn’t exist. Uproar results in America, and the two nations almost
go to war. Doctrine is strengthened, and Latin American nations appreciate U.S. efforts to
protect them. Britain sought better relations with the U.S.
1900: The Roosevelt Corollary: Teddy issues his Roosevelt Corollary, in response to
Britain and Germany sending forces to Latin American nations to collect debts. The
Corollary states that in future cases of debt problems, the U.S. would take over and pay off
the debts, thus keeping the Europeans on the other side of the Atlantic.
1906:
Bad Neighbor Policy? : U.S. Marines land in Cuba to bring order to the
nation. Cubans are unhappy as it seemed like an extension of the “Bad Neighbor” policy.
1912:
Wilson persuades Congress to repeal the Panama Canal Tolls Act (which let
American shippers not pay tolls for using the canal).
1915: Disorder breaks out in Haiti. Wilson sends American marines.
1916: Wilson sends marines to quell violence in the Dominican Republic.
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Controversy with Mexico
1913:
Revolt in Mexico: Mexico revolts after being exploited for decades by U.S.
investors in oil, railroads, and mines. The country installs Indian General Victorian Huerta
to the presidency. This leads to a massive immigration of Mexicans to America, mainly to
the southwest. The rebels were a threat to Americans living in Mexico, but Wilson does not
intervene. Instead he sends American munitions to Huerta’s rivals (Pancho Villa being
one of them, who later kills murders 35 Americans in 1916, General John J. Pershing
couldn’t capture him).
1914:
Force in Mexico: Some American sailors are arrested in Tampico, Mexico.
Wilson threatens to use force. He also orders the navy to take over Vera Cruz, drawing
protest from Huerta. Finally, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile mediate the situation, and Huerta
falls from power and is succeeded by Carranza, who resents Wilson’s acts.
Lead-Up to World War I
1914: After the start of World War I. Wilson issues a neutrality proclamation and is
promptly wooed by both the Allies and the German-Austrian-Hungarian powers.
1914:
America v German Navy: When Germany announces submarine warfare
around the British Isles, warning the U.S. that it would not try to attack neutral ships (but
that mistakes would probably occur). Wilson warns that Germany would be held to “strict
accountability” for any attacks on American ships. When the Lusitania is sunk and 128
Americans are killed, America clamors for war. However, Wilson uses a series of strong
notes to the German warlords instead.
1915:
After Germany seemed to break their pledge of not sinking ships without
warning, by sinking the Sussex, it issues the Sussex pledge. This agrees not to sink passenger
ships or merchant vessels without warning, so long as the U.S. could get the British to stop
their blockade. Wilson says no.
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Labor Movement: 1865-1910
1866-1872 National Labor Union
o Stats: First national labor federation in US
 Attracted 600,000 members
 Lasted 6 years
o Minority: Excluded Chinese, did little for women and blacks
o Goals: Wanted 8 hour workday (won for government workers 1868)
o Colored National Labor Union formed separately because of racial differences
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1869 Knights of Labor
o Leaders: Terrence V. Powderly
o Stats: Through the 1880’s had 1,000,000 members, after several strikes
 By the 1890’s, down to 100,000 members, who soon fused into other
groups
 90,000 blacks join
o Events: May Day strikes in 1866- Half Failed
 Haymarket Square Riot - lowered their popularity
o Minority: Women first joined in 1881
 By 1885 1/5 of the members were women
 Philadelphia was the home of the first all female local
 Ottumwa, Iowa was the home of the first all black local
 Pro Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
o Goals: Sought to include all workers in one big union
 Tolerance of all working men and women (but not Chinese)
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1873 Molly Maguires
o A secret society of Irish immigrants, coal mine workers in Pennsylvania
o Fought (violently) for better working conditions in the coalfields
o Infiltrated by Pinkerton James McParlan: 14 of their leaders were called
murderers and imprisoned, 10 were hanged
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1885-1890 Farmers’ Alliance
o Founded 1885-1890
o Suffered form internal divisions
o Nine members of the Alliance in Congress in 1890
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1886 Haymarket Riot
Early in 1886 labor unions were beginning a movement for an eight-hour day – May
1st, May Day strikes
Two days after this—May 3rd, shooting and one death occurred when the police
tangled with the rioters
May 4th, protest meeting was called to denounce the events of the preceding day, and
while police were undertaking to disperse the crowd, anarchists exploded a bomb in the
middle of the scene, killing and inguring several dozen people, including police officer
Mathias J. Degan
Eight anarchists were brought to trial and Judge Joseph E. Gary sentenced seven of
them to death and three to 15 years imprisonment; four were hanged, and one committed
suicide. The last two were changed from death to imprisonment for life
June 26th, 1893, Gov. John P. Altgeld pardoned the three remaining—all currently in
jail
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This riot led to the decline in popularity of the Knights of Labor and other
unions that became popularly associated with the anarchists
1886 American Federation of Labor (AF of L)
o Association of self-governing unions, emphasis on skilled labor
o Leaders: Samuel Gompers
o Stats: 500,000 members as of 1900
 3 million members after the war
o Minority: Pro Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
o Goals: Concerned with the present, here and now
 Unity of interest between capital and labor
 Closed shop (all union labor)
1892 Homestead Strike
Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin workers refused pay cut; union “locked
out”
Battle lasted 4am to 5pm – July 6th; strike lasted 143 days
Pinkertons brought in to ‘escort’ strike breakers; shoot out resulted in deaths of 3
Pinkertons and 7 workers
Six days later the National Guard of Pennsylvania arrived to further weaken the strikers,
ordered by Gov. Robert E. Pattison of Pennsylvania
Evicted workers from company homes
Arrested individuals repeatedly just to charge them bail
Involved the workers in a series of costly court cases
November 17th, the first break in the ranks occurred when day laborers and mechanics
voted to return to work
November 20th, all the workers retuned to work, ending the stike
Carnegie (owner), Frick (manager) and the company won, helping to prevent the
organization of the mills for the nest 40 years, and further damaging public opinion
of strikes
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1893 American Railway Union
o Leaders: Eugene V. Debs elected president in 1893
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1894 Pullman Strike
Pullman company town, annexed to Chicago, primarily built Pullman’s famous railway
sleeping cars; all building in the town company owned
Cut wages a number of times in the 1880’s and 90’s, but failed to reduce the rent in the
company-owned housing
These factors led the strike May 11, 1894 by the American Railway Union led by
Eugene V. Debs
Late June railway workers agreed to boycott trains carrying Pullman cars nationwide
Federal troops were ordered in to break up the strike, their presence promting violence
and looting in Chicago
With the arrest of the leaders came the collapse of the strike, ending in August 2, 1894
Cleveland calling in federal troops gained strikers the sympathy of the working class, but
failure of strike exposed weakness in labor movement
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1902 Strike broke out in coalmines in Pennsylvania
o 140,000 workers with a common goal: demanded 20% pay increase and a 9 hour
workday
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o
o
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Factories and school were forced to shut down
Teddy Roosevelt takes over negotiations on behalf of the workers
Outcome: Workers got a 10% pay increase and a 9 hour workday
Some General Stuff
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Unions
o Until 1861 – Had been few and disorganized
o 3% working people in unions in 1900
Strikes
o 1881 to 1900 - 23,000 strikes
o Involved 6,610,000 workers
o Employees and employers lost $450 million
Women
o More than 1,000,000 women joined the work force in the 1890’s
o Women’s Bureau did emerge after WWI
Blacks
o 90,000 joined the Knights of Labor
o Formed Colored Farmer’s National Alliance; by 1890 more than 250,000
members
o During WWI were able to find work as strike breakers
o Led to the increased agitation of the white strikers
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Domestic issues and policies 1919-1932
I. Memorable Elections and Successions
1.Election of 1920: The democrats nominated James M Coz and Franklin D
Roosevelt for his running mate, republicans chose Senator Warren G Harding of
Ohio and Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts. Harding wasn’t
necessarily a qualified candidate for the President, but his ordinary and friendly
demeanor appealed to the American people, as well as his return to “normalcy”
intent.
2.Harding’s Death and Coolidge’s Succession: Warren G. Harding died of a heart
attack in August 1923. Calvin Coolidge took over and was known for being
opposed to progressivism and believed the government did not have to protect
citizens against natural disasters and that tyranny could take over.
3. Election of 1924: CPPA revived the Progressive Part and nominated Robert La
Follette for president Democrats nominated John Davis and Republicans
nominated Coolidge who won with 54% of the vote.
4.Election of 1928: Al Smith and Herbert Hoover, Smith for Democrats was the
governor of NY. Hoover had never sought public office, yet he won.
