5
KONSEP PROGRAMATIS & RANCANGAN
1. Pengertian
Presentasi programming dan konsep programatis ditujukan agar penelusuran
masalah dan identifikasi pemecahannya memiliki keterkaitan logis yang kuat.
2. Pokok Bahasan
Beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan sbb :
- Pokok-pokok hasil penelusuran pada saat programming diidentifikasikan.
- Seluruh informasi yang terkait dengan topic disusun dalam Indeks Informasi.
Tentang hal ini dapat diperhatikan diantaranya pada Problem SeekingEdward T. White sebagai tabulasi informasi tentang Fungsi, Bentuk, Ekonomi,
Waktu dikaitkan dengan Tujuan, Kebutuhan, Fakta, dan Masalah.
- Setelah kedua hal diatas dilakukan, selanjutnya disusun konsep programatis.
- Pada saat penelusuran maupun penyusunan konsep dapat disertakan
gambaran situasi (images) berupa foto maupun sketsa.
3. Contoh
Berikut disampaikan contoh yang perlu distudi lebih lanjut. Perhatikan bagianbagian yang dapat diapresiasikan sebagai konsep programatis.
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Penelusuran Konsepsi-Tropical modern
Architecture of Singapore
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lai Chun Yuan opera house in Chinatown.
Golden Mile Complex
Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay
The architecture of Singapore displays a range of influences and styles from
different places and periods. These range from the eclectic styles and hybrid forms of
the colonial period to the tendency of more contemporary architecture to incorporate
trends from around the world. In both aesthetic and technological terms, Singapore
architecture may be divided into the more traditional pre-World War II colonial
period, and the largely modern post-war and post-colonial period.
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Traditional architecture in Singapore includes vernacular Malay houses, local hybrid
shophouses and black and white bungalows, a range of places of worship reflecting
the ethnic and religious diversity of the city-state as well as colonial civic and
commercial architecture in European neo- classical, gothic, palladian and renaissance
styles.
Modern architecture in Singapore began with the transitional Art Deco style and the
arrival of reinforced concrete as a popular building material. International Style
modern architecture was popular from the 1950s to the 1970s, especially in the public
housing apartment blocks. The Brutalist style of architecture was also popular in the
1970s. These styles coincided with the great urban renewal and building boom periods
in Singapore history, and consequently these are the most common architectural styles
seen on the island. Some of the more architecturally significant works of this period
include Pearl Bank Apartments by Tan Cheng Siong, and the People's Park Complex
and Golden Mile Complex by Design Partnership.
Post-modern architecture experiments, in both the 'historicist' and deconstructivist
modes made an appearance in the 1980s, though the style was relatively muted in its
expression. Another architectural trend has been the rediscovery of Singapore's
architectural heritage, leading to an active conservation programme as well as a
booming industry in the restoration of historic buildings, often adapting them to new
uses. A recent example is the National Museum of Singapore.
An important area of local innovation has involved seeking to develop a form of
modern architecture appropriate to Singapore's tropical climate. This climatically
sensitive approach to architecture traces its roots back to the vernacular Malay houses
and through to experiments by British colonial architects and early local nationalist
architects to devise an authentically local architecture using modern construction
methods. In the 1980s and especially from the late 1990s, this has led to a
proliferation of what might be called 'modern tropical' architecture, or neo-tropical
architecture. It involves a return to clean and simple rectilinear modernist forms,
coupled with an emphasis of lush landscaping and sleek sun-shading in the form of
metal or wood louvres, instead of the modernist glass curtain wall, which admits and
traps solar heat. These architectural efforts have taken on a new relevance and urgency
due to concerns about global warming, climate change and environmental
sustainability, especially given that air conditioning in buildings is one of the largest
consumers of electricity in Singapore, which is mostly generated by fossil fuels.
From the late 1990s, like many other global cities and aspiring global cities, the
Singapore government consciously launched a drive to develop 'iconic' landmarks in
the city, as a means to strengthening the Singapore brand identity as well as to attract
foreign tourists, skilled immigrants, investements and buzz. Several such landmark
projects have since been developed, sometimes through open or closed architectural
design competitions. These include the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay arts centre,
the Supreme Court of Singapore, the new National Library, Singapore, the upcoming
Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort and the Singapore Flyer.
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Contents
[hide]

1 Pre-Colonial Architecture

2 Colonial Period

o
2.1 Shophouse
o
2.2 Black and White Bungalow
o
2.3 Traditional Places of Worship
o
2.4 Colonial Civic Buildings
o
2.5 Art Deco Architecture
3 Modern Architecture
o
3.1 Public Housing
o
3.2 1970s to present

