GRADE 9 Social Studies
Canada: Opportunities and Challenges
9.1 Issues for Canadians: Governance and Rights
General Outcome
Students will demonstrate an understanding and appreciation of how Canada’s political
processes impact citizenship and identity in an attempt to meet the needs of all Canadians.
Knowledge and Understanding Objective 9.1.4
 CH. 1 - Students will examine the structure of Canada’s federal political system
by exploring and reflecting upon the following questions and issues:
How are laws passed in the federal political system? – Pages 36 – 42
Definition/explanation – The Legislative Branch of the Federal government also called
Canada’s Parliament make the federal laws that Canadians must abide by. The Parliament is
made up of the House of Commons and the Senate. Parliament makes laws they see as being
beneficial to Canadians and in general that will make the lives of Canadians better. A bill
becomes law only after passing through a series of steps in the House of Commons and the
Senate.
• First Reading – Printed copies of the bill are made available and there is no vote or
debate.
• Second Reading – Debate and vote on the principle of the Bill. Member’s of Parliament
(MP’s) and Senators debate whether or not the bill serves the best interests of Canadians.
• Committee Stage – A committee of government members from all political parties
review the bill with the help of experts and other citizens who would have a vested interest in
the bill. Recommendations usually come from this committee and are accepted by
Parliament.
• Report Stage – Debate and vote on changes (amendments) to the bill.
• Third Reading – Debate and vote on the final form of the bill.
• Once the bill has been debated and possibly amended by the House of Commons and the
Senate, it is given Royal Assent and it becomes Law.
• The Senate and The Governor-General (The Royal Assent) have the power to reject bills
from the House of Commons, but this power is rarely used.
**First Nations people have not always been part of the decision-making process in Canada.
First Nations people continue to be excluded today as described on page 42.
*See Graphic Organizer for this objective on the next page
Graphic Organizer for “How are laws passed in the federal political system?”
Once the bill has been debated
and possibly amended by the
House of Commons and the
Senate, it is given Royal
Assent and it becomes Law.
The Senate and The GovernorGeneral (The Royal Assent)
have the power to reject bills
from the House of Commons,
but this power is rarely used.
Third Reading – Debate and
vote on the final form of the bill.
Report Stage – Debate and vote
on changes (amendments) to the
bill.
Parliament makes laws they see as being beneficial
to Canadians and in general that will make the lives
of Canadians better. A bill becomes law only after
passing through a series of steps in the House of
Commons and the Senate.
First Reading – Printed copies
of the bill are made available and
there is no vote or debate.
Second Reading – Debate and
vote on the principle of the Bill.
Member’s of Parliament (MP’s)
and Senators debate whether or
not the bill serves the best
interests of Canadians.
Committee Stage – A committee of government
members from all political parties review the bill
with the help of experts and other citizens who
would have a vested interest in the bill.
Recommendations usually come from this
committee and are accepted by Parliament.
What is the relationship between the executive, legislative and judicial branches of
Canada’s federal political system? – Pages 16-35
Definition/explanation – There are 3 branches in Canada’s Federal political system:
 The Executive Branch – Made up of the Crown, the Governor General, the Prime
Minister and the Cabinet. The Cabinet Ministers are responsible for a specific
portfolio (department). Under the Cabinet Ministers are government workers (civil
servants) that run the day-to-day business of that department. The part of government
that proposes and puts laws into action
 The Legislative Branch – Made up of the elected members of the House of Commons
and the appointed Senate. Also known as Canada’s parliament. The part of
government that makes the laws.
 The Judicial Branch – Made up of Canada’s Courts of Laws with the Supreme Court
being the highest court in the land. These rules and laws are set out in the Charter of
Rights and Freedoms, the Constitution and existing laws. The part of the government
that interprets and applies the law by making legal judgments
 The relationship between the three branches of government is ultimately a joint effort
to listen to and act upon the concerns of the general public. The general public has
different options in bringing their concerns to the government; they may approach
their senator, their Member of Parliament or a cabinet minister.
Graphic Organizer for “What is the relationship between the executive, legislative and
judicial branches of Canada’s federal political system?”
Members
Job/Duty
The Executive
Branch
-The Crown
-The Governor
General
-The Prime Minister
-The Cabinet
-Civil Servants
The Legislative
Branch
-Governor General
House of Commons
(elected)
-Senate (appointed)
-Also known as
“Canada’s
Parliament”
The Judicial
Branch
-Canada’s courts of
law
-Supreme Court is
the highest court in
the land
The part of
government that
proposes laws and
runs day to day
business.
The part of
government that
makes the laws and
represents multiple
perspectives during
debate and voting on
bills.
The part of the
government that
interprets and applies
the law by making
legal judgments.
Ensures no law limits
Charter rights
What processes are used to determine Members of Parliament (MPs) and Senators?
Pages 25-26
Definition/explanation – Senators are appointed by the Prime Minister. They can remain in
power until age 75. Prime Ministers tend to appoint Senators that support the PM’s point of
view. The Senate includes people from a variety of political parties as only a few Senate
seats become vacant at a time. Senators can remain in power when Prime Ministers and
government change as they are appointed.
-Members of Parliament are Canadian citizens, 18 years of age minimum and are elected by
voters in their riding or constituency. To become elected a MP must win the most votes. Not
everyone will vote for the winning MP as the winning MP wins by majority (50 + 1 %).
-A riding or constituency is a geographic area. It is the body of voters or the residents of a
district represented by an elected legislator or official
Graphic Organizer for “What processes are used to determine Members of Parliament
(MPs) and Senators?”
Members of Parliament
-Not appointed by the
Prime Minister
-Must be a minimum
of 18 years of age
-Voted in by citizens
that live in a certain
geographic area
(riding or
constituency)
-voted in by majority
of voters (most votes
wins)
-Are voted in during
federal elections and
by-elections.
Senators
-Appointed by the
Prime Minister (PM) not voted in by the
people of a certain
geographic area
- PM’s tend to choose
Senators that support
the PM’s point of view
-can remain in power
until age 75
-Are appointed as
Senate seats become
available
-Senators remain in
power regardless of
election results and
party standings in
federal elections
To whom are Members of Parliament and Senators accountable? P.25, 26 & Pgs. 28-30
Definition/explanation – MP’s are accountable to the citizens of their electoral riding. They
are also accountable to their political party. MP’s are accountable for all citizens including
those who did not vote for that MP.
-Senators represent the interests and rights of Canada’s regions, and especially Canada’s
minority groups. Senators are not held accountable by voters as they are appointed.
However, Senators have the responsibility to provide the “sober second thought” on what has
come through the House of Commons. The Senate provides balance by ensuring that all
voices are heard on an issue. Senators have the serious task of providing a voice to citizens
who do not have a voice.
Graphic Organizer for “To whom are Members of Parliament and Senators
accountable?”
Member’s of
Parliament (MP’s) are
accountable to:
-the voters who elected
them
-members of electoral
riding (constituency)
including those citizens
that did not vote for the
MP.
-their party leadership
Both MP’s and
Senators are
accountable to:
-in a general sense,
the people of
Canada
Senators are
accountable to and
provide:
-a specific region of
Canada
-Canada’s minority
groups
-political party
-citizens in their
specific area (region
or constituency)
-a voice to the people
of their region
-a “sober second
thought” to all bills
and laws that come
through the House of
Commons
-citizens that do not
have a voice
What is the role of political parties within Canada’s federal political system? P.20
Definition/explanation - A political party is a group of people who have similar ideas about
how to govern a country. Canada has a variety of political parties because peoples’ opinions
and perspectives differ on how best to run Canada.
-A political party starts as a group of people with specific beliefs and values. This group of
people then develops a unified and comprehensive plan regarding how they would rule and
what they would to make their ideas a reality. This is called a platform. Ultimately, a
political party represents people with similar values and beliefs
Graphic Organizer for “What is the role of political parties within Canada’s federal
political system?”
Topic
The role of political
parties within Canada’s
federal political system.
Details





The House of Commons is the major law making body in Canada’s federal political system.