II. People to Know
1. Chief Justice William Howard Taft: Taft was appointed by President Harding in
1921. Under his jurisdiction, many progressive reform measures that were
opposed by popular business interests were overturned. 1919 federal law
imposing taxes on the products of child labor is an example.
2. Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon: Under Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover.
Congress lowered the income tax for the wealthy under his term. Mellon also
balanced budget from 1921-1928.
3. Charles Forbes: Director of Veteran’s Bureau. In 1924, was convicted of
stealing funds from Bureau and was forced to resign.
4. Harry Daugherty: Attorney general, forced from office in 1924 after receiving
payments from violators of prohibition.
5. Albert Fall / Teapot Dome Scandal: Secretary of Interior leased land in Teapot
Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California to Harry Sinclair of Mammoth Oil
Company and Edward Doheny. Fall received bribes from Doheny and Sinclair.
They all evaded prosecution.
6. Aimee McPherson: Used drama and theatrical talent in sermons to win many
followers to the evangelist and fundamentalist cause.
7. A. Mitchell Palmer: Attorney general who ordered the raids to arrest
communists.
8. Henry Ford: Ford along with Taylor perfects the assembly line in the Rouge
River Plant, which pumps out an automobile every ten seconds.
9. Margaret Sanger: Advocated birth control, planned parenthood, and eugenics.
III. Acts and Tariffs
1. Sheppard-Towner Act: Child labor and worker protection for woman and
support for education by the Women’s Joint Congressional Committee resulted in
this act in 1921. 1.2 million dollars for prenatal and baby-care centers.
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2. Esch-Cummins Transportation Act: Transportation Act of 1920, allowed
government to take over rails from December 1917 to March 1920. Forced to
carry heavy traffic while ignoring maintenance, this resulted in Act of February
1920, which attempted to insure operation of the rails.
3. Adjusted Compensation Act: Every former soldier received a paid-up insurance
policy due in twenty years.
4. Merchant Marine Act of 1920: Ordered the Shipping Board to get rid of 1500,
thus reducing the navy.
5. Immigration Acts of 1921, 1924 Quota System: 1921, congress limited annual
immigration to 350,000 people each year. In 1924, the number was reduced to
164,000 people per year. Immigration was restricted to 2% of the total
population of the united states from their respective county since 1980 and
rejected the immigration of Japanese’s and all Asians. Quota Act of 1921 was
put into place because of the 800,000 people from Eastern Europe who
immigrated in a short time. In 1931, more people were leaving America then
immigrating into it.
6. McNary-Haugen Bill: Authorized government to buy surpluses and sell them
overseas. Coolidge vetoed the bill because of fear of tyranny. He believed it
would benefit American agriculture at the expense of the public’s welfare.
7. Agricultural Marketing Act: This act in June of 1929 set up the Federal Farm
Board to help farmers.
8. Federal Home Loan Act: 1931. Home Loan Board and Banks were created
under this act, which handles mortgages and provided money for
homeowners that needed loans.
9. Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 1930: Raised protective tariffs and pushed rates on
imported good to the highest they have ever been. This reflects on the
isolationist movement of the 1920s.
10. Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law: Raised tariff from 27%-36%.
11. Norris-La Guardia (anti-junction) Act, 1932: Forbade issuing injunctions to
maintain anti-union contracts of employment, the prevention to perform
work, and the restraining of an act committed by either a group or of an
individual striker.
III. Corporations, Conferences, and Boards
1. Conference for Progressive Political Action, 1922 (CPPA): Committee to revive
progressive ideals such as pro-labor, pro-farmer, and government ownership of
rails, electricity, telephones. They helped the Republicans loose in 1924.
2. Railway Labor Board: Ordered a wage cut of 12% in 1922.
3. Federal Reserve Board: Tired to establish easy credit policy. Increased the rate of
Federal Reserve notes to decrease speculation and warned member banks not to
loan money for the purpose of buying stocks.
4. National Credit Corporation: Created in 1931, this Corporation got the largest banks
in the country to provide lending agencies to give banks on the brink of
foreclosure money to be used for loans.
5. Emergency Committee for Employment: Created in 1930 to coordinate efforts
between other agencies in order to provide relief for the massive unemployed
during the years of the Great Depression.
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IV. Major Events
1. Scopes Trial: In 1925, Tennessee outlawed the teaching of evolution in public
schools. William Jennings Bryan assisted the prosecution. Clarence Darrow was
head of the American Civil Liberties Union lawyers, who were the challengers in
the case.
2. Adkins vs. Children’s Hospital: Reverses minimum wage law for women.
3. Black Thursday: October 29, 1929 a great stock market crash occurred. Decline in
agriculture, unregulated trade within buying stocks, and bank foreclosures all led to
this crash. Stockholders lost over $40 million by 1932.
4. Great Depression: Stock Market crash, inflation of agriculture, uncontrolled policies
of stock market, overproduction of goods by industries, and no buying situation all
led to the depression. By 1930, 12 million were jobless.
5. Bonus Army: Group of WWI veterans who were supposed to be given aid because
of their involvement in the war. However, in 1932, the date for giving out the
money was pushed back, causing a march on Washington to demand the money.
Force was used to disband the protestors, causing Hoover’s popularity to
plummet.
6. Red Scare: A series of raids to round up and arrest 6000 suspected Communists.
249 of these were deported in December of 1919.
7. “Crime of the Century”: The kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh’s son. Led to the
Lindbergh Law, which allowed certain cases of abduction the death penalty.
8. Kellog-Brand Pact: Frank Kellogg won Nobel Peace Prize for this pact that stated
war would no longer use as offensive means.
V. Major Concepts
1.Normalcy: Coined in address before Home Market Club in Boston in 1920. Symbol
to powerful businessmen, the immediate abandonment of the foreign and
domestic policies of Wilson. Return to high protective tariffs and a reduction
in taxes.
2.Trickle Down Theory: Economic ideal that the government should pump money
into the economy and thus create a surplus of money that would “trickle”
down onto the rest of society.
3.Welfare Capitalism: Idea welcome by Hoover, he believed that economic
development demanded corporate cooperation in the areas of workers wages
and production cooperation.
4.Voluntarism: Socially economic order could only be brought about by the
voluntary action of Capitalist leaders and not thought government persuasion.
5.Fundamentalists: Protestants who were angered by the theory of evolution.
Fundamentalists introduced bills to prohibit the teaching of evolutionism in
schools.
VI. Other things to know
1. Revival of KKK: Anti foreign, catholic, black, Jewish, pacifist, communist,
internationalist, revolutionist, bootlegger, gambling, adultery, birth control.
Formally disbanded in 1869, but was revived in 1915 by William J. Simmons.
They claimed to have a membership of over 5million.
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2. Hooverville: Name of any shanty town during the Hoover’s presidency. This was
due to cold and the unfriendly disposition Hoover had towards the poor, since
he believed that economic aid to the poor would stifle the economy.
3. Prohibition: Progressives saw it as a way to deal with the social problem
associated with alcoholism. Congress submitted the 18th amendment in 1917.
This caused “Speak Easy”, bootlegging, and smuggling of alcohol to become very
popular. Illegal manufacturing of alcoholic beverages and a rise in criminal
activities within the cities due to illegal importation of alcohol led to the
amendment being repeal in the 21st amendment in 1933.
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Civil Rights Movement 1940-1970
Violence
1943- Detroit Race Riots
1946- Six black war veterans killed after claiming the rights they had fought for
overseas, still treated unequally despite having risked their lives for the country
1955- Emmett Till lynched for “leering” at a white woman
1963- Birmingham church bombed
Events & Movements
1947- Jackie Robinson breaks the color barrier in baseball when he was signed with the
Brooklyn Dodgers
1955- Montgomery Bus Boycotts sparked when Rosa Parks refused to move from her
seat in the “Whites Only” section of the bus
1957- Federal troops were sent to escort nine black students at Little Rock’s Central
High School
1960’s- Sit-in Movement begins; Blacks go to Whites only restaurants and
public/private facilities to protest nonviolently
1960’s- Freedom Riders rally to end segregation
1963- Civil rights march on Washington, led by MLK Jr
1965- “Black Power” Movement led by Malcolm X, did not follow King’s nonviolent
ways, end racial inequality by all means possible
1968- Martin Luther King assassinated, advocated nonviolent ways to end segregation
Political Happenings
1946- “To secure These Rights” Truman issues a report in response to the death of the
six war veterans
1948- Truman desegregates armed forces
1953- Only 20% of eligible southern blacks registered to vote
1956- “Declaration of Constitutional Principles” is signed by more than a hundred
southern congressional representatives pledging their resistance to desegregation
1957- Civil Rights Act passed, established civil rights commission which supervised
voting
1964- 24th Amendment abolishes poll tax in federal elections
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1964- Civil Rights Act, a landmark act that outlawed segregation in public or private
facilities
1964- Office of Economic Opportunity establish equal opportunity laws
1965- Voting Rights Act passed to reinforce black suffrage
1968- Civil Rights Act, Provide Blacks with equal opportunity housing
Supreme Court
1950’s- Warren Court, Chief justices Earl Warren active in civil rights
1950’s- Sweatt v. Painter black schools failed to meet test scores of white schools
1954- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas overrules the previous Plessy
v. Ferguson decision and insists that desegregation needs to be enforced
1967- Thurgood Marshall, first African American to be appointed a Supreme Court
justice
Organizations
1910- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is
founded
1942- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is founded
1957- MLK established the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). King
attempted to use the power of black churches to promote black rights
1960- Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) is formed by southern
black students
Literature/Art
1920- Harlem Renaissance, led by gifted writers such as Clade McKary, Langston
Hughes and Zora Neal Hurston and jazz artists like Louis Armstrong and Eubie Blake.