4 See also

5 References
[edit] Pre-Colonial Architecture
Timber house on Pulau Ubin.
Main article: Malay houses
Prior to the British establishment of a settlement in 1819, architecture followed the
pattern of the surrounding region. Vernacular architecture comprised village (or
'kampong') houses built in the Malay tradition. Malay kampong houses were built on
stilts and raised above the ground (or water, depending on their location). The house
was erected around a skeletal structure of tropical hardwood posts and beams, usually
cengai. Medium hardwoods, like meranti, were used as floor boards, roof rafters and
door and window frames. The roof itself was made of layers of palm frond thatch,
while the walls were either made of woven bamboo strips or meranti planks. The
basic form of the house was simple, but additional rooms could be added according to
the requirements and wealth of the family. Likewise, the architectural ornament, in the
form of carved wood fascia boards, screens and panels, could be quite elaborate.
Apart from this domestic rural architecture, there is evidence that more classical type
buildings may have been built on the island. A nearby example of similar classical
Hindu-Buddhist Malay architecture is Candi Muara Takus in the Riau province of
Sumatra. Like the Singapore example, it also featured the use of sandstone as well as
terraces. Stone foundations on Fort Canning Hill were discovered by the British soon
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after they arrived. Although they have since been destroyed and removed, the officials
who discovered them speculated they were part of Hindu or Buddhist temples and/or a
royal palace. The superstructure of these buildings would have been timber (as
suggested by holes found in the foundations). However, these had long since
disappeared by the time the foundations were discovered in 1819. Apart from some
archaeological fragments, like jewelery, porcelain, coins and an inscribed stone, there
few material artifacts from the pre-colonial period, and no buildings or even ruins
remaining today.
[edit] Colonial Period
Soon after the British established a settlement near the mouth of the Singapore River
in 1819, changes came to way the buildings were constructed in Singapore. Despite its
small initial size, the new settlement had decidedly urban characteristics and
ambitions. Merchants built their warehouses right next to each other along Boat Quay,
which was the main port area. However, the close proximity of these buildings as well
as the value of the goods stored within them, raised concerns about the threat of fire,
especially given the flammable nature of the traditional building materials (timber
floors and walls with thatch roofs). Consequently, a switch was made within the first
decade to build all urban buildings in brick masonry with clay tiled roofs, to reduce
the fire hazard. Bricks and tiles were manufactured at kilns on the island, while the
mortar and plaster used was made by grinding up corals from sea around Singapore.
In the 19th century, two hybrid building typologies evolved in Singapore. While their
origins can be traced elsewhere, these building types underwent significant local
adaptation and modification before spreading regionally. As a result, they are
Singapore's earliest known architectural innovations and exports. These hybrid
building typologies were the shophouse and the black and white bungalow.
[edit] Shophouse
Shophouses in Singapore
Refer to the main article on the shophouse.
[edit] Black and White Bungalow
Refer to the main article on the black and white bungalow.
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[edit] Traditional Places of Worship
Thian Hock Keng Temple
Another prominent category of buildings in the colonial period were places of
worship. As a multi-religious port-city, with migrants from all over the world, a
variety of different immigrant communities lived and worked in Singapore. These
groups often banded together to raise funds to erect their own places of worship,
including a variety of syncretic Chinese temples, Hindu temples, Sikh temples, Jewish
synagogues, Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox Christian Churches as well as Sunni
and Shia mosques.
Apar from being devoted to the various schisms and sects within each religious
tradition, these buildings were often built to serve ethnic groups and sub-groups. For
examples, while most Muslims in Singapore were and are Malay, some mosques were
built in the South Indian style to serve Tamil Muslims. Likewise, several churches
were built in a distinctly Chinese style, serving ethnic Chinese congregations.
Several of the oldest and most important places of worship in Singapore have been
designated National Monuments of Singapore, and they include the Armenian Church,
Thian Hock Keng Temple, Sultan Mosque, Sri Mariamman Temple, Jamae Mosque
and Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church, amongst others.
[edit] Colonial Civic Buildings
Old Supreme Court Building
Another important group of historic buildings were those built by the colonial
government. These were often built in one or another European architectural style,
which was in fashion at the time, such as the Palladian, Renaissance, or Neo-classical
styles. Some of the more important buildings included the Victoria Theatre, the
Fullerton Building, old Supreme Court Building, City Hall, Singapore, National
Museum of Singapore, old Hill Street Police Station, Central Fire Station, old Raffles
Institution buildings, Changi Prison, old NCO club and numerous other schools, post
offices, military camps and police stations around the island.
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Major commercial buildings, often erected by European businesses as well as mission
schools and other civic groups, also adopted these styles, such as the Raffles Hotel,
Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus (now CHIJMES), old St Joseph's Institution and old
Tao Nan School. Often the approach to matters of style was highly eclectic, and
builders combined a variety of stylistic elements from various European, and some
non-European, sources in the same building. Many colonial-era buildings are still
found in the city, as a result of agreessive conservation efforts of Singapore's built
heritage since the 1980s.
[edit] Art Deco Architecture
Asia Insurance Building
Singapore has a wealth of Art Deco architecture, dating mainly from the 1920s and
1930s. The style was especially popular in commercial architecture, like factories and
offices. Often, Art Deco style ornaments and elements were applied onto otherwise
typical shophouses or bungalows. In other cases, Art Deco was applied to newly
emergent types of buildings, like Kallang Airport (by the Public Works Department),
the Ford Factory (by Emile Brizay) or Singapore's first skyscrapers, the Cathay
Building (by Frank Brewer) and the Asia Insurance Building (by Ng Keng Siang).
Features of this style in the local context included a penchant for inscribing the date of
the erection of the building prominently on its facade, the use of projecting horizontal
fins as sun shading devices over windows and the use of flagpoles. Quite apart from
the aesthetics of this style, the Art Deco period also marked the introduction of
modern construction technologies like reinforced concrete in Singapore.
[edit] Modern Architecture
Following the Neo-Classical and Art Deco phases, Singapore architecture moved in a
decidedly modern direction after the war. Post-war austerity encouraged the use of
clean, stark and simple modernist forms and surfaces devoid of ornament. Modern
architecture was also preferred for the many 'cookie-cutter' or standardised design
public buildings being built at the time, such as schools, clinics, factories and
especially public housing.
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[edit] Public Housing
Tiong Bahru SIT-built blocks
Public housing architecture in Singapore dates back to the 1930s with the Singapore
Improvement Trust (SIT), a colonial government agency, embarked on a building
programme to address a shortage of affordable housing in Singapore. Initially, the SIT
focussed on housing middle and lower-middle class Asians. The most prominent
example of their pre-war efforts was the Tiong Bahru estate, where many low-rise,
four-storey Art Deco style apartment blocks, shops, markets and other amenities were
built on the city fringe. This programme continued after the war, with the Art Deco
style exchanged for a simple modern aesthetic. Although the estate was popular and
praised for spacious and green communal areas as well as attractively designed
blocks, the rate of construction was slow in relation to the scale of the housing
shortage in Singapore.
After the Peoples Action Party came to power in 1959, it embarked on a massive
public housing programme, which was one of its signature campaign promises. It
replaced the SIT with the Housing and Development Board (HDB). The HDB was
given the legal tools and financial resources needed to make great progress in
speeding up the building of public housing. Architecturally, this resulted in a
relatively homogenous suburban landscape, where satellite New Towns (modelled
after the British), were built with seemingly endless stacks of slab blocks housing tens
of thousands of peoples in small two and three bedroom flats.
[edit] 1970s to present
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OCBC Centre
From the 1970s to late 1980s the city was dominated by modern architecture,
particularly the brutalist style. This is seen in some of the older commercial buildings,
such as the OCBC Centre by I. M. Pei, as well as many buildings built to house
governmental offices and government-linked companies, including the Singapore
Land Tower, Temasek Tower, DBS Building, and the CPF Building. Changing
international architectural trends introduced some architectural styles (particularly the
postmodernist style) here.
[edit] See also