The party with the most elected MP’s will form the government; the other parties form the
opposition.
The Prime Minister is the leader of the political party in power and head of Canada’s
government. The Prime Minister also has a cabinet which is responsible for different
government departments or portfolios.
The cabinet proposes most of the ideas that become laws.
The members of all political parties will debate, study and vote on laws proposed for
Canada, called bills.
Main Idea - One Sentence
The role of federal political parties is to be the representatives and the voices
of the people and constituencies that elected them to office.
What is the role of the media in relation to political issues? Pages 43-48
Graphic Organizer for “What is the role of the media in relation to political issues?”
The important thing about
The role of the media in relation to political issues
is to inform people about the impact government is
having on their lives.
The media also provides Canadians with the
opportunity to express their opinions and perspectives
to each other and to the government on issues that
affect them.
But, the most important thing about the role of the
media in the political process is to find the truth, to sort
through credible sources with credible information. The
media must also sort through the “spin” and the noise
of the political parties to find the truth for the general
public, so that they can make informed decisions.
How do lobby groups impact government decision making? Pages 49-52
Definition/explanation - • A lobbyist is someone hired by a special interest group to influence MPs
and government officials.
- Lobbyists must register with a Commissioner of Lobbyists, so everyone in Canada can know who
they are and who they represent.
- The Federal Accountability Act introduced rules that require lobbyists to document which MPs and
government officials they meet with.
-Lobby groups can include groups of people opposed to smoking and for protecting the entertainment
industry from illegal downloading of music and movies.
-Lobby Groups do not always agree on issues with the government and work to influence government
members to see their perspective.
- Different organizations speak directly to government decision makers, certain groups have financial
interests while others are motivated strictly by trying to bring about positive change to the region or
country.
- The Government, Lobby Groups and individual citizens bring their interests to the table and try to
come up with a way to work together and move ahead.
Graphic Organizer for “How do lobby groups impact government decision making?”
Topic
How do lobby groups
impact government decision
making?
Details
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They work to influence laws that pertain to their particular interest group or
organization.

Lobby groups also work to impose tougher controls and regulations for their special
interests.

Lobby groups will also sit down with the government and other lobby groups to help
find a better solution to the problems that they may be facing.
Main Idea Sentence
Lobby groups influence Government decision making, by meeting with all government officials
and trying to influence them to take up their cause or interest and also to find the best possible
solution to the situation that is presented by them.
Knowledge and Understanding Objective 9.1.5
 CH. 2 - Students will analyze the role that citizens and organizations play in Canada’s
justice system by exploring and reflecting upon the following questions and issues:
How do citizens and organizations participate in Canada’s justice system (i.e., jury duty,
knowing the law, advocacy, John Howard Society, Elizabeth Fry Society)? P. 32. Pages 76-80.
Definition/explanation – The legislative and executive branches of government make laws.
The judicial branch interprets and enforces the laws. The judicial branch consists of all the
courts of law. The judicial branch is separate from the other two branches. The highest court
of law is the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court judges are appointed by the Prime Minister.
Citizens can participate in Canada’s justice system by lobbying MP’s to change laws and
personally serving on jury duty. There are many volunteer organizations who participate in
the justice system by teaching others about our laws, working to make the laws fair, and
helping those accused of crimes.
• Jury Duty – One way individuals participate in the justice system is by serving on Jury
Duty. Each person who has been accused of a crime has the right to be judged by their peers.
It is the responsibility of a citizen to go to court if they have been called to Jury duty. They
evaluate the evidence presented to determine if the accused is guilty or not guilty.
• Knowing the Law – Citizens have a duty to know the law; a person cannot be excused
from committing a crime using the argument that they didn’t know the law. One of the
functions of the John Howard society is to teach people about the laws and the justice
system.
• Advocacy – Advocacy is active verbal support for a cause or a position. The John
Howard Society and Elizabeth Fry Society are organizations that are separate from the
government and work for the offenders in the justice system (courts) by standing up for their
rights. They also call for measures to improve the fairness of the judicial system. They also
help those who break the law return to society.
• John Howard Society – Organizations such as the John Howard Society and Elizabeth
Fry Society are run by volunteers and participate in the justice system by teaching people
about our laws, helping those who break the laws return to society, and standing up for the
rights of those who break the laws.
• Elizabeth Fry Society – Organizations such as the John Howard Society and Elizabeth
Fry Society are run by volunteers and participate in the justice system by teaching people
about our laws, those who break the laws return to society, and standing up for the rights of
those who break the laws. The Elizabeth Fry society only works with females.
Graphic Organizer for…
How Can We Participate in
Canada’s Justice System? 9.1.5
Individuals participate by
serving on jury duty.
Citizens have a duty to
know the law.
Every person accused
has a right to trial by jury
Ignorance of the law is not
an excuse for a crime.
Juries evaluate evidence
and determine guilt.
The John Howard Society
helps teach people the law.
Participation by
Individuals and
Groups in
Canada’s Justice
System
Courts enforce laws but
Parliament makes laws.
We can vote for MP’s based on
laws they support.
We can lobby our MP’s to
make the laws we want.
Advocacy is “active verbal support
for a position or cause.
John Howard Society : stand up
for those accused and improve
fairness of justice system.
Elizabeth Fry Society:
Volunteers who teach
about laws and help the
convicted return to
society
What are citizens’ legal roles and their responsibilities? Pages 47-52
Definition/explanation – The roles and responsibilities of every person in Canada is to pay
taxes and obey the laws of the country. Canadian citizens have the added responsibility to
exercise their right to vote in elections.
Voting – Every Canadian citizen 18 years of age or older has the right to vote. The citizen
must be registered with Elections Canada and they vote for a person, to be their local
representative at either the Municipal, Provincial or Federal levels of government.
Paying Taxes – Each person in Canada is required to pay taxes on a variety of items. For
example property tax, the GST, income tax and a variety of other provincial/territorial and
federal taxes.

Ignorance is not an excuse for not obeying the laws as set out by the country and/or
province.
Graphic Organizer for…
What are Citizens Legal Roles and Responsibilities?
9.1.5
Legal Roles
Legal Responsibilities
Vote in Elections.
Pay Taxes
Vote for the candidates who
have views about the justice
system and laws that you
share.
Know the Laws
Obey the Laws
What is the intention of the Youth Criminal Justice Act? Pages 54-74, Pages 81-82
Definition/explanation – The Youth Criminal Justice Act is for adolescence from the ages of
12 to 17 years of age. It ensures that these youth receive consequences for breaking the law
and opportunities for counseling and therapy. Also it ensures that adolescences do not
receive penalties intended for adults.
Objectives – prevent crime, rehabilitate and reintegrate young people into society and ensure
meaningful consequences and recognize the immaturity of the offender.
 The Youth Criminal Justice Act was passed by parliament in 2003, though there had
been laws in place to deal with young offenders since the 1890s.
 The offenders are judged on the severity of the offence, their personal history,
attitudes and circumstances surrounding the incident.
Youth Justice Committees – The Youth Criminal Justice Act incorporates First Nation and
Aboriginal traditions in its Youth Justice Committees. In the native culture, the offender
meets with an elder for counseling, healing and inspiration. Similarly, with Youth Justice
Committees, The RCMP, Probation Officers or Children’s Services workers refer youth to
the committees. YJC members receive files that contain police and victim reports, as well as
basic information on the young person and case notes. After reviewing the information,
volunteers meet with the young offender and a parent or guardian in order to find out about
the offence and the particular youth. After the meeting, committee members decide upon the
consequences that will be imposed on the youth. They often give the youth community
service obligations such as picking up trash or cleaning the home of an elderly person, but
may also include things like apology letters or contracts between the accused and the victim.
See Graphic Organizer on next page
What is the Intention of the Youth
Criminal Justice Acts? 9.1.5
Severity of offence.
For adolescents between
the age of 12 and 17
Personal history.
Provides counseling and
therapy
Attitudes and
circumstances surrounding
the incident.
Ensures youth do not
receive penalties designed
for adults
Youth Criminal
Justice Act
Young offenders are referred to the
committees by RCMP, probation
officers, or children services workers.