The Harlem Renaissance called for a “New Negro” who was a full citizen and a social
equal to whites
1944- An American Dilemma, written by Gunnar Myrdal. Exposed the contradiction
between America’s profession that “all men are created equal” and its treatment of black
citizens
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AP US HISTORY OUTLINE
DOMESTIC ISSUES AND POLICIES (1919-1932)
ELECTION OF 1920: The Republican’s selected Ohio Senator Warren G. Harding,
with Massachusettes Governor Calvin Coolidge as his running mate. The Democrats
nominated James M. Cox and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Though Harding was not the most
qualified man for office, he appealed to the American population with his down to earth
nature and defeated Cox.
WARREN G. HARDING: Served an administration that was full of scandal. The
conduct of his cabinet members brought Harding, and the Republican party, considerable
criticism.
TEAPOT DOME AFFAIR: Said to be one of the most important scandals that occurred
during Harding’s presidency. Naval oil reserve jurisdiction was given to the Department
of the Interior, headed by secretary Albert D. Fall, who leased Teapot Dome to oil
interests for a bribe. Secretary of the Navy Edwin N. Denby, who had consented to the
transfer of the reserves, was forced to resign.
ANDREW MELLON: Selected as Secretary of Treasury under Presidents Harding,
Coolidge, and Hoover. Mellon believed that high taxes increased the cost of living, and
believed passionately in the reduction of taxes. In just his first three years as secretary, he
succeeded in reducing the Government’s annual budget by $4 billion. The Revenue Act
(1924) was inspired by “The Mellon Plan”, a balanced tax reform program based on the
idea of lowering taxes out of surplus revenues. The Act reduced the taxpayers’ bill by
$400 million annually and reduced the WWI inherited public debt by almost $10 billion
between 1921 and 1930.
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT: Following his presidency, he was selected as Chief
Justice by Harding. Taft lead the Supreme Court in overturning multiple progressive
reform ideas, including many that placed taxes on businesses.
NORMALCY: A concept introduced by Warren G. Harding in May 14, 1920 that
represented the immediate abandonment of Wilson’s foreign and domestic policies. It
was supported by businessmen because it raised protective tariffs and greatly reduced
taxes.
ESCH-CUMMINS TRANSPORTATION ACT: The transportation act of 1920
allowed the government to take over the railroads from December 26, 1917 until March
1, 1920. Though ignoring important maintenance, the railroads were forced to carry
heavy traffic and the result was an attempt to insure the railroad operation that was very
important at the time.
IMMIGRATION: Congress limited the allowed immigration to about 350,000 people
annually in 1921. In 1924, the annual number of immigrants was reduced to 164,000
people. The immigration was also restricted to 2% of the total number of people who had
lived in the U.S. from a respective country since 1890 and basically completely rejected
Asians, especially Japanese. The Quota act (1921) intended to smother the fear that
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came with so many new immigrants. These acts greatly reduced the number of
immigration of foreign people into the U.S. and for the first time in history caused
immigration numbers to be lower than those of people leaving America (1931).
CONFERENCE FOR PROGRESSIVE POLITICAL ACTION (CPPA): A
committee put in place with a desire to revive the progressive era and its policies. The
CPPA supported pro-labor and pro-farmer policies, as well as placing utilities (telephone,
electricity, etc.) under government ownership.
KU KLUX KLAN (KKK): Founded in 1866 in Pulaski, Tennesee in 1800, the KKK
was anit-foreign, anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, antiinternationalist, anti-revolutionary, anti-gambling, anti-adultery, anti-birth control, and
anti-black. The reestablishment of “White Supremecy” was their main mission, followed
by destroying radical political power. Though formally disbanded in 1869, a revival of
the organization came in 1915, and continued through the century.
HARDING TO COOLIDGE: On August 2, 1923 Warren G. Harding die of a heart
attack, Vice President Calvin Coolidge took over the presidency before deciding to run
on his own in 1924. Coolidges first message to congress after taking over the office
called for an isolation in foreign policy, limited aid to farmers, and tax cuts.
ELECTION OF 1924: Robert La Follette was nominated for the Progressive Party,
which was also supported by the Socialist Party and the AFL. John W. David was
nominated by the Democrats as a compromise, and Coolidge was nominated by the
Republicans. Coolidge was victorious, taking 54% of the vote.
CALVIN COOLIDGE: Coolidge strongly opposed progressivism and believed that
there should be no government obligation to protect its citizens against natural disasters.
Like Harding her also allowed his cabinet a free hand in dealing with foreign affairs. He
believed that America should seek out foreign markets and retain from entangling
alliances, especially with the League of Nations.
LATIN AMERICA: Calvin Coolidge’s administration followed the idea of Imperialism
when it came to dealing with Lating America, who were eager to denounce U.S. business
practices. Scretary of State Charles Evan Hughes was, luckily, able to dissuade Latin
America from passing an anti-U.S. resolution.
SCOPES TRIAL: The teaching of evolution in public schools was outlawed by the
Tennessee legislature in 1925, and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
volunteered to defend any teacher who would challenge the law. William Jennings
Bryan stepped up and was defended by Clarence Darrow, head of ACLU’s lawyers).
MCNARY-HAUGEN BILL: Sought to authorize the government to buy surpluses and
sell them overseas in order to keep agricultural prices high. Coolidge vetoed the bill in a
reflection of his fear of “the tyranny of bureaucratic regulation”. Coolidged determined
the bill to be an unconstitutional scheme because the public’s welfare would be expended
in order to benefit agriculture.
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ELECTION OF 1928: Al Smith was nominated for the Democrats after serving as
Governor of New York. Herbert Hoover was nominated for the Republicans and, though
inexperienced, manage to come out on top. Coolidge had selected not to run for
Presidential office again.
WELFARE CAPITALISM: Hoover believed that cutthroat capitalism was not
necessary and that economic development need corporate cooperation when it came to
workers’ wages and regulations of production. This idea was welcomed and supported by
Hoover.
VOLUNTARISM: One of Hoover’s beliefs was that a “socially responsible economic
order” could not appear through government persuasion, only by the voluntary actions of
the Capitalist leaders. To Hoover, this was a way to move toward corporate consolidation
and cooperation quicker.
FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD: Tried to establish an easy credit policy by increasing
the rate on federal reserve notes in order to decrease speculation. The board also warned
member banks against loaning money for stock-buying purposes. The stock market
crash of 1929 proved that their ideas had been ignored.
BLACK THURSDAY: The great stock market crash (October 29, 1929). The decline of
agriculture, the unregulated trade inside the stock-buying process, and the panic that led
to many bank foreclosures all added up to reasons of why the crash occurred. By 1932
over $40 million in paper values had been lost by stockholders.
THE GREAT DEPRESSION: The Great Depression was not caused only by the stock
market crash of 1929. The inflation of agriculture, the stock market policies that were
uncontrolled, the industrial overproduction of goods, the loss of enthusiasm towards the
production of consumer products, and the overconfidence the American people had in the
economy all combined to drop America to the bottom. Nobody was buying anything, and
by 1930 the depression had become a national crisis. Over 12 million people were
unemployed and all the responsibility was turned over to Herbert Hoover. Much of the
blame though, was sent back to Calvin Coolidge on claims that it was his term and
administration that had sent the country into its great downfall.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN ACT: In 1931, the act was created. A five man Home Load
Board and multiple banks were created to handle home mortgages and provide money to
homeowners that needed loans.
NATIONAL CREDIT CORPORATION (NCC): In 1931 the NCC was created and
under the persuasion of Herbert Hoover, got the largest banks in America to provide
lending agencies. These agencies would give banks, facing foreclosure, money they could
use for loans.
HAWLEY-SMOOT TARIFF: Raised protective tariffs on the US by pushing rate on
imported goods to their highest point. I tariff followed the trend of isolation that the US
had begun moving towards at the time.