Shophouse

Black and white bungalow

National Monuments of Singapore

Public housing in Singapore

Singapore Improvement Trust

Housing and Development Board

List of buildings and structures in Singapore

List of tallest buildings in Singapore
[edit] References

Powell, Robert (2004) Singapore Architecture: A short history Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd,
Hong Kong ISBN 0-7946-0232-0
[hide]
v•d•e
Singapore topics
Timeline of Singaporean history · Founding of modern Singapore ·
Straits Settlements · Battle of Singapore · Japanese Occupation of
History
Singapore · Sook Ching Massacre · Singaporean national referendum,
1962 · PAP-UMNO Relations
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Politics Cabinet · Elections · Law · Foreign relations · Counter-terrorism ·
Human rights in Singapore · Constituencies · List of electoral divisions
Beaches · Chek Jawa · Conservation · Districts and places ·
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Geography
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planning in Singapore · Urban Redevelopment Authority
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Economy Authority of Singapore · Central Provident Fund · Singapore Changi
Airport · Singapore Airlines · Biopolis · Fusionopolis
Demographics Malay · Chinese · Indian · Peranakan · Eurasian · Arab
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Culture
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Current events · Places in Singapore · Armed Forces · Police Force ·
Other Communications · Tourism · National Day Parade · Architecture ·
Future developments in Singapore
[show]
v•d•e
Architecture of Asia
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Singapore"
Categories: Singaporean architecture | Urban planning in Singapore | Architecture by
country
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Architecture in Kuala Lumpur
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The architecture of Kuala Lumpur is a blend of old colonial influences, Asian
traditions, Malay Islamic inspirations, modern and post modern mix. Being a
relatively young city, most of Kuala Lumpur's colonial buildings were built toward the
end of 19th and early 20th century. These buildings have Moorish, Tudor, Neo-Gothic
or Grecian-Spanish style or architecture. Most of the styling have been modified to
cater to use local resources and the acclimatized to the local climate, which is hot and
humid all year around.
Independence coupled with the rapid economic growth from the 70's to the 90's,
allows buildings with more local and Islamic motif arise in the middle of the city.
Many of these buildings derive their design from traditional Malay items such as the
head dress and the keris. Some of these buildings have Islamic geometric motifs
integrated with the designs of the building.
Late Modernist and Post Modernist style architecture began to be seen in the late 90's
and early 2000's. Buildings with all glass shell appears around the city, with the most
prominent example being the Petronas Twin Towers. As a developing city in a
developing nation, the city skyline is expected to change in decades to come with
construction works like The Gardens, The Pavilion, Four Seasons Place, Lot C of
KLCC and many more.
Contents
[hide]