2003
Prevent crime.
Rehabilitate young people.
The committees are staffed by volunteers
Reintegrate young people
into society
They review files with police and
victim reports as well as case notes
They decide on consequences
such as community service.
Examples include picking up
trash , assisting the elderly,
and writing apology letters.
They meet with the
Young Offender
and the parents to
find out more about
the offence.
Ensure consequences are
meaningful.
Recognize the immaturity
of the offender.
Knowledge and Understanding Objective 9.1.6
 CH. 3 Students will assess, critically, the impact of the Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms on the legislative process in Canada by exploring and reflecting upon the
following questions and issues:
In what ways has the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms fostered recognition of
individual rights in Canada? Pages 94-101
Definition/explanation – The Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of Canada’s constitution.
The constitution is the highest law in Canada. It outlines rules for how Canada can be governed. The
constitution is very difficult to change. Therefore, inclusion of the Charter in the constitution shows
the importance of guaranteeing individual rights to Canadians. The Charter was designed to provide
a standard of individual rights across the country. Using the charter, Canadians can challenge laws
that they feel restrict their rights.
The rights and freedoms presented in the Charter include:
Democratic Rights: Includes the right to vote.
Fundamental Rights: Freedom to express opinions, choose one’s own religion, to organize peaceful
gatherings, to associate with any person or group.
Mobility Rights: Freedom of movement, right to emigrate or immigrate, right to travel
Legal Rights: Provide protection and processes within the legal system.
Equality Rights: The right to be free of discrimination because of race, national or ethnic origin,
religion, gender, age, or mental or physical disability.
In the Charter it states that all these rights are subject to limitations.
The Charter was adopted in 1982, as part of the Constitution Act. Before 1982, the rights of
Canadians were protected by other Provincial and Federal laws. Before 1982, there were
instances where the rights were missing or ignored.
Case studies:
First Nations and the Indian Act (p. 98) – The Indian Act of 1876 violated the traditional
rights of First Nations people. The act prevented them from taking political action.
Canadian Women and the Right to Vote (p. 99) – For 50 years, the Canada Elections Act
violated the rights of Women in Canada.
The Internment of Japanese Canadians (p. 100-101) – The rights of Japanese Canadians were
suspended during World War II. In 1988, the government formally apologized for their
actions.
Points for further discussion could include:
- discussion of the formula to make changes to the constitution
- court interpretations of the documents
- what are reasonable limits and who decides the limitations
How does the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms support individuals in exercising their
rights? Pages 102-105
Definition/explanation – The Charter of rights protects individuals as well as groups. Canadian
citizens, permanent residents or persons legally present in Canada can file a complaint under the
Canadian Human Rights Act. Complaints may be addressed by either the Provincial or Federal
jurisdictions.
Case Studies:
- Always Open: 24-7 (p. 102) Until 1985, The Lord’s Day Act made it illegal for
businesses to open on Sundays. This Act was challenged and found to violate Canadian’s
fundamental right to Freedom of conscience and religion.
- Breaking the Communication Barrier (p. 103) Due to charter challenges by deaf
individuals, hospitals are now required to provide interpretive services to all clients in
their language of communication.
- Restrictions on Flying (p. 104) – In June 2007, Canada’s government banned certain
people from traveling by air for security reasons.
- Banning Junk Food Ads (p. 105) – Will advertising directed towards children be
affected by charter challenges?
In what ways has the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms affected conditions in the
workplace (i.e., issues of gender, age, race, religion)? Pages 108-111
Definition/explanation – There have been many issues in the work place relating to the violation of
human rights. Challenges to work place practices have centered around gender, age, race, religion,
dress, family status etc.
Issues of Gender: Issues of gender include: Equal pay for equal work, limiting certain jobs to
individuals of certain genders. Job availability and sexual harassment are also issues in the
workplace.
Case Study:
- (p. 109-110) A group of women and labour unions in Ontario challenged the Charter
when the Ontario government failed to provide “pay equity”. This group won the court
challenge and the government was forced to pay millions in back wages.
Issues of Age: Legislation exists to protect youth from being exploited, but not only youth face age
related discrimination. Forced retirement has been challenged in the charter and is an issue that faces
seniors.
Case Study:
- (p.111) In the early 1990s, a university professor challenged that the University of
Alberta could not force her to retire at age 65. The Courts disagreed stating that she had
agreed to retire at age 65 when taking the position. In 2007, the court agreed to hear
another case on this same issue.
Issues of Race: Discrimination often occurs in areas of hiring or promotion of employees.
Individuals are protected by the Charter to ensure that employment decisions are not based on race.
Religion: Individuals are protected by the Charter to ensure that their rights to freely choose and
practice their religion are not violated in the workplace. This could include hiring practices,
uniforms, holidays etc. Some famous charter cases include: 1990- Supreme Court decision that Sikh
police officers are allowed to wear turbans on the job. Catholic Schools are allowed to discriminate in
hiring only Catholic teachers. (This is an example of a reasonable limit as defined by the Courts.
Catholic Education is protected in the Constitution and the Charter protects this area of the
Constitution.)
What is the relationship between the rights guaranteed in the Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms and the responsibilities of Canadian citizens?
Definition/explanation – Rights can be a source of power to individuals in Canada. According to
Spiderman’s uncle, “with great power comes great responsibility.” This situation is obvious in the
Canadian system. According to the Canadian government, citizens are responsible for following and
obeying laws, voting in elections, expressing their opinions freely, caring for and protecting Canada’s
heritage and environment, eliminating discrimination and injustice, and helping others in the
community. In order for a free and democratic society to function, these responsibilities must be
embraced with the same zeal that citizens exercise their rights. These rights cannot be afforded to
citizens without the corresponding responsibilities. Our rights and responsibilities are two sides of
the same coin. They exist in duality or they do not exist at all.
Websites to explore the issue further:
www.settlement.org/sys/faqs_detail.asp?faq_id=4000343
www.cic.gc.ca/EnGLIsh/celebrate/rights-fs.asp
Graphic Organizer for “9.1.6 What is the relationship between the rights guaranteed in
the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the responsibilities of Canadian
Citizens?”
Rights and Freedoms
Responsibilities
Democratic Rights
To Vote. Be informed, To Respect the
results of elections.
Fundamental Rights
Express opinions freely while
respecting the rights and freedoms of
others.
Mobility Rights
Legal Rights
Equality Rights
Pay Taxes. Know laws of travel and
destination. Care for and protect our
heritage and the environment.
Know the Laws. Obey the Laws.
Participate in jury duty.
To eliminate discrimination and
injustice.
Knowledge and Understanding Objective 9.1.7
 CH. 4 - Students will assess, critically, how the increased demand for recognition of
collective rights has impacted the legislative process in Canada by exploring and
reflecting upon the following questions and issues:
In what ways has the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms fostered recognition of
collective rights in Canada? - Pages 114-116
Definition/explanation – Collective rights belong to groups of people and are identified in
Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The purpose of collective rights is to affirm the
identity of groups in a society which fosters the belonging of each distinct group.
 Throughout its history the Canadian government made laws that protected the rights
of groups of people in society. (Francophone, First Nations, Métis, etc.)
 As a result the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was created.
 British North American Act 1867 - Canada has been a bi-cultural, bilingual country
with rights for Francophones and Anglophones. These promised rights are still upheld
in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Graphic Organizer for In what ways has the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
fostered recognition of collective rights in Canada?
Definition Map
What is it (category)?
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (9.1.7)
Term
Collective Rights
p. 114-116
Comparison term
Individual/Personal
Rights
What’s it like (properties)?
Rights that belong to
groups of people that and
are identified in the
Canadian Charter of
Rights and Freedoms.
What are some examples (illustrations)?
Numbered Treaties
Canada negotiated with
First Nations which
promised First Nations
rights to education, health
care, reserves for the
exclusive use of First
Nations, hunting and
fishing on all lands at all
times, farming assistance,
and payments each year in
exchange for sharing their
lands and resources in
peace with Canada’s
government.
