Biology Mid-Term Study Guide
Name: _____________________
This study guide packet is due the day of the mid-term exam. You must complete it and bring it with you when
you come to take the test.
The following review covers the chapters in the first semester. To properly prepare for the exam you
should:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Review this packet
Organize and review your notes
Review old tests & quizzes
Start Early!!
Remember: Your exam accounts for 10% of your final grade!
Good Luck!
Chapter 1: The Science of Biology
1.
2.
3.
4.
List 7 characteristics of all living things:
What is biology?
What is homeostasis?
Define sexual and asexual reproduction.
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
1. What does it mean when we say water is polar?
2. Define Cohesion and Adhesion. Give an example of each
Organic Chemistry:
1.
What is an organic compound?
2. Fill out the following table about organic compounds:
Organic Compound
Consists of …….
Where is it found in the
body
Protein
Monsacharide
Disaccharide
a)
b)
c)
a)
b)
c)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
a)
b)
c)
d)
Nucleic Acids
a)
b)
3.
What is an enzyme?
4.
What is the lock and key model of enzyme activity? Use the following terms in your description (active site,
enzyme, products, substrate).
1
5. For each of the following statements, label as true or false
_____ a. Enzymes are types of proteins
_____ b. Enzymes slow down the rate of chemical reactions
_____ c. Each enzyme is specific, it only works on one type of substance
_____ d. Enzymes become denatured (melt) at high temperatures
_____ e. Enzymes work best at a narrow pH range
_____ f. Enzymes can not be reused.
_____ g. Proteins are made of building blocks called amino acids
_____ h. Proteins are made in the mitochondria of cells
_____ i. Proteins make up our blood, hair, skin, heart, muscles, and bones
a.
b.
Does enzyme number one function at a pH of 5.5? __________
number two? ___________
Which enzyme has the broadest ph range?
6. Use the graphs above to answer the
questions:
a. What is the best pH for enzyme
___________
Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is a cell?
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
What is a prokaryotic cell? What is a eukaryotic cell?
What are three differences between a plant cell and an animal cell?
5.
Matching: Next to each organelle, write the letter of its function
______ mitochondria
a. where proteins are made
______ cell membrane
b. site of photosynthesis in plants, contains chlorophyll
______ cell wall
c. transport system of the cell
______endoplasmic reticulum
d. provides support and protection for plant cell
______nucleus
e. storage area for the cells
______ vacuole
f.
powerhouse of the cell, makes energy
______chloroplasts
_______ribosome
g. control center of the cell, contains the genetic
Information
h. is selectively permeable, controls what goes in and out of the cell
6.
Explain the function of the Golgi apparatus, lysosome, and Ribosomes.
7.
Label the diagrams of the cells below:
2
Animal Cell:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
I.
Plant Cell:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
What does selectively permeable mean?
What types of organic molecules make up a cell membrane?
What is the function of the cell membrane?
What is diffusion?
What is equilibrium?
What is osmosis?
Define the following terms: isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, and hypertonic solution.
What is active transport?
What type of organic molecule is needed for active transport?
What is endocytosis and exocytosis?
What is the difference between diffusion and active transport?
Chapter 10: Cell Reproduction
1. What is a chromosome?
2. What is mitosis?
3. What is a centromere?
4. Write the following stages of mitosis in order:
Telophase, metaphase, interphase, prophase, anaphase
5. What are the 3 parts of the cell cycle?
6. What are the 3 parts of interphase? What happens in each one?
Describe what happens at each stage of the cell cycle
INTERPHASE ( 2)
PROPHASE (4)
METAPHASE ( 1)
ANAPHASE (1)
TELOPHASE (2)
a.
What happens during cytokinesis?
3
Compare Meiosis vs. Mitosis
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
TYPE OF CELLS
# OF DAUGHTER CELLS PRODUCED
# OF DIVISIONS
# OF CHROMOSOMES IN EACH
DAUGHTER CELL
GENETIC DIVERSITY
DNA/ RNA/Protein Synthesis
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
What are the four bases of DNA and which ones like to pair up?
What is replication? Where does it occur? Briefly describe it.
Describe THREE major differences between DNA and RNA
What is transcription and where does it take place? Briefly describe the process
What is translation and where does it take place?
For each of the following sequences, please fill in the DNA, the mRNA sequence, or the amino acid
7). DNA
T A C
C G C T C C
G C C G T C G A C
A A T
A C C
A C T
mRNA
__________________________________________
AA
_________________________
7) List and describe
I) SILENT MUTATION
II) NONSENSE MUTATION
III) MISSENSE MUTATION
Chapter 11: Fundamentals of Genetics
1. Define the following terms:
Homozygous, Heterozygous, Dominant,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Recessive ,
Genotype , Phenotype,
Hybrid, Purebred,
Allele
What is probability and how does it apply to genetics?
What are genes and where are they located?
What is a monohybrid cross?
What is codominance? Give an example of a trait that is codominant.
What is incomplete dominance? Give an example.
What are multiple alleles? Give an example.
Who was Gregor Mendel? What did he study?
What are homologous chromosomes?
What does diploid mean? Give the diploid number for humans.
What does haploid mean? Give the haploid number for humans.
What is meiosis?
What are gametes?
What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis? List 3 for each.
Use Punnett squares to solve the following crosses.
a.
Tall (T) is dominant over short (t) in pea plants. A homozygous tall pea plant is crossed with a short pea plant. What
are the probable genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?
b.
Two heterozygous tall pea plants are crossed. What are the probable phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring
produced?
c.
Two tall pea plants are crossed and all the offspring are short. Is this possible? Explain your answer and show Punnett
square.
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