1 Neo Moorish (Mughal)

2 Tudor & Victorian

3 Grecian-Spanish

4 Malay

5 Islamic

6 Late Modernism & Post-Modern

7 Current Developments

8 Skyline

9 References
[edit] Neo Moorish (Mughal)
Building with Neo Moorish or Mughal architecture are build at the turn of the century
built mostly by the colonial power Great Britain. While most of the buildings with
such architecture are in Dataran Merdeka, there are some in Chinatown such as the
Jamek Mosque and in Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin, such as the KTM railway station
and the KTM Administration Office. Famous building with this kind of architecture
includes Sultan Abdul Samad Building, the Court of Appeals and the old Kuala
Lumpur High Court. All the building mention before are within the Dataran Merdeka
area. Other buildings with Moorish architecture are Bandaraya Theatre, InfoKraft
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(Textile Museum), Kuala Lumpur Memorial Library, National History Museum and
the old Sessions & Magistrates Courts before it was moved to Jalan Duta.
Kuala Lumpur
Sultan Abdul Samad Night view of Sultan
Building
Abdul Samad Building Railway Station
Masjid Jamek
KTM Headquarters
[edit] Tudor & Victorian
There are many buildings built by the colonist at the turn of the 20th century that spots
Victorian and Tudor influence in their designs. The building are modified to
acclimatized with the tropical environment of Malaysia, which is hot and humid with
many days of monsoon rain.
Tudor styled architecture is the feature of two sporting clubs situated in Dataran
Merdeka, the Royal Selangor Club and the Selangor Chinese Club. The buildings
were built in 1910 and 1929 respectively. The architectural style, which features large
exposed wooden beams in half-timbered walls, was the typical model for some of the
earliest social club buildings in the country[1].
Neo-Gothic architecture exists in religious building built by the colonial powers such
as the St. Mary's Cathedral, St Andrew’s Presbyterian Church , Church of the Holy
Rosary and St. John's Church which is converted into Bukit Nanas Community
Center. However, some residence such as Carcosa Seri Negara, which was build in
1897 for Frank Swettenham also feature this style of architecture.
Victorian architecture is also a popular choice for the colonial powers to build school
which such examples like Victoria Institution, Methodist Boys’ School and Convent
Bukit Nanas. Other examples of building with this kind of architecture include the
Central Market, National Art Gallery, Malaysia Tourism Center, Industrial Court
Building, The Mansem ,PAM Center (housing the Malaysian Institute of Architects)
and Coliseum Theater.
St. Mary's Cathedral,
Kuala Lumpur
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Royal Selangor
Club
Victoria Institution
Clock Tower
Central Market
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Coliseum Theater
[edit] Grecian-Spanish
Prior to the Second World War, many shophouses, usually two story with functional
shops on the ground floor and separate residential spaces upstairs, were built around
the old city center. These shop-houses drew inspiration from Straits Chinese and
European traditions.[2][3] Some of these shop-houses have made way for new
developments but there are still many standing today around Medan Pasar (Old
Market Square), Chinatown, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Doraisamy, Bukit
Bintang and Tengkat Tong Shin areas.St. John’s Institution in Bukit Nanas is famous
of it's imposing white and red brick building with emphasis on Grecian-Spanish style
of architecture. The Telecom Museum, which was built in 1928 also sports the
influence.
Shop houses in Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman
[edit] Malay
Kuala Lumpur today has many iconic modern buildings which drew inspiration from
every day traditional Malay items. The buildings were constructed in the 1980's and
1990's. An example of this style of architecture is the LUTH (Pilgrims Fund Board)
building which is derived from the form of a Malay drum, Telekom Tower which
resembling a slanted cut of a bamboo trunk and Maybank Tower, which design
inspired by the steath of the keris, the Malay traditional dagger. The buildings were
designed by the same architect, Hijjas Kasturi. Istana Budaya is another example of
this type of architecture, in which the building is designed based on a minangkabau
head dress. The National Library which is situated besides Istana Budaya also is
inspired by the Malay Head Dress.
The National Library building in
Kuala Lumpur
Menara
Telekom
Istana Budaya
Menara
Maybank
[edit] Islamic
With Islam being the official religion of Malaysia since independence, there are may
Islamic architecture featured buildings that resides in Kuala Lumpur. Buildings like
the Dayabumi Complex, and Islamic Center have Islamic geometric motifs on their
structure, signifying Islamic restriction on drawing nature. Some buildings such as the
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Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia and National Planetarium have been built to
masquerade itself as a place of worship, complete with dome and minaret, when in
fact is a place of science and knowledge. Naturally, Islamic motif are evident in
religious structure such as Masjid Wilayah and Masjid Negara. Religious places will
have more Arabic calligraphy drawn on the columns and other places on the structure.
Masjid Wilayah
Masjid Negara
Kompleks Dayabumi
Kuala Lumpur Tower
[edit] Late Modernism & Post-Modern
Kuala Lumpur’s central business district today has shifted around the Kuala Lumpur
City Center (KLCC) where many new and tall buildings with Late Modernism and
Postmodern architecture fill the skyline. The 452 meter Petronas Twin Towers,
designed by César Pelli, when seen from above, resembles the Islamic geometric
motifs. While looking from street level, the all-glass shell of the building gives a postmodern take on the more traditional motif.[4] The Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre,
next door to the towers follows the same theme. The convention center will have the
shape of an eagle if viewed from above, while the all-glass shell of the building gives
a more post-modern look.
Petronas Twin Towers,
night view
Kuala Lumpur Convention
Petronas Twin Towers, day Centre
view
[edit] Current Developments
As a developing city and a part of a developing nation, there are many construction
projects that are currently being built that will change the city's skyline in the near
future. Some of the construction project are The Pavilion [5], The Gardens [6], Oval
Suites[7], Four Seasons Center [8] and Lot C of KLCC[9]
[edit] Skyline
A panoramic view of Kuala Lumpur from Cheras
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A perspective of Kuala Lumpur from Setapak showing the skyscrapers that dominate the city center.
[edit] References
1. ^ The Architectural Style of the British Colonial in Malaysia
2. ^ Gurstien, P (1985) Malaysia Architecture Heritage Survey – A Handbook,
Malaysia Heritage Trust. Page 65
3. ^ Google cache of 'HISTORICAL BUILDINGS IN MALAYSIA'
4. ^ Mega-Urbanization in Southeast Asia
5. ^ Pavilion KL Development News
6. ^ Mid Valley City | U/C
7. ^ Twin 41 storeys - OVAL Suites
8. ^ Four Seasons Centre
9. ^ KLCC Lot C
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_in_Kuala_Lumpur"
Categories: Architecture by city | Buildings and structures in Kuala Lumpur |
Malaysian architecture
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Ken Yeang
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dr. Ken Yeang (Chinese: 杨经文/楊經文; pinyin: Yáng Jīngwén) is a prolific Malaysian
architect and writer best known for developing environmental design solutions for
high-rise buildings in the tropics.
Contents
[hide]