Manitoba Act established
Manitoba as a bilingual
province, with education
rights for Catholics and
Protestants, and Métis land
rights
Since the British North
American Act of 1867
Canada has been a bicultural, bilingual country
with rights for
Francophones and
Anglophones. These
promised rights are still
upheld in the Canadian
Charter of Rights and
Freedoms.
In what ways does the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms meet the needs of
Francophones in minority settings? - Pages 136-141
Definition/explanation – Due to the challenges and opportunities Francophones face in
maintaining their culture and identity; the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms include
specific legislation regarding Francophone people.
 Official bilingualism – Section 16-20 of the Charter establish French and English as
official languages of Canada, and the right of Canadian citizens to conduct their
affairs with the federal government in either official language. These sections also
establish New Brunswick as an officially bilingual province.
 Francophone education rights in Alberta – Because Francophone parents were
lobbying for minority language education rights under section 23 of the Charter;
Alberta now has 26 publicly funded Francophone schools.
To what extent does the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms meet the needs of
Francophones in Québec?- Pages 142-143
Definition/explanation – The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has specific sections
to protect Francophone identity that has implications for the province of Québec. The Charter
has a significant impact on freedom of expression and equality of rights. Legislation from the
past has helped shape those sections. Examples of such legislation is:
 Bill 101: Chartre de la langue française – This 1977 Québec law established rules
for protecting and promoting the use of the French language in Québec. It states these
reasons:
 French is the language that expresses the distinct identities of Frenchspeaking people.
 Quebecers want to make French the language of government and the
everyday language of work, education and business.
 After Charter – Continuing work to amend certain laws have been undertaken to
constantly meet the needs of Francophones in Quebec. For example, language
minority rights outlined in section 23.
To what extent should federal and provincial governments support and promote the
rights of official language minorities in Canada?- Pages 139-140
Definition/explanation – Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom protects
minority language rights for both French and English speaking Canadians. The Charter also
protects minority rights of other groups, such as First Nations, Métis, and Inuit, but do not
specify language rights. Any group is free to speak their own languages, but there are no laws
to protect or promote their use. The government does not have to provide any services in any
language besides French or English. (Education, politics, business, etc.)
How does the Indian Act recognize the status and identity of Aboriginal peoples?- Pages
134-135
Definition/explanation – The Indian Act of 1876 is a law passed by Canada’s government
that defines who qualifies as “Indian” with treaty rights. The act does not allow First Nations
to determine this status for themselves. They passed the law without consulting First Nations
peoples and it was aimed at assimilating them.
 Assimilation – a minority group being controlled and absorbed into a dominating
group. (i.e. Residential schools)
 It outlined the way First Nations people were to conduct their affairs, such as band
elections even though they had their ways of governing themselves.
 At times throughout history, the act restricted rights of First Nations people to travel
freely, to take political action, and to maintain their traditional culture (i.e. Dress,
ceremonies, etc).
 The Indian Act, although it has been amended several times, is still in use today.
How does legislation such as Treaty 6, Treaty 7 and Treaty 8 recognize the status and
identity of Aboriginal peoples? - Pages 117-133
Definition/explanation – The Numbered Treaties are laws that affect the rights and identity
of some First Nations in Canada. They were an exchange of promises between the people of
Canada, represented by the Queen, and First Nations.
 In exchange for sharing their lands and resources peacefully the First Nations peoples
were promised specific rights from Canada’s government. These rights included:
 Education
 Health care (Treaty 6, 8,10, and 11)
 Reserves for the exclusive use of First Nations.
 Hunting and fishing on all lands at all times.
 Farming assistance
 Payments each year
 The oral agreements made by First Nations and the written record of the Canadian
government disagree on key aspects of the treaties. For example, First Nations people
felt that the government was giving gifts of friendship to share the land while the
government thought they were buying the land in this exchange.
How do governments recognize Métis cultures and rights through legislation (i.e., treaties,
governance, land claims, Métis Settlements in Alberta)? - Pages 144-152
Definition/explanation – The Métis are people who are descendants of both First Nations
and Europeans. Their distinct identity is defined within the Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms. Their identity is affirmed by the formation of their own settlements, the inclusion
of the Métis in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and granted some of the same
promised rights (i.e. hunting and fishing) as the First Nations people.
 The Manitoba Act of 1870 – Due the Métis-led Red River Resistance the Manitoba
Act was created Canada’s parliament. This act established Manitoba as a bilingual
province, with education rights for Catholics and Protestants, and Métis land rights.
 Treaties – A formal agreement between two or more groups of people, as in
reference to terms of peace or trade.
 Governance – The act, process or power of governing.
 Land claims – Groups of people (First Nations) claiming disputed land as their own.
 Métis settlements in Alberta – Alberta has passed legislation that set aside land for
the Métis. It established twelve temporary Métis settlements, four of which have been
closed.
Knowledge and Understanding Objective 9.1.8
 CH. 5 - Students will assess, critically, how legislative processes attempt to address
emerging issues of immigration by exploring and reflecting upon the following questions
and issues:
What factors influence immigration policies in Canada (i.e., economic, political, health,
security)? AND To what extent does Canada benefit from immigration? - Pages 155-163
Definition/explanation – Canada’s immigration policies are guided by a 2002 law called The
Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. It determines who meets the criteria to become
either a Canadian citizen or permanent resident. Prospective immigrants are divided into four
specific categories: 1)Economic Immigrants – people who have education or skills that meet
the needs of Canadian industries and employment. An example would be a scientist with
specialized knowledge. 2) Refugees – people who are escaping persecution, torture or cruel
and unusual punishment. For example, a Rwandan citizen fleeing genocide. 3) Family Class
– those who legally qualify as close or extended family of people already living in Canada.
An example would be a citizen of another country who marries a Canadian citizen. 4) Other
– this is a broad category of people accepted for a range of other reasons, including
humanitarian and compassionate considerations.
• Economic Purposes of IRPA – To benefit Canada socially, economically and culturally
through immigration. The country expects that immigrants will contribute to the Canadian
economy in a positive manner. These individuals must apply for immigration and complete a
questionnaire that rates their potential to contribute to Canada’s economic well being.
IRPA’s purpose is also to promote shared economic growth in all regions of Canada.
• Political Purposes of IRPA - To enrich an already culturally diverse country, while
respecting multiculturalism and bilingualism, and to promote and support the development of
French language communities.
• Health and Security Purposes of IRPA – The Act is meant to allow immigration without
putting the health and well being of Canadians at risk. It seeks to promote Canadian values
and adherence to Canadian law and society. Another goal is to strengthen the social fabric of
the country by helping to ensure that families remain intact whenever possible.
*See Graphic Organizer for this objective on the next page
Graphic Organizer for “What factors influence immigration policies in Canada (i.e.,
economic, political, health, security)? AND To what extent does Canada benefit from
immigration?
The Immigration and
Refugee Protection Act
1)Economic Immigrants
2) Refugees
3) Family Class
4) Other
Economic Purposes of IRPA
To benefit Canada socially,
economically and culturally
through immigration.
•
Political Purposes of IRPA
To enrich an already culturally
diverse country, while respecting
multiculturalism and bilingualism,
and to promote and support the
development of French language
communities.
•
Health and Security Purposes
of IRPA
•
The Act is meant to allow
immigration without putting the
health and well being of Canadians
at risk. It seeks to promote
Canadian values and adherence to
Canadian law and society. Another
goal is to strengthen the social
fabric of the country by helping to
ensure that families remain intact
when possible.
How are changes to Canadian policies on immigration and refugees a reflection of world issues?
- Pages 166-168
Definition/explanation – Canada’s position and immigration procedures have evolved in
response to world issues. As incidents of civil unrest and war have displaced increasing
numbers of people, Canada’s immigration policies towards refugees have evolved.
•
Why are Refugees included in IRPA?
• 1) To save lives and protect displaced and persecuted people; and to give those claiming
persecution due consideration.
• 2) To meet legal obligations that Canada has agreed to under international law to provide
assistance to those in need of resettlement.