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BONUS ARMY: A group of WWI veterans who had been promised economic relief
from the government following their involvement in the war. In 1932, the deadline for the
veterans was extended to a later date, angering the veterans and causing a large group of
them to march into Washington DC and demand the money they had been promised. The
protestors were pulled apart with great force and Hoover’s popularity plummeted after
the incident because they veterans were seen as national heroes.
“HOOVERVILLES”: The name given to any “shanty town” that appeared during
Herbert Hoover’s presidency. The cold, unfriendly manner to which Herbert Hoover used
when dealing with helping the poor was what inspired the name. Hoover believed that the
economy would be stifled if aid was wasted on the poor.
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CAUSES OF WWII
WWI – Triple Alliance (Axis: Germany, Italy, and
Austria Hungary) vs. Triple Entente (Allied: France,
British, Russia) – Alliances in WWII mirrored those of
WWI.
Treaty of Versailles – treaty after WWI, Germany lost
colonies and lands, had to pay victors for damages and
was forced to have a limited military. Treaty of
Versailles crippled Germany and caused severe inflation
and economic problems, which Hitler used to his
advantage to gain power.
US Isolationism – Following WWI, US did not want to
become involved in another foreign affair.
The Great Depression – worldwide depression caused
by overspeculation and panicked selling during 1929.
Militaristic regimes in Japan and Germany were able to
gain control of governments by promising prosperity to
the poverty-stricken populace.
Other causes…
Hitler’s aggression and breaking of
the treaty of Versailles
Aggression of Italy and Japan
Democratic Powers were passive:
USA – Isolated
France – couldn’t rely on America’s
or Britian’s support
Britain - Sympathetic to German
recovery between 1934 and 1937,
appeased Germany 1937 to 1939
League of Nations did nothing
HITLER = BAD DUDE
1933 – Hitler gain’s power in Germany and begins his reign of terror
Axis powers come together when alliances are signed between Germany and Italy (1936)
and Germany and Russia (1939). Allies get freaked out, but US stays isolated. They do
begin to supply Britain after the Neutrality Act of 1939 (this is the cash-and-carry policy,
later lend-lease).
Hitler breaks the Treaty of Versailles by rebuilding German military and
remilitarizing the Rhineland and occupied Austria.
1937 – Japan invades Manchuria, Roosevelt avoided adherence to the Neutrality Acts by
denying that Japan’s actions constituted a war, and he continued to supply China.
1937 – USS Panay sunk by Japanese Forces. Roosevelt accepted a formal apology and
avoided war. (isolationism)
1938 – Munich Conference allowed Hitler to absorb Czechoslovakia.
1939 – Germany and Russia sign a non-aggression pact; Hitler doesn’t have to worry
about a two-fronted war.
September 1, 1939 – German forces invade Poland, and as a result, Britain and France
declare war on Germany. World War II Begins
THE WAR TO END ALL WARS…again…
1940 – Belgium, Denmark, The Netherlands, Norway, and France fall to the Nazis. Britain
is the last Allied stronghold left in Europe.
1941 – Hitler makes his worst career move and attacks northward into Russia. An early
winter forces him to retreat within sight of Moscow. He now fights a two-front war, the
same situation that defeated Germany in WWI.
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December 7, 1941 – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor and leaves some 3,000 men dead and
probably half the pacific fleet disabled. Luckily, neither the USS Lexington nor the USS
Enterprise (aircraft carriers) were present on the “day that will live in infamy.” This ends
American isolationism and for last time, the US Congress declares war, and the USA
enters WWII fully.
As a result of Pearl Harbor, Executive Order 9066 is issued and 110,000 JapaneseAmericans were packed up and sent to internment camps, where they spent the duration of
the war. This was an attempt to hamper Japanese espionage and sabotage efforts in the US.
o Korematsu vs. USA upheld the Constitutionality of Executive Order
9066, using the elastic clause (necessary and proper) as justification.
Atlantic Charter basically says, “Germany first, Japan later.”
June 3-6, 1942 – At the Battle of Midway the Japanese lose four aircraft carriers and get
pwned by Admiral Chester Nimitz. This is the turning point of the war in the Pacific, since
the air power of the Japanese fleet was basically eradicated. Without an offensive
capability, the Japanese could only sit and wait…
General Douglas MacArthur utilized island-hopping tactics to avoid the heavily defended
islands and starve them by taking the surrounding islands and blockading the strongholds.
June 19, 1944 – All of the territory captured by the Japanese was back in Allied hands, and
American forces began bombing Tokyo.
BACK IN EUROPE
Back in Europe: for the first several years of the war, the Soviet army was pretty much
fighting the Germans single-handedly, losing 20 million people in the process but
shouldering the brunt of the German army. Without the Soviet sacrifices, Hitler would have
been far more formidable when the US came to face him.
In the early years of the war, the Allies attacked in Northern Africa and Italy, while the
Russians counterattacked and were able to regain much of the land they had lost earlier in
Hitler’s blitzkrieg. This shows how both Britain and the US were still reluctant to engage
Germany in a frontal assault.
The Tehran Conference is held in Iran in 1944 and Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet
and agree to make simultaneous attacks on Germany.
June 6, 1944 – D-Day (Operation Overlord) begins, and the largest amphibious assault in
the history of mankind was made on the beaches of Normandy, France. 20,000 US soldiers
perished the attempt, but the battle was considered a success. Dwight D. Eisenhower was
in command of Allied forces in Europe.
o The night of June 5th, the 101st Airborne Division dropped behind
enemy lines using chutes and gliders to disrupt the Germans before the
beach assault.
August 1944 – US forces liberated Paris
December 16, 1944 – In the woods around Bastogne, France, the Nazis launch a massive
counterattack in what would be called the Battle of the Bulge. For ten days Hitler’s forces
penetrated Allied lines, until finally they were stopped by the frostbitten and poorly
equipped 101st Airborne.
US, British, and Soviet forces work their way towards Berlin and begin to encounter Nazi
concentration camps. Prior to this, their existence had been only rumored.
FDR died of a brain hemorrhage on April 12, 1945.
Adolf Hitler shot himself in a bunker on April 30, 1945
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May 7, 1945 – less than a year after the US becomes involved in Germany, Nazi forces
surrender and the next day was celebrated as V-E Day (Victory in Europe).
THE PACIFIC WINDS DOWN BETWEEN 1944 AND 1945
The remaining elements of the Japanese fleet are destroyed at the Battle of Leyte Gulf
82,000 people die in the firebombing of Tokyo on March 9-10, 1945, showing that
conventional bombing isn’t necessarily more humane than nuclear; just takes more bombs.
March 1945 – the island of Iwo-Jima is captured despite an almost fanatical defense by
the Japanese. At the end of the 25 day assault, 212 Japanese soldiers are taken captive out
of the 22,000 stationed there. *Famous flag-raising picture taken during this battle*
April and May, 1945 – The Battle of Okinawa becomes the last major battle of the
Pacific. It is the largest sea-land-air battle in history.
At the Potsdam Conference, the US demanded that Japan “surrender or be destroyed.”
Japanese leaders, oblivious to the nuclear weapons were about to unleash, choose not to
surrender, expecting a ground invasion just like Normandy.
o A ground invasion of Japan was actually planned with Operation Downfall, but
the plan was never followed to fruition because of the nukes.
o Throughout the war, a secret government project at the Los Alamos National
Laboratory in New Mexico called the Manhattan Project had been underway,
which was aimed at utilizing the power of a nuclear fission reaction.
August 6, 1945 – Harry Truman ordered the dropping of the atomic bomb on the
“virgin target” of Hiroshima. Around 80,000 people were killed instantly, with many
more succumbing after the fact. The largest single attack on civilians in human history.
Three days later, a bomb was dropped on Nagasaki and 40,000 perish in the initial blast.
September 2, 1945 – 6 years and a day after it started, WWII ended when Japanese
forces surrendered aboard the USS Missouri, a survivor of Pearl Harbor 4 years before.
This day becomes known as V-J Day (victory in Japan)
THE WAR AT HOME
WWII showed the manufacturing power of the US, as we were able to churn out
thousands of cars, trucks, and planes, hundreds of ships, and millions of rifles. With the
bulk of America’s male workforce off fighting the war, alternate sources of labor had to be
found.
Rosy the Riveter – movement that encouraged women to work in the factories
supplying their husbands who were off fighting in the Pacific and in Europe. Got women
out of the house and into the workplace. Opened the door for further advancements of
women’s rights by organizations like NOW, headed by Betty Friedan.
Bracero Program – program that brought in Mexican laborers to work in the factories
as well. Better pay and more jobs available. Started a huge migration of immigrants that
has continued to this day.