1 Life and career

2 Works and architectural philosophy

3 Major projects

4 References

5 External links
[edit] Life and career
Born in Penang, Malaysia, Yeang attended Cheltenham College in Gloucestershire,
England, studied architecture at the Architectural Association School (1966-1971),
and received a doctorate in ecological design from Cambridge University. Seeing
skyscrapers as inevitable because of population pressures and site ratios, Yeang has
spent his career refuting the conventional wisdom that tall buildings are inherently
destructive to the environment. Ken Yeang was once the team leader of Singaporean
architecture firm Swan & Maclaren, before resigning in 2000. As a principle of T.R.
Hamzah & Yeang in Kuala Lumpur, he pioneered the passive low-energy design of
skyscrapers, what he has called "bioclimatic" design. In 2005 Yeang became a director
of Llewelyn Davies Yeang, a multidisciplinary firm of urban designers, architects and
landscape architects and is now based in London. He has a number of patents pending
for ventilation engineering. He also serves on advisory committees for numerous
academic and professional organizations such the ARCHIVE Institute and the
Skyscraper Museum both located in New York City.
Yeang served as the Plym Professor for the School of Architecture at the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign during the 2006 Spring semester. The design studio he
lead focused on the sustainability of health care facilities, more specifically on
hospitals for children.
[edit] Works and architectural philosophy
In 2003, Yeang's work was included in the exhibition "Big & Green: Towards
Sustainable Architecture in the 21st Century" curated by David Gissen at the National
Building Museum [1]
Yeang's 1992 Menara Mesiniaga building in Subang Jaya Selangor, Malaysia is a
catalogue of his bioclimatic techniques, including daring "vertical landscaping",
external louvers to reduce solar heat gain, extensive natural ventilation and lighting,
and an "active Intelligent Building" system for automated energy savings.
Like William McDonough, Yeang's concentration on energy conservation and
environmental impact is a radical departure from mainstream architecture's view of
the profession as an art form. Yeang has written, "In practice, architectural design is a
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craft, and a variable one at that. Post modernism has successfully shown up the
volatile nature of this craft by its unrestrained use of architectural symbolisms, its
frivolous multiplication of the surface area of the built envelope, its prodigious use of
unnecessary building materials, its indifference to engineering economy, its
extravagant use of land, and its irrational subservience to whim and history instead of
the allocation and restriction of excessive consumption of energy resources."{cn}
Despite Yeang's innovation however, much in his work has its roots in earlier
architectural ideas, and he can be best understood by discerning these connections. For
example, his sense of structure links clearly to some of the major themes of American
skyscraper pioneer Louis Sullivan[2], while philosophically the critic N.J. Slabbert has
placed Yeang in the American pragmatic camp, describing his design philosophy as
"Biopragmatism".[3]
[edit] Major projects

Plaza Atrium, Kuala Lumpur, 1981

Menara Boustead, Kuala Lumpur, 1986

Menara Mesiniaga building in Subang Jaya Selangor, Malaysia, 1992

MBF Tower, Penang, 1993

Tokyo-Nara Tower, Tokyo, Japan, 1994

Penggiran Apartment Towers No. 1, Kuala Lumpur, 1996

UMNO Tower, Penang, 1998

New National Library of Singapore, Singapore

Mesiniaga Penang, Penang, 2003

Jumptown Tower, Portland, Oregon (proposed)
[edit] References
1.
^ [1] Exhibit catalogue
2.
^ Twombly, Robert, Louis Sullivan – His Life and Work, Elizabeth Sifton Books, New York
City, 1986.
3.
^ Slabbert, N.J., Biopragmatism, URBAN LAND, 2005; VOL 64; NUMB 3; British Library.
[edit] External links

Online version of Yeang's book "Bioclimatic Skyscrapers"

Website of Llewelyn Davies Yeang

Website of Yeang's architectural firm

Biography and interview with Ken Yeang, and an image gallery of his work. CNN, July 2007