• 3) To offer a place of refuge to people in jeopardy of persecution, torture or cruel and
unusual punishment based on race, religion, nationality or political ties.
Graphic Organizer for “How are changes to Canadian policies on immigration and
refugees a reflection of world issues?”
•
Canada’s position and
immigration procedures have evolved
in response to world issues. As
incidents of civil unrest and war have
displaced increasing numbers of
people, immigration policies towards
refugees have evolved.
Why are Refugees included
in IRPA?
1) To save lives and protect displaced
and persecuted people; and to give
those claiming persecution due
consideration.
2) To meet legal obligations that
Canada has agreed to under
international law to provide
assistance to those in need of
resettlement.
3) To offer a place of refuge to
people in jeopardy of persecution,
torture or cruel and unusual
punishment based on race, religion,
nationality or political ties.
What impact does increasing immigration have on Aboriginal peoples and communities?
- Pages 173-174
Definition/explanation – One of the reasons for Canada’s immigration policies is to benefit
the Canadian economy. Foreign immigrants may be used to fill various jobs and vacancies,
but at the same time, Aboriginal groups are concerned that continued immigration will have a
negative impact on their opportunities for economic development. The Assembly of First
Nations passed resolution 49 in 2005, to ask the federal government to address their concerns
about this situation. They called on Ottawa to stop all immigration until the government
made moves to improve Aboriginals’ conditions regarding housing, education, health and
employment. To date, the issue is still not resolved.
How are provincial governments able to influence and implement immigration policies? AND
To what extent does Canada benefit from immigration? Pages 175-177
Definition/explanation – Immigration has an effect on the population of the region or city
that receives the newly arrived. All immigrants have the right to live and find work in the
province or territory of their choice. In order to ensure that provinces are able to attract and
retain enough immigrants, policies have been developed to help provincial governments
receive a share of people immigrating to Canada.
• Immigration Patterns - Where immigrants choose to settle has a direct impact on the
economic conditions of Canada’s regions and the cities within them. More immigrants
settling in an area means more jobs are filled and labour shortages can be addressed. For
example, in 2007, the cities of Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver accounted for 68% of all
Canadian immigrant settlement. That means the rest of Canada’s regions and cities must
divide the remaining 32% of immigrants amongst themselves. How might financial
considerations may make these smaller regions and cities more attractive to immigrants?
• Provincial nomination program - Under the Provincial Nomination Program, provinces
can nominate a percentage of the total number of immigrants that come into the country.
They may do this to address specific or regional needs for skilled and unskilled labour as
these shortages arise. Provinces may also be allowed to establish their own immigration
offices in other countries. Does this promote regionalization/decentralization?
Graphic Organizer for “How are provincial governments able to influence and
implement immigration policies? AND To what extent does Canada benefit from
immigration?)
Plus
-
More immigrants
settling in an area
means more jobs are
filled and labour
shortages can be
addressed
-
For example, in 2007,
the cities of Toronto,
Montreal and
Vancouver accounted
for 68% of all
Canadian immigrant
settlement
-
Under the Provincial
Nomination Program,
provinces can
nominate a
percentage of the
total number of
immigrants that come
into the country.
They may do this to
address specific or
regional needs for
skilled and unskilled
labour as these
shortages arise
Minus
-
The rest of Canada’s
regions and cities must
divide the remaining
32% of immigrants
amongst themselves
-
Provinces may also be
allowed to establish
their own immigration
offices in other
countries. Does this
promote
regionalization and/or
decentralization?
Interesting Information
How is the implementation of immigration policies in Québec an attempt to strengthen the
French language in North America? - Pages 177-179
Definition/explanation – Immigration has a direct and significant effect on the society and
culture of regions such as Quebec. New arrivals may not speak the French language or be
familiar with Quebec customs or traditions, an effect some believe weakens the social and
cultural well being of the province.
• Canada-Quebec Accord - To strengthen the French language and French-Canadian
society in Quebec, and in North America, the federal and Quebec governments reached an
agreement called the Canada-Quebec Accord. Under this agreement, Quebec is allowed to
have unique immigration standards and practices that other provinces do not. For instance,
Quebec can nominate a percentage of immigrants equal to its percentage of Canada’s
population. Quebec can seek out immigrants whose first language is French. Immigrants to
Quebec can also be required to send their children to French-language schools. The province
is able to refuse immigrants it feels would undermine the strength of French society and
culture.
• Francophone Communities Outside Quebec - The Canada-Quebec Accord has little
effect on French-speaking immigrants in other regions of Canada. To support these
communities in their effort to attract more French-speaking immigrants, the government of
Canada developed a five-year plan in 2006. Such initiatives enable cities and communities
like Edmonton and Calgary to establish programs to assist Francophone immigrants and to
maintain ties to their native language and cultures.
What is the relationship between immigration policies in Canada and the rights guaranteed in
the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms? - pages 169-170
Definition/explanation – There is debate among Canadians as to what rights and
responsibilities should be attributed to those going through the immigration process. Some
believe only those who apply for citizenship through proper channels should be considered
for immigration, or that Canadians should not be burdened with the expense of providing for
immigrants who they believe are trying to take advantage of Canada’s immigration laws.
Others argue that issues of persecution and punishment override these concerns and we have
a special responsibility to consider citizenship applications from these individuals.
• The Singh Decision - In 1985, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the 1976
Immigration Act was in violation of Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms. In this case, Satnam Singh was not allowed to appear on behalf of his immigration
application or to appeal its refusal by the government. The Court declared that the
Immigration Act did not allow Singh the right to life, liberty and security of the person, and
the right not to be deprived of these basic rights, even though they are granted to all
Canadians. As a result, individuals claiming refugee status in Canada are granted the right to
attend a hearing in person and are provided with the necessities of life while going through
the process, which is supposed to be conducted quickly and fairly.
9.2 Issues for Canadians: Economic Systems in Canada and the
United States
General Outcome
Students will demonstrate an understanding and appreciation of how economic decision
making in Canada and the United States impacts quality of life, citizenship and identity.
Knowledge and Understanding Objective 9.2.4
 9.2.4 Students will compare and contrast the principles and practices of market
and mixed economies by exploring and reflecting upon the following questions
and issues:
What are the principles of the market economy? Pages 191-195
Definition/explanation –
Economy - An economy of any country has to decide how to allocate the resources (money,
food, clothes, cars) because there is the problem of scarcity in every country. They must
make sure the resources don't run out, and that wants are satisfied.
Scarcity - The basic economic problem that all countries face. There are unlimited wants and
limited resources. Scarcity is the reason that nations have to set up economic systems.
Market Economy - This is the name of the USA's economy. It is characterized by three
things:
a) There is private ownership of resources
b) There is an emphasis on individualism.
c) Prices are set by supply and demand.
Private Ownership - Ownership of a business by an individual and not the government.
Individualism - Where interests of the individual are considered more important than those
of the state. The ability of individual buyers and sellers to make their own decisions in the
Market Economy of the USA.
By Supply and Demand - Prices are set by supply and demand. If there is a high supply of
products the demand will not be as great and prices will be lower. If there is a low supply of
products, the demand will be greater and people will be willing to buy at higher prices.
Competition among producers ensures that they will have to offer their goods at a reasonable
price.
See Graphic Organizer on next page
What are the Principles of the Market
Economy? 9.2.4
Details
Details
Resources are scarce.
Individuals own
businesses.
Main idea
Main idea
Must decide how to
allocate resources
Economies in
General
Private
Ownership
Can allocate evenly or
unevenly. ME’s chose
unevenly.
Owners are
motivated by profit.
Limited
resources
Main idea
Main idea
Unlimited wants
MARKET
ECONOMY
Scarcity
Individualism
Make regulations to
ensure competition.
Use taxes to provide essential
programs such as health care.
Main idea
Government
Intervention
Interests of
individuals are more
important than those
of the group
Individual buyers and
sellers make the
decisions.
ME deals with scarcity by
distributing resources unevenly.
Redistribute wealth through
taxation.
Opposite is public or
government ownership
Main idea
Set by supply
and demand
Prices
High demand and
low supply means a
high price
Low demand and high
supply means a low price.