The War Production Board rationed gasoline and enforced a national speed limit to
save tires after the Japanese seized rubber supplied in the South Pacific.
EFFECTS OF THE WAR
The USA becomes a superpwner superpower
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The USA is the only nation that comes out of the war in better shape that when it went
in. Basically the Great Depression was truly ended by the massive production required for
the war effort.
As a result of the success of the military-industrial complex and the jobs it created,
many of the New Deal’s alphabet programs were abandoned, including the CCC.
After the war, the USA had a massive military with which power can be projected
around the world. The success of this “interference” in the affairs of foreign nations
showed Americans that intervening in the future might work out as well, thus setting the
stage for conflicts like Korea and Vietnam.
THE COLD WAR BEGINS
Feb 1945 – At the Yalta Conference, Germany is split up between the Soviets and the
Allies, with France, Britain, Russia, and the USA each getting one fourth of the country.
This basically sets the line between Eastern and Western Germany.
The Marshall Plan basically provided billions of dollars to help rebuild Germany’s
economy and ensure that another Hitler could not rise to power because of the
downtrodden German people needing someone to get them out of poverty.
The only two superpowers left in the world were the US and the USSR. With the threat
of Hitler gone, the two countries became less cooperative.
1948 – NATO was formed, and the Western world banded together to stave off
Communism. The Warsaw Pact was a similar alliance of Communist countries, mostly in
Eastern Europe.
1949 – Soviet forces blockaded land routes into Berlin and attempted to starve America
out of Germany, but we responded with the Berlin Airlift, which kept West Berlin alive
through this period.
The United Nations is founded in 1945, and the US Senate’s landslide approval shows
how the isolationism that kept us out of the League of Nations is a thing of the past.
LIFE GETS BETTER AT HOME
With the development of mechanized cotton picking, many blacks left the south to look
for work elsewhere. They saw an improvement in treatment as a result of the war where
they fought in hopes of ending oppression.
Women also found improved freedom and independence from entering the workplace.
Returning soldiers stimulated a baby boom that is still felt today.
After the war, the majority of Americans were part of the middle class, and the US
entered an unprecedented era of prosperity
The GI Bill allowed soldiers to go to college free of charge, thus causing education in
the US to skyrocket, as many people who might never have been able to afford that kind of
education now could, and had access to more careers.
DUDES TO KNOW
Franklin Delanor Roosevelt: only president to serve 4 terms, guided the US through the Depression and WWII
Adolf Hitler: Psychopathic dictator in charge of Germany and wanted to take over the world and commit genocides
Josef Stalin: Probably almost as creepy as Hitler, in charge of the USSR, Allies probably wouldn’t have won without his help.
Winston Churchill: Prime minister of Britain During the War
Dwight D. Eisenhower: Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, later served as US president
Admiral Yamamoto: Commander of the Japanese Fleet and mastermind of the attack on Pearl Harbor
Emperor Hirohito: Ruler of Japan during WWII, arguably ceremonial and controlled by the military
General MacArthur: Commander of the US forces in the Pacific
Harry S. Truman: FDR’s VP, replaced FDR after he died 95
and ordered the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
J. Robert Oppenheimer: Headed the Manhattan Project. Later realized the horrors and spoke against development of nukes.
Domestic Policy/Events: 1961-1980
Issues of the period:
- Economic recession of the 1970’s
- Energy policy, spurred by OPEC embargo
- Environmental policies
- Advances in Civil Rights
- Abortion, AIDS, Sexual Revolution
- Domestic Response to the Vietnam Conflict
Politics
1963 - Kennedy assassinated during parade in Texas by Oswald – Johnson becomes President
1964 - Senate begins cooperating with President Johnson to begin “Great Society” programs
which includes the 5 P’s: Peace, Prosperity, anti-Poverty, Prudence and Progress
1966 - Department of Transportation created
1967 - Nixon’s “New Federalism” returns power to the states
1967 - Twenty-fifth Amendment – Allowed VP who becomes Pres. to pick a new VP
1968 - RFK shot, Nixon wins election
1969 - Send Armstrong to the moon, demonstrating our superior space program
1971 - CREEP (Committee for the Reelection of the President) formed to help Nixon get
reelected, involved in illegal use of government power as well as the Watergate scandal.
1972 - Nixon defeats George McGovern (antiwar, perceived as a radical) in a landslide election
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1972 - National headquarters of the Democratic Party burglarized in the Watergate scandal
1973 - Spiro Agnew (Nixon’s VP) resigns after accused of tax evasion, replaced by Gerald Ford
1973-74 - Watergate hearings held by a committee led by Senator Same Ervin
1974 - Nixon resigns, Ford becomes president
-First president installed elected by congress
-Fully pardons Nixon and several others, accused of “buddy deal”
1976 -Carter (human rights advocate) defeats Ford
1980 - Reagan wins election over Carter
Civil Rights
1963 - Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I have a dream…” speech, march on Washington
1963 - Betty Freidan writes The Feminine Mystique, contributing to a revolution in gender roles
in America during the 1960’s
1964 - Twenty-fourth Amendment passed, outlaws poll taxes, which allows for more fair and
equal voting
1964 - Civil Rights Act of 1964 states that public facilities can no longer be segregated
1964 - The “Freedom Summer” in which blacks in the South (especially in Mississippi) denied
the right to vote were registered by civil rights workers, mostly college volunteers
1965 - Race riots in Detroit, Watts in Los Angeles, Cleveland and Chicago
1965 - Voting Rights Act enforces Blacks right to vote
1965 -Ralph Nadar's Unsafe at any Speed criticized poor construction and design of automobiles
1966 - National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, promotes car safety requirements
1966 - NOW (National Organization of Women) founded with Betty Freidan as its first president
1966 - Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) created, promotes civil rights by
ensuring quality housing and urban renewal
1968 - Civil Rights Act of 1968, prohibited discrimination relation to housing and protected civil
rights workers. AKA Fair Housing Act, passed in part because of MLK Jr.’s assassination
1972 - Equal Rights Amendment (27th Amendment) passed congress, calling for equal rights for
both sexes - wasn’t ratified by required number of states….supreme crt cases, see nxt page
Economy
1962 - Business leaders denounce Kennedy’s proposed economic policies, stop proposed
increases of steel prices
1968 - Beginning of steepest inflationary cycle in American history, cost of living triples in three
decades
1971 - New Economic Policy: wage and price controls to curb inflation
1972-75 - Period of recession
1978-80 - “Tax Revolt” begins with Proposition 13 in California, limiting property taxes
1980 - Reagan’s “Reaganomics” platform, reduction of taxes and spending, “supply-side”
(emphasizes tax cuts and business incentives) and “trickle down” (by aiding the wealthy,
prosperity will trickle down to the masses)
Environment
1962 - Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, exposes the harms of pesticides and other legal chemicals,
sparks the environmental movement
1970 - EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) established
1970 - Clean Air Act establishes air pollution standards, such as emissions ratings
1972 - Clean Water Act regulates discharges of pollution into US waters
1973 - Endangered Species Act requires government to protect endangered animals and plants
Energy
1973 - OPEC Oil Embargo skyrockets US oil prices (quadruples by 1974), as a result national
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speed limit of 55 mph is enforced, interest in alternative energy sources grows
1977 - Department of Energy created, which creates the SPR (Strategic Petroleum Reserve)
1977 - Severe oil shortage caused by OPEC decrease in production
1979 - Three Mile Island Nuclear plant fails, creates concern over the safety of nuclear energy
Effects of the Vietnam War
1962 - Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) gains fame with Vietnam protests, later leads to
creation of the Weathermen, a terrorist group)
1970 - Kent State massacre, “4 dead in Ohio” killed while protesting invasion of Cambodia
1970 - Jackson State students protesting are killed by National Guardsmen (same as Kent State)
1971 - Twenty-sixth Amendment lowers voting age from 21 to 18 so that those who can die for
country can also vote in it. This gives a huge college population a voice that they never had.