A description of varied green techniques used in varied projects

Asia Design Forum question and answer session

Various Yeang Publications on ArchNet
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Yeang"
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Architect
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Architect (disambiguation).
An architect at his drawing board, 1893
An architect is a person who is involved in the planning, designing, modeling and
overseeing of a building's construction. The word "architect" (Latin: architectus)
derives from the Greek arkhitekton (arkhi, chief + tekton, builder")[1] . In the broadest
sense an architect is a person who translates the user's needs and wants into a physical,
well built structure. An architect must thoroughly understand the building and
operational codes under which his or her design must conform. That degree of
knowledge is necessary so that he or she is not apt to omit any necessary
requirements, or produce improper, conflicting, ambiguous, or confusing
requirements. Architects must understand the various methods available to the builder
for building the client's structure, so that he or she can negotiate with the client to
produce a best possible compromise of the results desired within explicit cost and
time boundaries. The idea of what constitutes a result desired varies among architects,
as the values and attitudes which underlie modern architecture differ both between the
schools of thought which influence architecture and between individual practising
architects.[2]
Architects must frequently make building design and planning decisions that affect the
safety and well being of the general public. Architects are required to obtain
specialized education and documented work experience to obtain a license to practice
architecture, similar to the requirements for other professionals. The requirements for
practice vary from place to place (see below).
The most prestigious award a living architect can receive is the Pritzker Prize, often
termed the "Nobel Prize for architecture." Other awards for excellence in architecture
are given by national regional professional associations such as the American Institute
of Architects and Royal Institute of British Architects. Other prestigious architectural
awards are the Alvar Aalto Medal (Finland) and the Carlsberg Architecture Prize
(Denmark).
Although the term "architect" refers to a professionally-qualified individual, the word
is frequently used in the broader sense noted above to define someone who brings
order to a built or non-built situation.
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Contents
[hide]



1 Architects in practice
o
1.1 Design role
o
1.2 Construction role
o
1.3 Alternate practice and specializations
2 Professional requirements
o
2.1 Australia
o
2.2 Canada
o
2.3 Singapore
o
2.4 United Kingdom
o
2.5 United States
3 Earnings
o
3.1 Canada Earnings
o
3.2 US Earning outlook
o
3.3 UK Earnings

4 Schools of Architecture

5 Professional Organizations

6 See also

7 Further reading

8 References

9 External links
Architects in practice
The practice of architecture is a business, in which technical knowledge, management
skills, and an understanding of good business practice are as important as creative
design. In practice, an architect accepts a commission from a client (an individual, a
board of directors, a government agency or a corporation). This commission may
involve the preparation of feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a single
building, or the design of several buildings, structures and the spaces between them.
Increasingly, the architect participates in the development of requirements the client
wishes to have met in the building. Throughout the project, from planning to
occupancy, the architect usually acts as the coordinator of a team of specialists (the
"design team"). Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers, as well as other
specialists, are generally retained by the client or the architect. The architect must
ensure that the work of all these different disciplines is coordinated and fits together in
the overall design.
Working hours are typically over a standard work week, but when working to tight
deadlines it is not uncommon for architects to work long hours, including evenings,
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weekends and all nighters. Architects are predominantly office-based, but their work
includes frequent out-of-office visits with clients and to job sites.
Design role
Increasingly, the architect participates in the development of requirements the client
wishes to have met in the building. They design projects based on a client
requirements, conditions particular to the site, and many other external needs and
wishes. Architects must also pay attention to the economics and budget for a
particular commission.
Architects deal with various government jurisdictions on local and federal levels,
regarding numerous regulations and building codes. The architect may need to comply
with local planning and zoning requirements such as required setbacks, height
limitations, parking requirements, transparency requirements (windows), land use and
other requirements. In many established jurisdictions, design guidelines and historic
preservation guidelines must be adhered to.
Architects also prepare technical documents filed for permits (such as development
permits and building permits) which require compliance with building, seismic and
various other federal and local regulations. The documents (construction drawings and
specifications) are also used for pricing and, ultimately, actual construction.
Construction role
Architects typically put projects to tender on behalf of their clients, advise on the
award of the project to a general contractor, and review the progress of the work
during construction. They typically review subcontractor shop drawings, prepare and
issue site instructions, and provide construction contract administration (see also
Design-bid-build). In many jurisdictions, mandatory certification or assurance of the
work is required.
Depending on the client's needs and the jurisdiction's requirements, the spectrum of
the architect's services may be extensive (detailed document preparation and
construction review) or less inclusive (such as to allowing a contractor to exercise
considerable design-build functions). With very large, complex projects, an
independent construction manager is sometimes hired to assist in design and to
manage construction. In the United Kingdom and other countries, a quantity surveyor
is often part of the team to provide cost consulting.
Alternate practice and specializations
Recent decades have seen the rise of specializations within the profession. Many
architects and architectural firms focus on certain project types (for example health
care, retail, public housing, etc.), technological expertise or project delivery methods.
Some architects specialize as building code, building envelope, sustainable design,
historic preservation, accessibility and other forms of specialist consultants.
Many architects elect to move into real estate (property) development , corporate
facilities planning, project management, construction management, interior design and
other specialized roles.
Professional requirements
Australia
In Australia the title of architect is legally protected and architects are registered
through state boards. These boards are affiliated through the Architects Accreditation
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Council of Australia (AACA) [1]. The AACA also provides accreditation for schools
and assessments for architects with overseas qualifications for the purposes of
migration.
There are three key requirements for registration: a professional degree from a school
of architecture accredited by the AACA; at least two years of practical experience,
and; the completion of the architectural practice examination.
Architects may also belong to the Royal Australian Institute of Architects which is the
professional organization and members use the suffix RAIA after their name.
Canada
In Canada, architects are required to meet three common requirements for registration:
education, experience, and examination. Educational requirements generally consist of
an M.Arch. degree and are certified by the Canadian Architectural Certification Board
(CACB). For degreed candidates, the experience requirement is typically the Intern
Architecture Program (IAP). The provincial associations of architects, by the authority
granted under their respective provincial Architects Act, require that Interns gain a
minimum of 5,600 hours of work experience. The fundamental purpose of the preregistration/licensing employment period is to ensure that the Intern is provided with
sufficient experience to meet the standards of practical skill and level of competence
required to engage in the practice of architecture. This experience is diversified into
four main categories and 16 sub-categories, and must be completed working under the
direct supervision of a registered architect. At present, all jurisdictions use the
Architect Registration Examination (ARE), a series of nine computerized exams
administered by the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB).
Upon completion of the educational requirements, IAP, and examinations, one can
apply for registration/license. An annual fee must be paid, and continuing education
requirements met, in order to maintain a license to practice.
The Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC) [2] was established in 1907 and is
a voluntary national association representing more than 3,600 architects and Faculty
and graduates of accredited Canadian Schools of Architecture. The RAIC aims to be
"the voice of Architecture and its practice in Canada". Members are permitted to use
the suffix MRAIC after their names. The suffix FRAIC (Fellow of the RAIC) is used
by members of the RAIC College of Fellows. Not all members of the RAIC hold
accredited degrees in architecture, and not all Canadian architects are members of the
RAIC.
Singapore
In Singapore, university study is required (such as the 5 year course of study at the
National University of Singapore or certain approved foreign universities). Upon
completion of university, additional training by working for a minimum of two years
under a registered architect is required in order to become registered. Singaporean law
governs the use of the term "architect" and prescribes the requirements to be listed in
the Register of Architects. Membership in the Singapore Institute of Architects is a
voluntary professional credential.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom practicing under the name, style or title "architect" is restricted
by law to those registered at the Architects Registration Board. It usually takes a
minimum of seven years to obtain the necessary qualifications and experience for
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registration. Those wishing to become registered must first study at a recognized
university-level school of architecture. Though there are some variations from
university to university, the basic principle is that in order to qualify as an architect a
candidate must pass through three stages:

