Muscle Tissue
Chapter 10
1) Muscle Tissue
a) Muscle is one of the 4 primary types of tissue.
b) It is subdivided into _____________, _____________and _____________muscle
2) Skeletal Muscle Tissue
a) The 5 functions of skeletal muscles are:
i) To produce skeletal _____________.
ii) To maintain _____________and body _____________.
iii) To support soft _____________.
iv) To guard the _____________and _____________of the body.
v) To maintain body _____________.
3) Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
a) Organization of Connective Tissues
i) Muscles have 3 layers of connective
tissues
(1) _____________
(2) _____________
(3) _____________
(4) the endomysium, perimysium and
epimysium come together to form a
tendon (a bundle) or an _____________ (a sheet).
b) Skeletal Muscle Fibers
i) Long fibers develop through the fusion
of _____________cells (_____________)
until they become very large and
contain hundreds of _____________
ii) The 2 types of myofilaments are:
(1) thin filaments: made of the protein
_____________,
(2) thick filaments: made of the protein _____________
c) Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
i) involved in _____________the action
potential to the _____________
ii) Triad
(1) Terminal _____________
(2) T _____________
4) Striated
a) thin filaments (_____________)
i) Thin filaments contain 4 proteins
(1) F _____________ (2 twisted rows of
globular _____________. Active
sites on G actin strands bind to
myosin.)
(2) _____________ (holds F actin
strands together)
(3) _____________ (a double strand, prevents actin-myosin interaction)
(4) _____________ (a globular protein,
binds tropomyosin to G actin,
controlled by Ca++)
b) Thick Filaments
i) Twisted _____________subunits.
ii) The tail binds to other
_____________molecules.
iii) The free head, made of 2 __________________________subunits
5) Sliding Filaments and Muscle Contraction
a) The thin filaments of the _____________slide
toward the M line, in between the thick
filaments. This is called the _____________
filament _____________. The width of the A
zone stays the _____________, but the Z lines
move _____________together.
b) The Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity
i) Neural stimulation occurs at the
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
(1) _____________ (ACh)
(2) __________________________ or AChE
ii) Excitation - Contraction Coupling
(1) The Contraction Cycle has 5 steps:
(a) _____________of active sites
(b) _____________of cross-bridges
(c) _____________of myosin heads
(d) _____________of cross-bridges
(e) _____________of myosin
6) Relaxation
a) Since _____________ quickly breaks
down _____________, the duration of
a contraction depends on:
i) the duration of the
__________________________
ii) the number of free _____________ions in the _____________
iii) the _____________of _____________
b) Key
i) Skeletal muscle fibers shorten as thin filaments interact with thick filaments and
sliding occurs.
ii) The trigger for contraction is the appearance of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm;
the calcium ions are released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum when the muscle fiber is
stimulated by the associated motor neuron.
iii) Contraction is an active process; relaxation and return to resting length is entirely
passive.
7) Tension Production by Muscle Fibers
a) _____________ principal
i) Tension produced by the contraction of an individual muscle fiber can _____________
b) Length-Tension Relationships
i) There is an _____________amount of
overlap to produce the greatest
amount of _____________
c) Frequency of Stimulation
i) A single neural stimulation produces
a single contraction or twitch which
lasts about _____________ milliseconds.
ii) _____________muscular contractions require many repeated _____________
d) Twitches are divided into 3 phases
i) The _____________period before contraction. The action potential moves through the
sarcolemma, causing calcium ions to be _____________.
ii) The _____________phase: Calcium ions bind to _____________, tension builds to a
peak.
iii) The _____________phase: Calcium levels fall, active sites are _____________, and
tension _____________to resting levels.
e) Twitch types
i) _____________
ii) _____________of twitches
iii) Incomplete _____________
iv) Complete _____________
8)
8) Tension Production by Skeletal Muscles
a) The amount of tension a whole muscle can produce depends on:
i) The __________________________produced by the muscle fibers
ii) The external tension the muscle fibers exert on their elastic _____________fibers
(series elastic elements such as tendons)
iii) The _____________number of muscle fibers _____________
9) 2 basic patterns of muscle tension:
a) _____________ contraction
b) _____________ contraction.
10) Muscle Relaxation and Return to Resting Length
a) _____________forces are the pull of the elastic elements returning to normal length.
b) Opposing muscle contractions _____________the direction of the original motion, the
work of opposing muscle pairs.
c) _____________can take the place of opposing muscle contraction to return a muscle to its
resting state.
11) ATP and CP Reserves
a) _____________is the active energy molecule
b) _____________ _____________ (CP) stores of energy in cell.
c) energy in creatine phosphate is used to recharge _____________to _____________
12) ATP Generation
a) Aerobic metabolism of fatty acids in the mitochondria:
i) the _____________energy source of resting _____________
ii) _____________ATP molecules produced per _____________molecule
13) Anaerobic _____________ in the cytoplasm:
a) the breakdown of _____________from _____________
b) primary energy source for _______________________________________
c) _____________ATP molecules produced per molecule of glucose
d) skeletal muscles store _____________
14) Energy Use and the Level of Muscular Activity
a) At peak levels of exertion, muscles can’t get enough _____________to support
_____________activity. The muscle then relies on _____________ for ATP.
b) The _____________acid produced by _____________, which would normally be used up by
the mitochondria, starts to build up and is converted to lactic acid.
15) Muscle Fatigue
a) Muscle fatigue is associated with:
i) depletion of _____________reserves
ii) damage to the sarcolemma and __________________________
iii) low _____________ (lactic acid)
iv) muscle _____________and pain
b) Recovery Period
i) It can take _____________or _____________for muscles to return to their normal
condition.
ii) Removal of __________________________to Glucose
(1) This removal and recycling of lactic acid by the liver is called the Cori cycle.
iii) Oxygen debt
16) Hormones and Muscle Metabolism
a) _____________hormone
b) _____________
c) _____________hormones
d) _____________
17) Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
a) _____________Fibers
b) _____________Fibers
c) _____________Fibers
18) Muscle Performance and the
Distribution of Muscle Fibers
a) Different muscles have
__________________________
of fast, slow and intermediate fibers
b) Muscles with mostly fast fibers are _____________ (white muscle) like chicken breast.
c) Muscles with mostly slow fibers are _____________ (red muscle) like chicken legs.
d) Most human muscles have _____________fibers and are _____________
19) Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy
a) Atrophy
b) Hypertrophy
20) Physical Conditioning
a) _____________endurance
b) _____________endurance
21) Structural Characteristics of Cardiac Tissue
a) are _____________
b) have a _____________nucleus
c) have short, wide T tubules and no _____________
d) have SR with no __________________________
e) are aerobic (high in _____________and _____________)
f) have specialized contact points called _____________discs
22) Functional Characteristics of Cardiac Tissue
a) _____________
b) variable _____________tension
c) prevention of wave _____________and _____________contractions
d) extended _____________time
23) Structural Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Tissue
a) are _____________and slender
b) are _____________shaped, with a single, central nucleus
c) have no T tubules, _____________or _____________
d) have scattered myosin fibers, with _____________heads per _____________filament
e) have _____________filaments attached to _____________bodies
f) transmit _____________force from cell to cell through _____________bodies
g) have no _____________or _____________
24) Functional Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Tissue
a) __________________________Coupling
b) __________________________Relationships
c) _____________of Contractions
d) _____________Muscle _____________