1973 - Military draft ends (largely due to the new voting population of college students)
1977 - Carter pardons Vietnam era draft evaders
Education
1964 - Economic Opportunity Act gives funds for vocational training, creates a Job Corps, creates
Head Start program for underprivileged children
1965 - Higher Education Act grants federal scholarships
1979 - Department of Education established
Supreme Court Cases/Events
1962 - Engel v. Vitale - rules that prayer in schools is unconstitutional
1962 - Baker v. Carr - requires appropriation of electoral districts in state legislatures
1966 - Miranda v. Arizona - creates “Miranda Rights” (you have the right to remain silent…)
1967 - Thurgood Marshall appointed as first Black Supreme Court Justice
1971 - Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education - ruling in favor of busing to achieve
racial balance in schools
1971 - Griggs v. Duke Power Co. - prohibited intelligence tests that discriminated against
minorities and/or women
1971 - Reed vs. Reed - outlawed sexual discrimination
1973 - Gideon v. Wainwright - State must provide legal counsel for defendants in felony cases
1973 - Roe v. Wade - states that restricting abortion is unconstitutional, bases on 1st amendment
Miscellaneous Government Programs
1961 - Peace Corps created by JFK, encouraging US citizens to help in third world countries
1964 -VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) created, domestic counterpart to Peace Corps
1965 - Medicare for the elderly and Medicaid for the poor, providing medical care, passed on
LBJ’s Great Society platform
1970 - OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Administration) created as a counterpart to EPA
1971 - Nixon creates the supplemental Security Income (SSI, benefiting the indigent, blind and
disabled
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Social Issues and Culture – 1945-1970
Fear of depression/economic boom
 Everyone afraid of having another depression after war
o Inflation up
o GNP down
 Economic boom – 40s to 60s
o Most families had two cars
o 1960 – 90% of Americans owned a TV
 Most of this prosperity due to military spending
 Family structure
o Failing
o Many people moved
o Dr. Spock – The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care – 1945
o Baby boom due to return of men – 50 million children
 Strains on social security
Nuclear Hysteria
 1949 – Truman announces first Soviet nuclear bomb has exploded
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 US explodes first H bomb in S Pacific
 Bomb and fall-out shelters built
o Underground cement bunkers
 Cuban Missile Crisis - 1962
o 13 days long
o Brink of nuclear war
 Loyalty Review Board
o More than 3,000,000 fed. employees investigated to ensure not
Communists.
 NY – 11 communists convicted for violating Smith Act of 1940
 McCarran Internal Security Bill vetoed by Truman
o Would have been allowed to detain suspicious people
 Julius and Ethel Rosenburg convicted
Media
 Nixon’s checkers speech to save his butt
 Ike = on-air question/answer broadcast
o Made to look live, but already set up
 McCarthy trials, war footage, riots televised
 Armstrong on moon – 1969
 Kennedy televised
o Good-looking
 Ozzie and Harriet and Leave it to Beaver
o Depicted women as housewives, although in reality they weren’t.
 “Televangelists”
o Billy Graham
o Oral Roberts
o Fulton J. Sheen
 Sports
 Horror of racism as watching black activists be attacked
Women in the workplace and growing suburban life
 1 out of 4 Americans lived in suburbs
 Levitt bros
o Invented cheap, similar, and close together floor plans.
 Marilyn Monroe
o Playboy
o Sexual freedom for women
 Economy stayed steady in 70s
o More women and teenagers in workplace
Segregation and Black empowerment
 Jim Crow laws
o Everything segregated in S
 20% eligible Blacks could vote b/c of poll taxes and discrimination
 Jackie Robinson
o Signed to Brooklyn Dodgers
 Nat’l Association for the Advancement of Colored People
 Rosa Parks/Montgomery Bus Boycotts – 1955
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 MLK Junior
o Southern Christian Leadership Conference
 Ike sent troops to escort 9 Black students to classes when kicked out by Orval
Faubus of Arkansas.
 Freedom Riders – 1960s
o Attempted to help end segregation, frequently attacked
o James Meredith attempted to enroll in U. of Miss.
 White students wouldn’t allow, Kennedy sent marshals and troops
to ensure he got to class.
 Malcom X – shot 1965
 24th amendment – no more poll taxes
The 60s – Vietnam, hippies, protests
 Kennedy – youngest president elected
 JFK
o Peace Corps
 Mostly youth = American skills to less developed countries
 Doves – peace lovers
 War Hawks – war supporters
 Youth rebellion
o Sex, drugs, defiance, etc
 1964 – UC Berkley – Free Speech Movement
 Dr. Alfred Kinsey
o Sexologist
o Published Sexual Behavior of the Human Male
 Manhattan Society – 1951
o Gay rights
 Students for a Democratic Society
o Underground terrorist group
 Weathermen
 60s overall = 3 P’s
o Population of youth
o Prosperity
o Protest of war
Presidential policies and attitudes of the era
 Truman – split Democratic party
o Fair Deal
o Wish to negotiate out of Korean War.
 Ike
o War hero
o Improved New Deal programs
o 1957 Civil Rights Act
 Kennedy
o Youngest elected president
o Charismatic
o Catholic, had support of Catholics
o Détente
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 Johnson
o “Great Society”
o Helped pass Civil Rights Act of 1964
o Equal Employment Opportunity Commission – less discrimination in
hiring.
o Dept of Trans., Dept of Housing, Urban Development
o Medicare – 1965
 Nixon
o Vietnamization
Court Cases
 Brown v. Board of Education
o Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson
 Griswold v. Connecticut
o Stopped ban on use of contraceptives
 Esobendo and Miranda
o Right for the accused to remain silent
 Engel v. Vitale
o Separation of church and state, no required prayers or bibles
Literature
 Michael Harrington
o The Other America
 Hemingway
o The Old Man and the Sea
 Steinbeck
o East of Eden
o Travels with Charlie
 Jones
o From Here to Eternity
 Heller
o Catch 22
 Vonnegut Jr.
o Slaughterhouse-Five
 Updike
o Rabbit
o Run
o Couples
 Cheever
o Wapshot Chronicle
o The Wapshot Scandal
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Social Issues and Culture 1961-1992
1. Suburbia
 Movement from cities to suburbs started with Federal Housing Authority
and Veteran's Administration continued. "white flight"
 Levitt Brothers, close together, cheap housing,
 By 1960 1 out of 4 Americans lived in suburbs
 Reinforced by 1974 Miliken v. Bradley court decision that desegregation
did not require students to move across school district lines,
2. Women's Right's Movement
 To get same social, economic, and political status as men
 Change of cultural belief from women's role to be mothers and wives
 Next wave of change since suffrage inspired by civil rights movement
 Gloria Steinem- founded Ms. Magazine, helped to found National
Women's Political Caucus and Women's Action Alliance
 Betty Friedan, first president of National Organization for Women (NOW)
- a feminist organization in the 70s
 Worked for passage of Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
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
Kennedy established first national commission on Status of Women 1961,
1963 report of employment discrimination, unequal pay, legal inequality,
majority of commission opposed ERA, equal rights already guaranteed in
Constitution
 ERA approved by congress 1972 as 27th Amendment, but by 1982 only 35
of the required states had passed it, therefore not ratified
 Equal Pay Act 1963, illegal to pay different wages to men and women for
performing the same work. 1963 female's wages in US 58.9% of men's
wages , 1995 71.4% of men's
 Civil Rights Act 1964 barred employment discrimination based on sex,
race, color or ethnic origin
 Economic Stagnation blamed on more women and teenagers in the
workplace
3. Segregation and Black Empowerment
 Jim Crow laws, in south only 20% eligible blacks could vote, due to poll
taxes, intimidation and discrimination
 Kennedy campaigned with appeal to black voters, but need of support of
southern legislature for economic and social legislation held him from
action
 1960 Freedom Ride Bus torched by mob in Alabama caused Kennedy
Administration to shift to aid Civil Rights Movement (freedom riders tried
to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers)
 October 1962 James Meredith escorted to class by 400 federal marshals
and 3,000 troops after he encountered violent opposition when he tried to
register for University of Mississippi
 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. in Birmingham, Alabama civil rights marches
 1965 Malcolm X Shot- he urged immediate action against segregation,
even violence
 24th Amendment removed poll tax
4. Protests, the 60's and counterculture
 Focus on Younger generation- Kennedy youngest president elected,
youngest administration
 JRK- the Peace Corps- youth bringing American skills to third world
countries
 "Doves" peace lovers vs. "War Hawks" war supporters
 1964 Organized Protest at University of Berkeley for Free Speech
Movement
 "sexual revolution" introduction of birth control pill in pill in 1960,
 sexual tolerance wanted by homosexuals - an attack on gay men by offduty police officers at New York's Stonewall Inn 1969
 Worries in 1980s about STDs slowed the revolution
 Students for a Democratic Society forefront of antipoverty and anti war
campaigns created terrorist group called the Weathermen
 3 Ps: youthful population bulge, protest against racism and Vietnam war,
apparent permanence of prosperity
 1970 after Nixon ordered Cambodian Invasion Kent State University Ohio
students respond with rock throwing arson, National Guard fired into
crowd, killed 4, other riots and deaths
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period of draftability shortened, 1971 26th Amendment lowered voting age
to 18
 1971 rallies and marches "doves" attempt to shut down gov. in
Washington by blocking bridges, streets and intersections
New Conservatism
 Partially a response to counterculture of 60s
 Evangelical Christian groups, Moral Majority who acted as political fundraisers and organizers
 Desegregation and affirmative action controversial, "reverse
discrimination"
 1978 Allan Bakke supreme court case, preferences in admissions could
not be given to any group, minority or majority on basis of ethnic or racial
identity alone, but could be factors
 (see court cases)
Cars and Oil
 Since major motor industries such as ford, cars became and increasing part
of American life
 October 1973 Arab nations oil embargo for US support of Israel
 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries formed, quadrupled price
for crude oil after lifting embargo 1974
 1979 OPEC raised petroleum prices after revolution in Iran, shortage
caused lines at gas stations or buying on specified days, Carter responds
with televised address with citizens being too concerned with "material
goods" and falling into a "moral and spiritual crisis"
Court Cases
 Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) struck down state law that prohibited use
of contraceptives. "right of privacy"
 Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) defendants in criminal cases entitled to legal
council
 Escobedo (1964) and Miranda (1966) right of the accused to remain silent
and other protections
 New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) freedom of press, public officials could
only sue if "malice" motivated defamers
 Engel v. Vitale (1962) and School District of Abington Township v.