Why do governments intervene in a market economy? Pages 196 and 197.
Definition/explanation – Government Intervention - The government usually tries to stay
out of the affairs of individuals in the Market Economy. They believe that private people
should make their own decisions, and that the economic questions should be answered by
individuals. Governments intervene for the following reasons:
 They make regulations to protect the common good such as imposing taxes on
products to pay for them to be recycled, and ensuring businesses list ingredients on
their products so consumers are aware of their safety.
 They collect taxes to fund programs and services that are essential to the common
good. Examples include things like public education, postal services, welfare
programs, unemployment insurance, and health care.
 Governments impose laws to ensure there is competition between businesses. For
example, it’s illegal for Oil and Gas companies to agree on a fixed price for gasoline.
Competition is desirable because it ensures consumers get the best products at the
best prices.
Why is Canada viewed as having a Mixed Economy? Page 191
Definition/explanation – A mixed economy has a mixture of public (government) and
private (individual) ownership.. Individuals and governments both make decisions about
what to produce. Consumers and governments influence economic decision making. For
example, Canada used to have a government owned airline (Air Canada-privatized in 1988)
and privately owned air lines such as West Jet. In general, the government usually controls
only the vital industries and services that individuals have not wanted to run such as our
railway system, our postal system, or power companies. Businesses owned by the
government are called Crown Corporations. Some of our past and present Crown
Corporations include Telefilm Canada, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Petro-Canada, and
Air Canada. The Canadian government also funds initiatives that promote Canadian culture
via radio, television, movies, and the arts (ex. CBC).
How has the emergence of labour unions impacted market and mixed economies?
Pages 212-217
Definition/explanation –Labour Union: An organization of wage earners formed for the
purpose of serving the members’ interests with respect to wages and working conditions.
Unions keep employers accountable for providing fair wages and safe working
conditions. Unions can pressure employers to make changes to wages and working
conditions through the use of labour action such as strikes, public information campaigns
and collective support of politicians and political parties supportive of their interests. In
extreme cases, labour unions can support each other in solidarity and a small strike can
become a general strike. Examples of unions in Canada include: Canadian Union of
Public Employees (CUPE), Canadian Auto Workers (CAW), International Association of
Fire Fighters (IAFF), New Brunswick Nurses Union (NBNU), United Nurses of Alberta
(UNA), Teamsters Canada (TC). Websites for further information:
www.law-faqs.org/nat/unions.htm
www.canadianlabour.ca
Impact of Unions in a market economy: In a pure market economy, the government
does not set employment standards for workers. Without government intervention into
economic matters, it would be up to the employees and the consumers to try and hold the
employers accountable. Unions facilitate the accountability of the employers. Unions are
frowned upon in a market economy because they can slow production due to strikes and
labor demands such as higher wages, lower working hours, benefit packages etc.
Impact of Unions in a mixed economy: Since there is some degree of government
intervention in a mixed economy, unions can influence change in the same way as in a
market economy but also through cooperation with the government. Unions lobby
governments for favorable legislation. Governments can also create legislation that is not
favorable to labour unions (e.g. Back to work legislation, essential services, forced
mediation).
What are some similarities and differences in the way governments in Canada and
the United States intervene in the market economies? Pages 197, 207
Definition/explanation –
Government
Canada
Intervention
Consumer Safety
Initiatives
Competition Laws
Health Canada Canadian
Standards Association
www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cpsspc/index_e.html
Competition Bureau
www.competitionbureau.gc.ca
Competition Act 1889
Environmental
Protection
Canadian Environmental
Protection Act 1999
Creation of
Labour legislation
Labour laws – Human
Resources and Social
Development Canada
www.labour.ab.ca
Policy directed by the ruling
Government and the Bank of
Canada. Government can
increase and decrease spending
through budget adjustments and
the Bank of Canada can make
money more or less available
by changing interest rates.
Economic
stimulation
Social Programs
Health Care
Old-Age Security, Welfare,
Child Tax Credit, Social Safety
Net, Employment Insurance,
Student Grants/Scholarships
www.hrsdc.gc.ca
Universal Public Health Care –
available to all citizens and paid
United States
Similarity/
Difference
US Consumer Product
Safety Commission
www.cpsc.gov
Similar
Bureau of Competition
www.ftc.gov/bc/index.shtml
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1890
US Environmental
Protection Agency
www.epa.gov
US Department of Labour
www.dol.gov
Similar
Policy directed by the ruling
Government and the Federal
Reserve. Government can
increase and decrease
spending through budget
adjustments and the Federal
Reserve can make money
more or less available by
changing interest rates.
Social Security Act,
Collage Aid, Food Stamp
programs, Welfare
www.hhs.gov
Similar –
however,
traditionally the
Canadian
government
tends to be more
involved
economic
stimulation
Similar –
Canada’s
programs are
more extensive.
Medicare & Medicaid –
Covers the poor, the elderly
Different –
Canada’s health
Similar
Similar
Ownership
for by taxes. Extensive access
and the disabled through
use of taxes. Limited
access.
Crown Corporations created to
provide essential services
(Canada Post, CBC, Via Rail,
Business Development Bank),
Canada has also sold off
corporation in the past (Air
Canada, Petro-Canada)
US Postal Service,
Tennessee Valley
Authority, Amtrak,
care is a
provincial
responsibility, in
the United States
it is a federal
responsibility.
Similar –
Canadian
government is
much more
active in
corporate
ownership.
How do the economic systems of Canada and the United States differ in answering
the basic economic question of scarcity? Page 191
Definition/explanation – In Canada, some resources are publicly owned and some are
privately owned. Individuals and government interact to make decisions about what to
produce. Consumers and government both influence economic decision making. Canada
is more likely to intervene in the ownership and distribution of goods and services.
In the United States, most resources are privately owned. Individuals make most
decisions on the use of resources. Consumers drive economic decisions by choosing
what to buy.
Knowledge and Understanding Objective 9.2.5
 9.2.5 – Students will assess, critically, the relationship between consumerism and
quality of life in Canada and the United States by exploring and reflecting upon
the following questions and issues:
What are the indicators of quality of life?
Definition/explanation – Quality of life is a measure of the general happiness of the people
in a country. Indicators of quality of life include education levels and institutions, quality of
and access to health care, the condition of the environment, economic elements such as
wages and prices of goods, the amount of free time or recreation available, religious freedom,
and crime rates.
Economic Indicators - This is a measure of how well off people are where money is
concerned. Wages and personal possessions, such as a home, car or stereo, are often used to
show economic quality of life. For example, the USA is the world's largest and richest
economy. However, there is still a vast range of incomes in the USA with many living below
the poverty line.
Social Indicators - This is a measure of how well the people get along as a group in a
country. The USA has some social problems such as racism, discrimination, inequality of the
sexes and crime. These problems are sometimes created because there are many people who
have lower incomes than others as a result of the Market Economy’s emphasis on
individualism.
Political Indicators - This is a measure of how much say people have in running or
participating in their government. As an example, the USA is a democratic country with free
elections and there are many ways to influence government decisions. Again the value of
individualism means that people want a say in the operation of their government.
Physical Indicators – This is a measure of how healthy the population is in a country. For
example, the USA has advanced medical care but the emphasis on individualism has meant
not everyone has access to it. The USA also has low death rates, low infant mortality, and an
impressive life expectancy. Canada has an excellent health care system that is paid for
through taxes that are supplied by a healthy economy. We have good medical technology and
good medical statistics. Physical indicators can also include the impact our choices have on
the environment, such as pollution and global warming.
Spiritual Indicators - This is a measure of the degree to which people can worship as they
please. There is free worship in the USA and Canada.
*See Graphic Organizer for this objective on the next page
Graphic Organizer for “What are the indicators of quality of life?
Social Indicators
- This is a
measure of how
well the people
get along
Economic
Indicators - This
is a measure of
how well off
people are with
money
Political
Indicators how
much say people
have in running or
participating in
government
Quality of life is
a measure of the
happiness of the
people in a
country.
Physical
Indicators – This
is a measure of
how healthy the
population is in a
country.