On completing an initial degree in architecture (usually 3 or 4 years, usually either a B.A, BSc,
or B.Arch) the candidate receives exemption from RIBA Part I. There then follows a period of
a minimum of one year which the candidate spends in an architect's office gaining work
experience.

The candidate must then complete a post-graduate university course, usually two years, to
receive either a Post Graduate Diploma (Dip. Arch), Masters (M.Arch) or B(Arch). On
completing that course, the candidate receives exemption from Part II of the RIBA process.

The candidate must then spend a further period of at least one year gaining experience before
being allowed to take the RIBA Part III examination in Professional Practice and
Management.
United States
In the United States, people wishing to become licensed architects are required to
meet the requirements of their respective state. Each state has a registration board to
oversee that state's licensure laws. In 1919, the National Council of Architectural
Registration Boards (NCARB) was created to ensure parity between the states' often
conflicting rules. The registration boards of each of the 50 states (and 5 territories),
are NCARB member boards.
Requirements vary between jurisdictions, and there are three common requirements
for registration: education, experience and examination. About half of the States
require a professional degree from a school accredited by the NAAB to satisfy their
education requirement; this would be either a B.Arch or M.Arch degree. The
experience requirement for degreed candidates is typically the Intern Development
Program (IDP), a joint program of NCARB and the American Institute of Architects
(AIA). IDP creates a framework to identify for the intern architect base skills and
core-competencies. The intern architect needs to earn 700 training units (TUs)
diversified into 16 categories; each TU is equivalent to 8 hours of experience working
under the direct supervision of a licensed Architect. The states that waive the degree
requirement typically require a full 10 years experience in combination with the I.D.P
divesification requirements before the candidate is eligible to sit for the examination.
California requires C-IDP (Comprehensive Intern Development Program) which
builds upon the seat time requirement of IDP with the need to document learning
having occurred. All jurisdictions use the Architect Registration Examination (ARE),
a series of nine computerized exams administered by NCARB. The NCARB also has
a certification for those architects meeting NCARB's model standard: NAAB degree,
IDP and ARE passage. This certificate facilitates reciprocity between the member
boards should an architect desire registration in a different jurisdiction. All architects
licensed by their respective states have professional status as Registered Architects
(RA).
Depending on the policies of the registration board for the state in question, it is
sometimes possible to become licensed as an Architect in other ways: reciprocal
licensure for over-seas architects and working under an architect as an intern for an
extended period of time.
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Professional organizations for Architects in the United States include:

The American Institute of Architects is a professional organization representing architects
licensed in the United States, and offers its members services such as continuing education
programs, standard contracts and other practice-related documents, and design award
programs. The AIA is not directly involved with the professional licensing of architects,
although AIA members usually place the suffix "AIA" after their names.

The Society of American Registered Architects or SARA is another professional organization
for registered architects in the United States. Its activities and services include conventions,
continuing education programs, standard contracts and other practice-related documents, and
design award programs. Members of this organization may have the suffix "SARA" after their
name.