Schempp (1963) against required prayers and Bible readings in public
schools
 Roe v. Wade (1973) legalized abortion
 Milliken v. Bradley (1974) desegregation plans did not require students to
move across school-district lines,
 Ward's Cove Packing v. Antonia and Martin v. Wilks (1989)- Court made
it harder to prove employer practiced reverse discrimination
 Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) compromised Roe's
 Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) ruled states could restrict access to
abortion as long as no "undue burden" on the woman, could require a
minor to notify her parents
1960's assorted literature, art, fashion, television,
 1693 The Feminine Mystique By Betty Friedan -best seller for new
feminist movement

5.
6.
7.
8.
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

art in the sixties influenced by modern age or future space age,
artists Alexander Calder, Helen Frankenthaler (desire to escape details to
interpret), pop art Andy Warhol
 To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
 Disillusionment theme of Catch-22 and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
 1963 Where the Wild Things Are controversial children's book by
Maurice Sendak
 Other books, The Silent Spring -Rachel Carson, The Games People PlayEric Berne, Valley of the Dolls- Jacqueline Susann, In Cold BloodTruman Capote, Unsafe at any Speed - Ralph Nader, Electric Kool-Aid
Acid Test- Tom Wolfe
 Skateboards, Barbie dolls, troll doll,
 Crew cuts, bouffant hair styles, plaid, miniskirts, long hair for some guys,
peasant skirts, granny dresses,
 Woodstock
 1969 moon landing televised, Neil Armstrong "That's one small step for
man; one giant leap for mankind"
 June 11, 1963 Kennedy Delivered Televised Speech called racial question
a "moral issue", called for civil rights legislation
9. 1970's assorted literature, art, fashion, television,
 1971 New York Times Published Pentagon Papers "leaked" by former
official Daniel Ellsberg, deceptions of Kennedy and Johnson
Administrations
 Sears Tower Chicago, Bruce Graham, Kimbal Art Museum, Fort Worth
 All the President's Men- Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, The Culture
of Narcissim: American Life in an Age of Diminishing ExpectationsChristopher Lasch, The Hite Report: A Nationwide Study of Female
Sexuality- Shere Hite, I'm OK, You're OK- Thomas A. Harris, Jonathan
Livingston Seagull- Richard Bach
 Annie Hall, movie inspired fashion trend women in traditional men's
clothing, Leisure suits for men, bellbottom pants, hip huggers, clogs,
 Mood rings, lava lamps, rubik's cube, sea monkey's smiley faces, pet
rocks,
10. 1980's assorted literature, art, fashion, television,
 Televised political debates, Reagan & Carter for 1980 election
 Cosmos - Carl Sagan, Fatherhood - Bill Cosby, Official Preppy
Handbook, The Cycles of American History - Arthur Schlesinger,
 Revenge of the Nerds, Stand by Me,
 Taco Bell, McDonalds, skittles, Nerds, Runts,
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Key Presidential Elections 1789 – 1896
(larger fonts are most important)
1789 + 1792: Washington
-Both elections were uncontested with General Washington the only candidate for President. -VP: John Adams for
both terms
1796: Adams - TJ
-Federalist Party: VP John Adams, running mate = Thomas Pinckney
-Republican Party: Thomas Jefferson
--Adams wins, but TJ receives more votes than Pinckeny and was elected VP
1800: TJ - Adams
-Democratic-Republican: TJ and running mate Aaron Burr defeat Adams
-Constitutional flaw – members of the Electoral College could only vote for President;
the VP was the runner up. As a result an electoral tie between Jefferson and Burr
occurred.
-Solution = 12th amendment, ratified in 1804; electors must make a distinct choice between their
selections for Pres and VP
1804: TJ - Pinckeny
-TJ easily defeats Federalist Charles Pinckeny, new VP = George Clinton
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-TJ steadily gaining popularity from 1st term; American trade booming because the French Revolutionary Wars in
Europe had been temporarily suspended and the Louisiana Purchase was heralded as a great achievement
1808: Madison-Pinckney
-DR James Madison defeats Federalist Charles Pinckney
-Madison had served as Secretary of State under TJ
-VP Clinton was also a candidate for presidency; this election was the first of only two instances in history where a new
President would be selected, but the former VP would serve (the reelection of John C. Calhoun in 1838 was the other)
-Despite criticisms of TJ’s Embargo (o grab me) Act of 1807, Pinckney lost and carried only a few votes outside New
England
1812: Madison - Clinton
-The election takes place in the shadow of the War of 1812
-DR James Madison re elected over Republican Dewit Clinton (the nephew of George Clinton)
-The Federalists supported Clinton, but Madison won handily
1816: Monroe - King
-Madison’s Secretary of State, James Monroe was seen as pre ordained to succeed Madison as president
-The Federalist Party in collapse – they made no formal nomination, though many supported NY Senator Rufus
King
-Still, Monroe won the Electoral College 183 to 34
1820: Monroe – no one
-This election was the third and last in which a candidate ran unopposed
-Monroe and VP Daniel D. Tompkins were reelected without a serious campaign
-The previous four years evidenced the start of the Era of Good Feeling:
--International tensions at a minimum with the end of the Napoleonic Wars
--The Federalist Party had collapsed, and no new opposition party had arisen to take its place -> the federal government
was single party
--The US had expanded: Florida Territory had been bought from Spain, and five new states (MS, IL. AL, MO, ME) had
been added
1824: JQA - Jackson – Crawford – Clay
-The Republican party splintered as four separate candidates all sought the presidency
--The faction led by Jackson would evolve into the Democratic Party, while those led by John
Quincy Adams and Henry Clay would become the National Republican Party, and later the
Whigs
-Since the 12th amendment, this was the first election to be thrown into the House of
Representatives, as well as the first time the president did not win the electoral vote
-The election was more a contest of “favorite sons” than of conflicting policies; the candidates
(except for Crawford) were primarily backed by different parts of the country – JQA in the
Northeast, Jackson in the South, Clay in the West
1828: Jackson – JQA
-Rematch between JQA and Jackson under the Democratic Party – Jackson wins
-Election notable for the mud slinging on both candidates
1832: Jackson – Clay
-Jackson is reelected against Henry Clay of the National Republican party
-The campaign revolved around the 2nd Bank of the US. Jackson vetoed the renewal of the
Bank’s charter and withdrew federal deposits. Attacks by Clay and Whigs did nothing as Jackson
convinced the population that he was defending them against a privileged elite.
1836: Martin Van Buren – Daniel Webster – William Henry Harrion – Hugh Lawson White
-The election was significant because:
--It was the last election until 1988 to result in the elevation of an incumbent Vice President to the
nation's highest office.
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--It was the only race in which a major political party intentionally ran several presidential
candidates. The Whigs ran three different candidates in different regions of the country, hoping
that each would be popular enough to defeat Democratic standard-bearer Martin Van Buren in
their respective areas. (Webster in New England, Harrison in the WEst, White in the South). The
House of Representatives could then decide between the competing Whig candidates. This
strategy failed: Van Buren won a majority of the electoral vote and became President.
--This election is the first (and to date only) time in which a Vice Presidential election was
thrown into the Senate.