Spiritual
Indicators - This
is a measure of
the degree to
which people can
worship freely
please.
What is the role of the consumer in the Market and Mixed Economies? Page 220 - 247
Definition/explanation – Consumerism is about the relationship between buyers and sellers in
an economic system, and is a form of economic decision making. The decisions we make as
consumers can have positive and negative consequences for the quality of life of ourselves
and others.
Consumers usually argue that the prices of products are too high, and that quality is poor.
Consumers have sovereignty which means they have the freedom to buy products from the
producer making the best quality product at the lowest price. Prices are set by a negotiation
between producers and consumers.
Identity, Jobs/the economy, Advertising/ Marketing, environment, health and safety are all
factors that can impact consumer choices. Consumers can band together to either buy a
product or boycott a product (power of a collective).
Our consumer choices impact our identity. What we buy is sometimes an expression of what
we believe and what we value.
How does marketing impact consumerism? – pages 234-237
Definition/explanation –
Marketing - Marketing is the business of advertising, promoting and selling products or
services to the public and distributors. It involves many different types of media and
messages, including television, radio, internet, radio, billboards, and others. Decisions about
whether or not to purchase certain goods or services can be influenced by marketing. Some
would argue that marketing can artificially create demand, meaning that people may want
unnecessary products and services as a result.
To what extent do consumer actions reflect individual and collective identity?
Definition/explanation – Decisions made by consumers reflect identity. Canadians will
purchase goods that fit their belief and value systems.
Consumer Behavior/Actions: The most basic consumer action is the decision to purchase or
to not purchase goods or services.
Identity: Identity is the way we are perceived by ourselves and those around us. Our identity
is defined by our values, belief systems, and interests. It is influenced by factors such as
history and geography.
It is important to examine the correlation between the individual and collective values, beliefs
and interests as they influence consumer action.
Ethical consumerism: Ethical consumerism refers to value based economic decision making.
Consumers demonstrate social awareness through the purchase of goods. (eg. Fair trade, green
products, sustainability, animal testing, child labor, sweatshops, etc.) For example, a
consumer that values protection of the environment will make an effort to purchase goods and
services that promote sustainability and responsible environmental choices. They will also
avoid purchasing/boycott companies, products and practices which do not align with their
belief system.
When values and beliefs are shared by a group of people, the exercise of their collective
consumer actions can have a powerful impact on the sale of goods.
Example: National movements to support local, provincial, or national products. In 2003The Canadian Beef industry was at risk due to the BSE crisis and the resulting closure of the
US border. Canadians demonstrated their collective identity and supported the industry with
significantly higher than average purchasing of beef products.
How does individual consumer behaviour impact quality of life (e.g., environmental
issues)? - pages 220-232, 290-295
AND
How does consumerism provide opportunities for and limitations on impacting quality
of life? – pages 239-243
Definition/explanation –
Consumers – Consumers are people who use the goods and services produced to satisfy needs
and wants. Consumers usually argue that the prices of products are too high, and that quality
is poor. Consumers have sovereignty which means they can choose between producers and
buy products from the producer making the best quality goods at the lowest price. Prices are
set by a negotiation between producers and consumers, through the interaction of supply and
demand.
Consumerism - Economic theory concerned specifically with the purchase and/or use of
goods and services. Consumerism comes down to this: how much money do you have and on
what will you spend it? Your economic situation, then, provides both opportunities and
limitations for your quality of life.
Consumer behaviour and Quality of Life – Consumer actions and decisions can have
positive and negative effects on quality of life. They form part of the economic decision
making that determines how our society uses resources. For example, choosing to drive larger
cars with poor fuel economy will drive up demand for gasoline, affecting the supply of
petroleum and pushing up fuel prices as well as leading to more development of natural areas
for gas and oil extraction. From this example, negative economic effects are the increased
prices for fuel, and negative physical effects are the consequences that increased development
and use of fossil fuel deposits have on the environment. Your consumer choices can also have
a positive or negative effect on your individual well being. Choosing to smoke, use alcohol, or
eat junk food are all decisions that can negatively affect your physical quality of life.
How is consumerism used as a power of a collective (e.g., boycotts)? – Pages 244-245
Definition/explanation – Collective Consumer Action – Individuals making their own
economic choices combine to create demand. This means that these individual choices
together form collective, or group, decisions. In some cases this group action can also be
used to exert pressure or influence others, especially producers and advertisers.
Special Interest Groups – A special interest group is any group of people who band
together for the purpose of making their views known about or even for influencing change
in their economic, social, political, physical or spiritual quality of life. Examples include
MADD, NRA, Greenpeace, human or animal rights groups, and many others.
Boycotts – A boycott is a decision made by a group of consumers not to buy certain products
or services. It is a way that individuals can respond to issues and make their opinions become
more powerful by turning them into an economic statement.
To what extent do perspectives regarding consumerism, economic growth, and quality
of life differ regionally in North America? Pages 182-183. Pages 209- 211 & 220- 247.
Definition/explanation – Consumerism - Consumerism is about the relationship between
buyers and sellers in an economic system, and is a form of economic decision making. The
decisions we make as consumers can have positive and negative consequences for the quality
of life of ourselves and others. In some areas of North America, where the economy is
depressed (such as areas of the North Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada some years
ago, and Saskatchewan some years ago) consumers have less buying power. This lowers
their quality of life and further depresses economic growth. They often have no choice but to
move. In contrast, in areas with healthy economies such as Alberta, consumers have had the
money to buy goods; this increased demand and caused inflation.
Economic Growth – Is measured based on several indicators including the following: profits
made by trading and selling goods and services (G.D.P. – All goods and services produced in
country in one year), the number of people employed and making an income, and how much
money the government makes through tax collection. Nations with lower GDP output and
economies in decline value consumerism less because there is less money available to spend
(ex. Mexico). There is poor economic growth in some areas of the North Eastern United
states right now. This is because many of the factories were no longer profitable and closed
down, resulting in job loss. When people cannot find work, they are no longer able to buy
goods and services and this impacts every other business and industry. In contrast, Alberta’s
economic growth has been strong based on the high price of oil. With high employment
rates, good wages, and consumer confidence, demand has risen for goods and services,
resulting in rising prices and reduces supply of goods and services.
Quality of Life - A measure of the general happiness of the people in a country. Here are
some indicators that can be used to check how high someone's Quality of Life is: how good
is their education, how good is their health care, how clean is their environment, how much
money do they make for wages, how much free time or recreation do they have, how much
religious freedom do they have, and how much crime is there. Quality of life has a
connection to consumerism. When we are in areas of North America that have healthy
economies, consumers buy goods and this supports other industries. When we are in areas of
North America with weak economies, consumers do not buy goods, causing other industries
to close or reduce staff. This reduces consumer power further and the cycle continues.
What societal values underlie social programs in Canada and the United States? Pages
248 – 273
Definition/explanation – Social Programs – Social Programs are services provided by
government and paid for by taxes. They aim to reduce economic inequalities in society and
promote the well being of all citizens.
Examples of Social Programs – Health Care. Education. Affordable Housing Programs.
Welfare. Child Protection. Pensions.
The Canada Health Act – A piece of legislation that requires that taxes pay for services
provided by hospitals, nurses, and doctors.
Overall Taxation
Education
Canada
Value: Collective Good
USA
Value: Individualism
With higher taxation rates,
Canada redistributes wealth
to help those in need.
With lower taxation rates,
the USA redistributes less
wealth, expecting
individuals to provide for
themselves.
Value: Responsibility to all
and Freedom to some
Value: Responsibility to all
and Freedom to some
Welfare
High quality universal
education for all with some
funding for private schools.
Value: Collective Good
Health Care
Use taxation to redistribute
wealth to the poor. Greater
access and funds available
than in USA.
Value: Collective Good
The government should
collect taxes to pay for
universal health care.
High quality universal
education for all with some
funding for private schools.
Value: Individual
responsibility and partial
Collective Good.
Use taxation to redistribute
wealth to the poor.
Value: Individualism
The market and private
insurance companies have a
major role in health care.