The National Organization of Minority Architects or NOMA is an organization for minority
registered architects and minority architectural students in the United States. It was created in
1971 to bring light to the contributions of African Americans and other minorities in the field
of architecture in the United States and the world.
Earnings
Earnings for architects range widely, depending on experience, and where and how
they work. Salaries also vary depending on the size and location of the practice.
Earnings have traditionally been dependent on the local economic conditions but, with
rapid globalization, this is becoming less of a factor for larger international firms.
Some architects become real estate (property) developers or specialized roles where
they can earn a significantly higher income than the industry median.
Canada Earnings
In 2005, a typical salary for those employed in the architecture category in Canada
was $49,595 to $73,684 ($CDN).[3] "Architecture" includes architects, architectural
technologists, interior designers, landscape architects and structural technologists.
According to the 2005 Alberta Wage and Salary Survey, Albertans in the Architect
occupational group, working part-time or full-time, earned from $31,000 to $114,700
a year. The average salary was $63,100 a year.
US Earning outlook
According to the 2006–2007 Occupation Outlook Handbook published by the US
Department of Labor, the median salary of architects was $62,960 with the middle
50% earning between $46,690 and $79,770. This was slightly above accountants
(median income $50,770), college professors (median income $51,800) and on par
with most branches of engineering (median income of roughly $60K).
Intern architects typically earn between $35k to 58k depending on experience prior to
licensure. Architects that have completed the internship period can expect an average
starting salary of between $51,709 and $64,519. For 10 years' experience, the base
compensation level increases significantly to an average range of $62,608–$79,919;
that range reaches $72,678–$96,928 for architects with 15 years' experience.
Senior architects and partners typically have earnings that exceed $100K annually. It
is not unusual for an officer or equity partner to earn a base salary of $235,000, with a
bonus of $200,000. Due to the major stake in ownership that equity partners may
have, they can earn incomes approaching, and occasionally surpassing, seven figures.
[3]
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UK Earnings
The Royal Society of Architects in Wales (RSAW) publishes a guide to the salaries
typical of the various stages of qualification[4]: Beginning level candidates (part one)
can expect between £11,000 and £18,500. Recent graduates (part two) earn between
£19,000 - £29,000. Newly registered architects (part three) earn £29,000 - £32,000;
part three, three to five years post-registration £34,000 - £40,000 (salary data collected
May 6). The range of typical salaries at senior levels (after 10-15 years in role) is
£80,000 to £190,000, depending on the seniority of the position.
Schools of Architecture
Main article: List of international architecture schools
For degrees in the United States, Australia, Canada and the UK, see Bachelor of Architecture and
Master of Architecture.
For schools in the US, see US Architecture Schools.
Professionals engaged in the design and supervision of construction projects prior to
the 20th century were not necessarily trained in a separate architecture program in an
academic setting. Instead, they usually carried the title of Master Builder, or surveyor,
after serving a number of years as an apprentice (such as Sir Christopher Wren). The
formal study of architecture in academic institutions played a pivotal role in the
development of the profession as a whole, serving as a focal point for advances in
architectural technology and theory.
Professional Organizations
Refer to the international list of professional architecture organizations for groups
created to promote career and business development in architecture. A wide variety of
prizes are awarded to architects to acknowledge superior buildings, structures and
professional careers.
See also

Urban planner

Urban designer

Landscape architect

Real Estate (Property)
Developer

Architectural
engineering

Architectural
technologist

Construction
engineering

Architectural designer


Construction manager
Civil engineering


Structural engineering
List of notable
architects
Further reading

Roger K. Lewis, Architect? A Candid Guide to the Profession. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1998.

David Chappell, J. Andrew Willis, The Architect in Practice. Blackwell Publishing, London,
2005.

Blythe Camenson, Careers in Architecture. McGraw-Hill; New York, 2001.

Lee W. Waldrep, Becoming an Architect: A Guide to Careers in Design, John Wiley,
Hoboken, NJ, 2006.

American Institute of Architects, The Architect's Handbook of Professional Practice, Student
Edition, John Wiley, Chichester, 2001.

Peter Piven, Bradford Perkins, Architect's Essentials of Starting a Design Firm (The
Architect's Essentials of Professional Practice), John Wiley, Chichester, 2003.

James R. Franklin, Architect's Professional Practice Manual. McGraw-Hill Professional, New
York, 2000.
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
James P. Cramer; Scott Simpson, The Next Architect: A New Twist on the Future of Design.
Greenway Communications, 2006

James P. Cramer, How Firms Succeed: A Field Guide to Design Management. Greenway
Communications; 2nd Illus edition, 2004.

Gerald Morosco, Edward Massery, How to Work With an Architect, Gibbs Smith, Publisher,
2006.

Pat Guthrie, Architect's Portable Handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional; 3 edition, 2003.

Charlotte Baden-Powell, Architect's Pocket Book. Architectural Press, London, 2001.

Dr. Eisenmenger, Mathias, Architect's er Architekt: Das zukünftige Berufsbild unter
Berücksichtigung seiner Verantwortung als Baumeister. kassel university press, Kassel, 2007,
(PDF-Version)
References
1. ^ Online Etymology of the term "architect"
2. ^ Holm, Ivar (2006). Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How
attitudes, orientations, and underlying assumptions shape the built environment.
Oslo School of Architecture and Design. ISBN 8254701741.
3. ^ NETWORK
External links
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Architects

American Institute of Architects

Royal Architectural Institute of Canada

Royal Institute of British Architects

RIBA Professional Educational Development Resource

Royal Australian Institute of Architects

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Architects Registration Board-UK (ARB)

Royal Architectural Institute of Canada

ARCHCareers.org

Architectural Record Magazine

ArchiQuotes.info

Famous architects : architect.architecture.sk
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"
Categories: Semi-protected | Architects | Architecture occupations | Professions |
Professional certification in architecture | Architects Registration in the United
Kingdom
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PUSAT PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR-UMB
Danto Sukmajati, ST
PERANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR 5
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PUSAT PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR-UMB
Danto Sukmajati, ST
PERANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR 5
33