Chapter 5: Seed Plants
Characteristics of Seed Plants
-There are ____________species of seed producing plants.
-All are vascular—this means they have ________________
for growth and for transporting _________ and _________
-Three types of vascular tissue:
* ______________ --transports water and minerals
* ______________--transports food
*______________ --makes new xylem and phloem cells
Seeds and Pollen
-Seed producing plants do NOT have to rely on ___________
for ______________________.
-They produce sperm cells inside ____________________
-The pollen grains deliver the sperm cells to the egg cells to
form the __________
-A seed is a structure that contains a ________________
inside a protective __________________.
How Seeds Become New Plants
-A seed has three main parts: an ___________(young plant),
_________________(cotyledon), and a ________________
(protective covering).
-If a seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable, the
plant sprouts out of the seed and _____________________.
Seed Dispersal
-Seeds can be dispersed (spread out through the environment)
in many ways:
*____________
*____________
*____________ to animals or clothing
*Being ___________ by animals and then released in
a new environment with the animal’s feces.
*___________________

Germination
-____________________ is when a seed begins to grow
into a new plant.
-Many stay _______________ until conditions are right
-Seeds need proper ___________, ______________ and
____________________ to germinate. Some need sunlight,
some need darkness. They use up their _______________
as they grow.
Plant Organs
-Plants have specialized organs for carrying out specific jobs.
-Plants have three main types of organs:
* ___________ * ___________ * ___________
Roots
-Roots take in __________ and _____________; anchor
plants in soil, store __________; prevent soil ____________
-Two types of root systems:
*_________________--main root is larger than the
other branching roots. Ex: carrots, radishes, and most
trees.
*_________________--many thin roots with other small
roots branching out. Ex: grasses and corn
Root Structure
-A root’s structure is adapted for absorbing water and
mineral from the soil.
Stems
-Stems function to ___________leaves and flowers; transport
_________ and _________; some store food (underground,
like potatoes and onions or above ground, like sugarcane);
some make food through photosynthesis (like cacti).
-Types:
*_________________--soft and green (tulip)
* _________________--hard and bark covered (tree trunk)

Leaves
-Leaves ____________________ and make food through
____________________.
-Parts of a leaf:
* Blade —large, flat part of leaf. It is usually the greenest
part and has ______________ for making _________.
* Petiole —thin ________ that connects the blade of
the leaf to the plant’s stem
* Cuticle —waxy, ________________ controls water loss
* Epidermis —(surface cells) thin, outer layer of cells on
______________________ of the leaf.
* Palisade layer
—(upper leaf cells)—tightly packed
cells trap the __________ in sunlight and carry out
______________________.
* Spongy layer
—(lower leaf cells)—widely spaced
cells allow _________________ to reach cells for
photosynthesis and __________ to escape into the air.
* Veins
—bundles of xylem and phloem running through
the leaf to carry _________ and _________
* Stomata
—tiny pores that allow _________________
to enter the leaf and ____________ and water vapor
to move out.

Controlling Water Loss
-___________________ is the process by which water
evaporates from a plant’s leaves.
-The stomata of the leaf controls the _______ of transpiration.
-The stomata can ___________________ to control how fast
water is lost.
Types of Seed Plants
-Two basic types of seed plants:
*___________________ *___________________
Gymnosperms
-Gymnosperms—vascular plants that produce seeds inside cones
-Seeds are _______ protected by a fruit they are formed
in __________; they later fall out of these cones.
-Leaves are ______________ or _______________.
-Most are __________________; keep their leaves all year.
-Four Divisions of Gymnosperms:
* Division Ginkgophyta
—ginkgos: deciduous
gymnosperms with ___________________ leaves.
Ex: Maiden-hair ginkgo ( ginkgo biloba )
* Division Cycadophyta
—cycads: ______________
gymnosperms. Ex: Florida Cycad
* Division Coniferophyta
—conifers: most are
evergreens with needle-like or scale-like leaves.
Ex: pines, firs, spruces, cedars, junipers.
* Division Gnetophyta —gnetum: most are __________
or ________________ found in the deserts of Asia,
Africa and S. America. Ex: Welwitchia
Reproduction in Gymnosperms
-Most produce both _______ and _________ cones.
-Wind carries pollen grains from male to female cones
(________________)
-A pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to the ovule.
Sperm cells swim down the tube and fertilize the egg.
A seed forms. (__________________)

-Female cones mature and open, releasing their seeds
during _______ or __________.
-Seeds that fall may be carried away, eaten, or buried.
(________________)
-When conditions are right, some seeds grow into new pine
trees. (_____________________)
Importance of Gymnosperms
-Gymnosperms have many important commercial uses:
*______________________
*______________________
*________________________________________
________________________________________
Angiosperms
-Angiosperms—vascular plants that produce _________
inside ___________.
*More than _______ of all plant species are angiosperms.
*Angiosperm means ______________________
*All produce _____________ and ____________.
*All belong to the Division __________________.
The Structure of Flowers
-Flowers come in all sorts of _________ sized and colors.
-All have the same function: ____________________

Reproduction in Angiosperms
-Pollen grains containing sperm cells are carried from
___________ to __________ (__________________) .
-A _______________ grows from the pollen grain to the ovule.
Sperm swim down the pollen tube and fertilize the egg cells.
(__________________) .
-__________ develop into seeds and the __________ becomes the fruit.
Types of Angiosperms
-Angiosperms are divided into two major groups:
____________ and ___________
Importance of Angiosperms
-Angiosperms are an important source of __________
for all life on earth.
-All of our __________ and ______________ are angiosperms
-Angiosperms stabilize the atmosphere by taking in huge
amounts of _________________ for photosynthesis and
releasing ______________.
-Other uses: ___________________________________
_____________________________________________

Plant Responses and Growth
-A plant’s growth response toward or away from a stimulus is
called a ______________.
* Positive tropism —grows ___________ the stimulus
* Negative tropism —grows ____________ the stimulus
-Types of tropisms:
*____________________--response to touch
*____________________--response to light
*____________________--response to gravity
Plant Hormones
-Chemicals called ________________ control plant tropisms.
*Example: ______________ controls phototropism
-Plant hormones also control ___________________, the
formation of ____________________________, and the
development and ripening of ____________.
Seasonal Changes
-The amount of ______________ a plant receives determines
the time of flowering in many plants.
-A plant’s response to these seasonal changes is called
______________________.
Winter Dormancy
-______________ is a period when an organism’s growth
or activity stops.
-Dormancy helps plants survive ___________ temperatures
and lack of ____________________.
-This process begins with the change of leaf color in the fall.
*Leaves stop making _____________ and other
pigment become ______________.
*____________ and ____________ from the leaves
move down the trunk and are stored for the winter.
*Leaves _____________ to prevent water loss through
______________________.

Life Spans of Angiosperms
-Three different life cycles of angiosperms
*_______________—complete their life cycle within one
growing season. Ex: _________________________
*_______________—complete their life cycle in two
years. Ex: __________________________
*_______________—live for more than two years and
flower each year. Ex: ________________________
Feeding the World
-World’s population: _____________________
-World’s population by 2050: may be as high as ___________
-How will farmers grow enough food? Possible solutions
include:
*________________________
*________________________
*________________________