Knowledge and Understanding Objective 9.2.6
 9.2.6 – Students will assess, critically, the interrelationship between political
decisions and economic systems by exploring and reflecting upon the following
questions and issues:
How do the economic platforms of political parties differ from one another (i.e., Democrat
versus Republican; Liberal versus Conservative)?- Pages 263-272
Definition/explanation – A political platform is the official position of a political party on
issues of importance. An economic platform is one aspect of a complete platform that
outlines how they will spend government money. (i.e., taxation, social programs, etc).
Platforms vary greatly between political parties due to differing values, beliefs, and
ideologies. Political parties formulate platforms by consulting their members so, platforms
reflect their members’ values and attitudes.
 Ideology – a well thought out and organized collection of ideas and values.
 Ex. - Since the U.S. has more of a market economy than Canada the U.S. government
is less involved in providing health care than the Canadian government.
Differing political perspectives
In the U.S. for example;
 Democratic Party – generally supports the idea of government involvement in
supporting social programs (i.e., health care)
 Republican Party – generally supports the idea of less government involvement in
supporting social programs (i.e., health care)
In Canada for example:
 Liberal Party – generally support rapid change, constant improvement of
government funded social programs (i.e., health care or child care) and providing
equal opportunities for Canadians.
 Conservative Party – generally support slow change, privatization of businesses, and
cutting taxes that contribute to government over- spending (i.e., health care or child
care).
How is a political party’s philosophy reflected in its platform? (i.e., social programs, specific
taxes, taxation model)?- Pages 248-272
Definition/explanation – A political platform is the official position of a political party on
issues of importance. A political party’s philosophy is their set of ideas and beliefs about how
they intend to govern. A political party’s philosophy is reflected in its platform by the issues
they focus on and how they act or make decisions surrounding these issues (i.e., programs,
amendments, etc).
 Social programs – are services provided by government and paid for by taxes that
aim to reduce economic inequalities in society and promote the well-being of all
citizens.
 Taxes – is a collection of a portion of its citizens income (Income Tax) or taxes
collected on the sale of goods (GST & HST) by the government, to pay for the
services it provides to citizens, such as social programs.
 Taxation model – government policies about taxation, such as what to tax, how
much to tax, and how to spend taxes.
 An example of how a political party’s philosophy is reflected in its platform is how
the Conservative Party of Canada has been cutting GST from 7% to 5% because
government funded social programs are less of a priority of theirs. They seem to
prefer supporting private ventures over collective programs and allow citizens to use
the savings in taxes to provide more for themselves however they see fit.
 Another example would be how the NDP Party of Canada widely supports social
programs because they believe in equal opportunities and collective benefits.
How does the underground economy impact the federal and provincial tax base and
social programs (i.e., tax evasion, black market)? Pages 258-260
Definition/explanation – The “underground economy” includes all economic activity based
on buying and selling products and services illegally. People can be viewed as part of the
underground economy when they work without paying taxes. The term “underground” is
used because it functions in secret from the government. Another name for the underground
economy is the black market.
 The “tax base” includes all the economic activity in a society which the government
taxes to pay for services. The tax base pays for the services provided by government,
such as social programs.
 “Tax evasion” involves not reporting your economic activity, so government cannot
collect the tax you owe. A person would be misrepresenting the taxes they owe.
 When people avoid paying taxes, health care and schools etc… become more
expensive for all people and the quality of service in turn is lower. If people paid
their taxes- their fair share- everybody’s taxes would be lower.
 Some people believe that taxes are too high because services are provided to everyone
whether they make responsible life choices. For example should non smokers pay taxes
that go toward health care to treat people who get sick from smoking? Should people
who do not have children pay taxes for schools?
Graphic Organizer for “How does the underground economy impact the federal and
provincial tax base and social programs (i.e., tax evasion, black market)?”
Topic
The impact of the
underground economies on
Canadian society is...
Details

This type of economy functions in secret from the government and the people involved are
not paying taxes.

The tax base pays for services provided by the government, such as health care, schools and
other social services. The underground economy or black market avoids paying taxes so in
turn the cost of providing these social services becomes more expensive for those people
who do pay their taxes.

Though there are some who will argue that taxes are too high, they are a burden and because
of this they force people to work in the underground economy.
Main Idea - One Sentence
The underground economy definitely has an impact, both negatively but also positively, on
Canadian society, our tax base and the cost of offering social programs here in Canada.
How do government decisions on environmental issues impact quality of life
(i.e., preservation, exploitation and trade of natural resources)? Pages 290, 294, 295,
297, 298
Definition/explanation – Quality of Life definition refer to section 9.2.5
Preservation is the strict setting aside of natural resources to prevent the use or contact by
humans or by human intervention.
Exploitation refers primarily to food production, minerals and timber from the natural
environment that has been extracted to an extent greater than necessary.
-Often the exploitation of nature and the trade of natural resources have been done in a nonsustainable way. This is causing increasing concern, as a non-sustainable exploitation of
natural resources ultimately threatens human existence.
-The decisions that the government makes regarding environmental issues can negatively or
positively affect quality of life in economic, social and physical ways.
-Government decisions can affect the energy choices available to Canadian citizens.
-Some examples of government decisions on environmental issues that impact quality of life:
 Governments can support public transportation initiatives that emit low-levels of
green-house gasses (GHG). Public transit, such as Calgary’s Light Rail Transit
(LRT), can reduce GHG emissions by reducing the number of people who drive to
work and school.
 The federal government has provided funds to boost the production of bio-fuels,
made from crops such as corn and sugarcane. In 2007, this drove up the price of food
around the world.
 By 2012, federal law will make energy efficient light bulbs mandatory. Consumers
will have only efficient light bulbs, such as this fluorescent bulb, to choose from.
 The federal government has increased investment in renewable energy technologies,
such as wind turbines and solar panels. An example is the McBride Lake Wind Farm
near Fort MacLeod, Alberta — one of the largest wind farms in Canada.
 Ontario has several nuclear power plants, including this plant — the Pickering plant
on Lake Ontario. In 2007, Alberta fielded its first proposal to build a nuclear plant in
Whitecourt or Grande Prairie. Nuclear energy produces electricity without
greenhouse gas emissions. However, it creates other environmentally dangerous
wastes.
 The Canadian government has been involved in the development of the Kyoto
Protocol. This protocol was the first climate-change plan that countries of the world
negotiated. Canada at first agreed to the Kyoto Protocol, but its position has changed
depending on the political party in power. The Kyoto Protocol set targets for industrialized
countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) by 2012.
Graphic Organizer for “How do government decisions on environmental issues impact
quality of life (i.e., preservation, exploitation and trade of natural resources)?”
Plus
Minus
Governments can support public transportation
initiatives that emit low-levels of green-house
gasses (GHG). Public transit, such as
Calgary’s Light Rail Transit (LRT), can reduce
GHG emissions by reducing the number of
people who drive to work and school.
The federal government has provided funds to
boost the production of bio-fuels, made from
crops such as corn and sugarcane.
In 2007, this drove up the price of
food around the world.
By 2012, federal law will make energy efficient
light bulbs mandatory. Consumers will have
only efficient light bulbs, such as this
fluorescent bulb, to choose from.
The federal government has increased
investment in renewable energy technologies,
such as wind turbines and solar panels. An
example is the McBride Lake Wind Farm near
Fort MacLeod, Alberta — one of the largest
wind farms in Canada.
Ontario has several nuclear power plants,
including this plant — the Pickering plant on
Lake Ontario. In 2007, Alberta fielded its first
proposal to build a nuclear plant in Whitecourt
or Grande Prairie. Nuclear energy produces
electricity without greenhouse gas emissions.
The Canadian government has been involved in
the development of the Kyoto Protocol. This
protocol was the first climate-change plan that
countries of the world negotiated. The Kyoto
Protocol set targets for industrialized countries
to cut their greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs)
by 2012.
However, it creates other
environmentally dangerous wastes.
Canada at first agreed to the Kyoto
Protocol, but its position has changed
depending on the political party in power.
Interesting
Information