Study Guide for Final A&P May/June 2008
1. Review the organization of respiratory system and know the structure in each
Conducting airways
Respiratory airways
2. Know the difference in right & left lungs and how the bronchi divide off to each
3. Know about the function & importance of surfactant
4. Know about the structure and function of the alveoli
5. Understand the changes that occur in the respiratory system as one moves from upper
airway to lower airway. Know the protective measures involved, muscle structure
& supporting structural changes
6. Be able to explain the process or changes in thoracic with inspiration/expiration
7. Review oxygen & carbon dioxide transport in the human body. How is it done??
8. Review the upper respiratory centers located in the brain. Understand chemoreceptors
& Baroreceptors for the respiratory system
9. Know what hypoxic drive is for both healthy & diseased lungs
10. Review the disease process of asthma, chronic lung disease, & pulmonary embolism
11. Know the functions of the GI system & its organs
12. Understand the importance of the structure of the small intestine (villi) & its divisions
13. Know the function of the large intestine
14. Understand the difference in segmental & peristalsis movement in GI system
15. Review the special cells found in the stomach that assist with nutrient breakdown
16. Know the entry point of nutrition for the human body & understand the function of
saliva (enzyme & where it is secreted from {glands})
17. Be able to state the function of the liver & explain its unique structured cells
(hepatocytes)
18. Pancreas is both exocrine & endocrine organ. Know the exocrine function of the
acinar cells, hormones they secrete & when & where they are activated
19. Know that the endocrine system has close connection to nervous & immune system
They utilize chemical messengers (endocrine = hormone, nervous =
neurotransmitters). Know the definition of hormone
20. Know the function of the hypothalamus & where it is located
21. Understand the structure & hormones secreted by the pituitary
22. Review what functions the thyroid gland does for the body (metabolic, cardiovascular
GI, neuromuscular)
23. Understand the essential for life hormone & where it is located
24. Parathyroid gland regulates serum calcium levels; calcitonin regulates calcium in
opposing function. State the differences
25. Know the endocrine cells of the pancreas & what they secrete
26. Understand about DKA & Hyperglycemic, Hyperosmolar Syndrome
27. State the functions of the renal system
28. Know the various parts of urine production: glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubules,
Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubules, collecting tubules
29 Know about the Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Know the hormones secreted from here
& their effects on blood pressure
30. Know the wastes secreted from the renal system & what should NOT be found in
urine
31. Know about the renin/angiotensin/aldosterone system
32. Know the 2 most abundant cations regulated by the renal system & understand the
buffers found in the renal system
33. Be able to identify S&S of urinary tract infection & renal stones
34. Understand the process of micturition