Bio 1
Lab Practicum Exam #2 supplement to the lab notes
This is a supplement to your lab notes and your notes are the best guide for
studying- note that not all terms and concepts may be listed below!
Spectrophotometer
What does a spectrophotometer do? Describe the basic operation.
What is a blank and how do you make one and use one in spectrophotometry?
What is the relationship between absorbance and transmittance?
Describe the relationship between absorbance and the concentration of a lightabsorbing substance in solution.
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells
Identify the structures of a typical plant cell
Describe the organelles and function of each
Describe Elodea and Spirogyra under the microscope. Be able to identify the cell
wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm chloroplast, and nucleus
Describe what happens when you add Lugol’s solution to potato, banana and onion
cells. What are leucoplast?
What do carrot cell look like under the microscope? What are chromoplast and
carotenoids?
Identify the structure of a typical animal cell.
Describe the organelles and function of each.
For slides be able to identify Nucelus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
Recall Scientific Method…
Lab 8 Diffusion and Osmosis
Define diffusion
How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion? How does molecular weight
affect trhe rate of diffusion?
Describe selectively permeable as it relates to membranes. Define solute and
concentration gradient, chemical potential.
Compare hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions
Describe Osmosis. What is osmotic potential dependent upon? Define osmotic
potential and osmotic pressure.
Describe what causes plasmolysis in living plants. Describe the reaction of Elodea
or Spirogyra when NaCl is added.
Why did the solution in the osmometer move up the tube?
Lab 10 Enzymes
What is the function of an enzyme. Describe the active site and substrate.
Describe primary, secondary and tertiary structures of protein.
Describe the effects of temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate
concentration on the enzyme activity of enzymes. Use catecholase as an example.
Describe the chemical reaction in which catechol is converted to benzoquinone.
Where does the enzyme catecholase come from? What is catechol?
Be able to describe and draw graphs (label axes) of the above catecholase results
or any other enzyme reaction.
How is an enzyme (protein) denatured? What happens to the enzyme that is
denatured?
Why does changing secondary and tertiary structure affect enzyme activity?
Lab 11 Cell Metabolism
1. Define the terms: glycolysis, anaerobic, aerobic fermentation, Kreb cycle,
electron transport, heterotroph, and facultative anaerobe.
2. Describe the process of glycolysis, what are the products? Where does it
occur?
3. What is the final electron acceptor for aerobic respiration? What happens
exactly.
4. Desribe how to demonstrate carbon dioxide and ethanol production during
fermentation. List the requirements for fermentation to occur. Where and
when does it occur? What are the products?
5. Describe how DPIP can be used to study a reaction in which hydrogen is
transferred from one compound to another.
6. List the requirements for the Kreb’s cycle reaction in which succinate is
transformed to fumarate. (when does Kreb’s cycle and electron transport
occur?)
7. Describe how FAD functions as a coenzyme with succinic dehydrogenase.
What is reduced and what is oxidized in the reaction?
8. How does malonate act as a competitive inhibitor of succinic
dehydrogenase? What affect does the amount of substrate have on an
inhibitor?
9. Compare competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.
10.What are the products of cell respiration?
Lab 9
Mitosis
Know the events of Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis.
G1, S and G2, cell division
DNA replication.
Identify organelles of the cell that aid in cell division.
What is a chromatid? What is a chromosome? What is a centromere? Homologous
pairs, gene, allele, loci
Phases of the cell cycle in the onion root tip and approximate % time spent in
each.
Identify models/slides in each phase of cell divison.
Meiosis Handout (reference lab 13 in lab book)
Know the events of Interphase, Meiosis and cytokinesis
Describe each phase of meiosis I and II
What is a Tetrad and crossover? When does this occur?
Briefly describe how cells are able to increase diversity in the genetic makeup of
gametes.
Understand Independent assortment and segregation
Homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, Linked and unlinked genes.
Lab 15- Human genetics
Traits and karyotyping handout
Be able to Identify the karyotypes presented in lab and their general phenotypes.
Define terms presented in handout and be able to use them appropriately
Genetic I- Monohybrid cross
Be able to workout any problem in the worksheets
Define terms presented in handout and be able to use them appropriately
Genetic II- Dihybrid cross
Be able to workout any problem in the worksheets
Define terms, symbols presented in handout and be able to use them
appropriately
Genetic III - Pedigree
Be able to workout any problem in the worksheets
Define terms, legends, Mode of inheritance presented in handout and be able to
use them appropriately