1840: Harrison – Van Buren
-Van Buren fights for reelection against an economic depression and a unified Whig Party behind Harrison
-“Tippecanoe and Tyler, too” – the Whigs easily beat Van Buren
-Election unique in that electors cast votes for 4 men who had been or would become President: Van Buren, Harrison,
VP John Tyler, James Polk
1844: Polk - Clay
-1st election to see an incumbent President seek nomination and fail to receive it – John Tyler was
abandoned by the Democrats and hated by the Whigs
-Democratic nominee James K. Polk ran on a platform that embraced American territorial
expansionism, or “Manifest Destiny”
-By informally tying the Oregon boundary dispute to the more controversial Texas
debate, the Democrats appealed to both Northern and Southern expansionists and
-Polk wins a narrow victory over Whig Henry Clay
-Last election to be held on different days in different states
1848: Taylor – Cass
-Polk does not seek reelection – Whig Zachary Taylor beats Democrat Lewis Cass
1852: Pierce – Scott
-Democrat Franklin Pierce defeats Whig Winfield Scott
-Campaign platforms almost indistinguishable
1856: Buchanan – Fremont - Fillmore
-The Republicans crusaded against slavery, condemned the Kansas-Nebraska Act --Nominated John Fremont
-The Democrats took a laissez faire approach to slavery expansion, advocating popular sovereignty
--Pierce not re nominated by the Democrats, who instead selected James Buchanan
-3rd party, the American Party or “Know Nothings” ignored the slavery issue and won a quarter of the vote with Millard
Fillmore (the Whig Party had disintegrated)
1860: Lincoln – Douglas - Breckinridge – Bell
-Series of debates: “Freeport Doctrine” – people had the power, regardless of the Supreme Court
ruling, slavery would not exist if people voted this way
-Democratic Party Splits- Southern democrats preferred to break up the party rather than vote for
Douglas
--Nomination convention: southerners walk out and chose Beckinridge; remaining members
chose Douglas (for popular sovereignty)
--Some joined the Constitutional Union Party (Bell)
-Republican platform had appeal to every non-southern group, with the containment of slavery at
its core
-Lincoln = a sectional and minority president and was not allowed on the southern ballot
--40% popular vote (won because the democratic party was split)
-Lincoln’s election: South Carolinians rejoiced, now had an excuse to secede
1864: Lincoln – McClellan
-Election took place during Civil War – Confederate states didn’t participate
--“Don’t change horses in the middle of a stream”
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--Union victory was obvious at this point; Lincoln wins by over 400,000 popular votes
1868: Grant - Seymour
-Election took place during Reconstruction; three former Confederate states (Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas) were not
yet readmitted to the Union
-President Andrew Johnson not a candidate
--Republican: Ulysses S. Grant
--Democrat: Horatio Seymour
-With freed blacks voting in the South and with massive popularity in the North as a war hero – Grant wins
1872: Grant – Greeley
-Despite a split in the Republican Party (which made many Republicans support Horace Greeley) Grant is reelected
-After the popular vote, before the electoral college, Greeley died; voters for him split between 4 other presidential
candidates
1876: Hayes – Tilden
-Democrats: Tilden, Republicans: Hayes “waving the bloody shirt” was successful
-Tilden won popular vote, but was short in the electoral votes
--5 members each from the house, senate and Supreme Court were chose to solve this problem ->
gave the election to Hayes
-Compromise of 1877: promised to show consideration for southern interests, end reconstruction,
and withdraw federal troops from the South in exchange for Democratic acquiescence in his
election
1880: Garfield – Hancock
-Election of 1880 seen as a referendum on the Republicans’ relaxation of Reconstruction efforts in the South – no
pressing issues in campaign
-Hayes does not seek reelection
--Republican: James Garfield, Democrat: Winfield Scott Hancock
1884: Cleveland - Blaine
-Mudslinging and personal acrimony at an extreme level
-Cleveland becomes the first Democratic President since the Civil War
-NY the crucial state – causes Cleveland to win
1888: Harrison – Cleveland
-Cleveland received the greatest number of popular votes, but Republican Benjamin Harrison had 233 electoral votes
over Cleveland’s 168
1892: Cleveland – Harrison
-Cleveland = only person to be elected to non consecutive presidential terms, as well as the first Democrat to be
nominated by his party three consecutive times (only FDR would match this)
-Campaign issues: tariff, gold standard, labor
-Cleveland supported in the South and industrial Northeast
1896: McKinley – W.J. Bryan
-Republican: McKinley – maintain gold standard and protective tariffs
-“Silver Democrats” – Bryan, platform similar to populists
--coinage of silver (16:1), graduated income tax, condemnation of tariffs, monopolies -“Cross of Gold” Speech
-Hanna assumed he could make the tariff the campaign focus, but it was second to the free silver
issue (a religious as much as financial issue)
-McKinley’s election (Repub. grip on White House for 16 consecutive years) = victory for big
business and cities, middle class values, and financial conservatism
-Bryan’s defeat marked the last serious effort to win with mostly agrarian votes; the future of
presidential politics lay in the cities
Key Presidential Elections of the 20th Century
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1912
Wilson
Democratic Nominee
New Freedom
-called for breaking up
large corporations, rather
than regulating them
Didn’t like compromise
T. Roosevelt
Taft
Progressive Nominee
Republican Nominee
New Nationalism
-urged national
Little focus in press
government to increase
power to help society
Split Republican Party leading to Wilson’s win
1932
FDR
Democratic Nominee
“Happy Days are here again”
New Deal for the “forgotten man,”
goal of “experimentation,” but not
clear about what he planned to do;
repeal of prohibition, government aid
for unemployed, cut in government
spending
Hoover
Republican Nominee
Nominated without enthusiasm
Platform called for continuation of
his depression policies
Hoover had been swept into office in
1928 only to be swept out four years
later with equal force
African Americans’ votes migrate from the Republican Party to the
Democratic Party
Inauguration day: “the only thing we
have to fear is fear itself”
1948
Truman
Democratic Nominee
Democratic Party split;
States’ Rights Democrats
(Dixiecrats) nominated Thurmond
Dewey
Republican Nominee
Nominated without enthusiasm
First President in a long time without
a college education
Thought to be the winner by press;
Chicago Tribune prints “DEWEY
DEFEATS TRUMAN” election
night
Truman wins and congress is
controlled by Democrats again
1952
Eisenhower
Stevenson
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Republican Nominee
Nixon was the running mate
Nixon is left to the campaigning, and
when caught in slush fund goes to
public with “Checkers speech”
Plebiscitarian politics- demonstrated
the power the TV would have in
future decades
Eisenhower easily won; personal not
party victory
First time since reconstruction that
Republicans won some Southern
states
Democratic Nominee
Initially refused nomination
Hesitancy to run became fodder for
much political satire
“Let's talk sense to the American
people. Let's tell them the truth, that
there are no gains without pains.”
“Man with a Hole in his Shoe”
1960
JFK
Democratic Nominee
Catholicism was a major issue until
he told a gathering of Protestant
ministers that he accepted separation
of church and state and that he would
not allow Catholic leaders to tell him
how to act – encouraged Catholics to
vote for him and if he lost votes in
the south due to his religion he
gained them back in the north
Televised Debates between JFK and
Nixon created a positive image for
JFK and was the turning point in the
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Nixon
Republican Nominee
Tried to strengthen his position on
the ticket by playing up his foreign
policy work as Vice President even
though he came to congress at the
same time as JFK
Presented similar agenda to JFK
election
Youngest president ever elected
Victory based on majorities in New
England, Middle Atlantic, and the
South
Inaugural Address: “Ask not what
your country can do for you, but
what you can do for your country.”
President Eisenhower undercut
Nixon when he was asked what
major decisions the Vice President
had participated in making by
responding “If you give me a week, I
might think of one.”
1964
Johnson
Democratic Nominee
Used Tonkin Gulf episode to
demonstrate that he didn’t want a
huge war, and in turn implied that
Goldwater did
Goldwater
Republican Nominee
Attacked federal income tax, Social
Security, TVA, nuclear test-ban, and
Johnson’s Great Society
Aggressive “rightism” repelled
millions of his fellow Republicans
Media dramatized Goldwater’s
approval of nuclear weapon usage,
and exploited his image as a triggerhappy cowboy who would “Barry
us” in the debris of WWII
Landslide victory for Johnson
Voter’s choose him because of
fondness for the Kennedy legacy,
faith in Great Society programs, and
fear of Goldwater
Cracking the once solid south Goldwater
carried his native state, Arizona, and five
other states, all of them in the south
1984
Reagan
Republican Nominee
Drew support from groups such as
Moral Majority, founded by
Fundamentalists
Also appealed to people with his inyour-face anti-Soviet stance
Mondale
Democratic Nominee
Geraldine Ferraro, a congresswoman
from New York, was the running
mate
First woman to appear on a major
party presidential ticket
Criticized Reagan for his budget
deficits, high unemployment and
interest rates, and reduction of
spending on social services
Won all states except Minnesota,
Mondale’s home state, and the
District of Columbia
Broke apart the democratic coalition
of industrial workers, farmers, and
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the poor that had existed since
FDR’s time
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