UPP 545--Betancur UPP 544: URBAN REVITALIZATION AND GENTRIFICATION Spring 2012, Thursdays 3:15 – 6:00 Call Number 30638 Professor John J. Betancur (betancur@uic.edu) Office hours: by appointment Class meets at 2ADH 2232 Description This course covers a range of issues that can be loosely characterized as gentrification of the urban and urbanization of the gentry. Starting with Neoliberal globalization, it explains gentrification as forming in the transition from the manufacturing to the service city and evolving into a major process of exchange value production and capture. Building on Lefebvre, it argues that the new societal regime has transformed the city into a means and an end of accumulation and thus a complex (and unstable) flow of goods and services under the aegis of financial capital. We look at the transformations of urbanism and the urban related to this process, especially the ‘new industry of space,’ commodification of everyday life, symbolic capital, construction of gentrified identities, ghetto-gentrification dialectics, spectacle, entertainment, and governance–the city itself a flexible space of over (hollow?) accumulation. Along with this, the course examines the impacts of these dynamics on communities and their responses to casualization, uprooting, and criminalization of the vulnerable populations it produces. We also study the practices and "spaces in between" (residual, resisting, subverting, contesting, and experimenting). In short, this is an overview of the structuring forces of the city today, as they seek to reshape life but, get transformed themselves by or have to negotiate with structures on the ground, practices of everyday life, and other resistance. The course is intended for people who want to challenge themselves and their views of the city and for curious minds seeking knowledge and inspiration. It can help forces with a role in shaping the city to understand who benefits and who is pushed around, perhaps use this knowledge in the pursuit of equity and, ultimately, negotiate a path in that dis-order. The course runs as a seminar combining discussion and lectures with research projects carried out during the term. Goals/Expected Results While this course focuses primarily on gentrification, it will offer participants a thorough overview of major urban changes in the last four decades and how they have affected cities and urban planning Participants will be able to contrast the production of cities before and after 1970 along with the respective theories supporting or trying to explain them Participants will learn about major strategies and trends today in the efforts of public and private forces and the citizenry to shape cities –along with actions to counter or thwart them Participants will advance their critical skills through the analysis of cases and strategies of public and private planning and policy today Participants will complete research on an issue of interest to them related to these topics; final research reports will include a literature review, qualitative or quantitative data collection, analysis of findings and implications. UPP 545--Betancur Requirements and Grade Class Participation (discussion, readings, attendance, class conversations): 15%. Back-up: 15%. Each participant will take responsibility for the readings of a given class, distribute summaries of them and organize a brief exercise on/illustration of the topic. Postings: 20: Each week each participant will post on blackboard a one page essay on the readings using examples from situations they know or are exposed to. Paper/research project: 50%. Participants (individually or by group(s) will conduct research on a topic agreed to by the second week of the term. Report will include issue statement, literature review, hypothesis/question, findings from field work, and analysis vis-à-vis hypothesis/question, literature reviewed and a final presentation to the class. Grading will be determined as follows: 90-100 points: A 80-89 points: B 70-79 points: C… Readings Required readings are listed by class session and are either available in blackboard or in the sources listed Recommended Texts Rowland Atkinson and Gary Bridge, Eds. 2005. Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism. London and New York: Routledge. Robert A. Beauregard and Sophie Body-Gendrot. 1999. The Urban Moment. Cosmopolitan Essays on the Late 20th Century City. Thousand Oaks, New Delhi and London: Sage Publications. Jeremy W. Crampton and Steuart Elden (Eds.) Space, Knowledge and Power: Foucault and Geography. Ashgate. Susan E. Clarke and Gary L. Gaile. 1998. The Work of Cities. Minneapolis and London: University of Minneapolis. Alexander Cuthbert. 2003. Designing Cities: Critical Readings in Urban Design. Malden, Oxford and Carlton: Blackwell Publishing. Arlene Davila. 2004. Barrio Dreams—Puerto Ricans, Latinos and the Neoliberal City. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Lance Freeman. 2006. There Goes the ‘Hood: Views of Gentrification from the Ground Up. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. David Harvey. 2006. Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory f Uneven Geographical Development. London and New York: Verso. John A. Hannigan. 1998. Fantasy City. Pleasure and Profit in the Postmodern Metropolis. London and New York: Rutledge. UPP 545--Betancur Dennis R. Judd and Susan S. Fainstein, Eds. 1999. The Tourist City. New Haven and London: Yale University. Loretta Lees, Tom Slatter, and Elvin Wyly. 2008. Gentrification. New York and London: Routledge. Loretta Lees, Tom Slatter, and Elvin Wyly. 2010. The Gentrification Reader. London and New York: Routledge. Peter Marcuse. 2000. Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order. New York and London: Blackwell Publishers. Christopher Mede. 2000. Selling the Lower East Side, Culture, Real Estate, and Resistance in New York City. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. Richard Lloyd. 2006. Neo-Bohemia: Art and Commerce in the Post-Industrial City. New York and London: Rutledge. Michael Sorkin (Ed.) 2008. Indefensible Space: The Architecture of the National Insecurity State. Routledge. Neil Smith. 1996. The New Urban Frontier. Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London and New York. Rutledge. Gregory D. Squires, Ed. 1989. Unequal Partnerships. The Political Economy of Urban Redevelopment in Postwar America. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press. Jon C. Teaford. 1990. The Rough Road to Renaissance. Urban Revitalization in America, 1940-1985. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press. UPP 545--Betancur UPP 545: URBAN REVITALIZATION AND GENTRIFICATION CLASS OUTLINE Week One: Introduction: Can we build the city that we want? Issues of Structure, Agency/Habitus and knowledge-power Class Overview and Assignments Theme One: From the City of Fordism to the City of PosFordism (Sessions 1 & 2) A. Analytical Framework: contending conceptualizations on urban trajectories and their respective implications for Urban Planning and Policy (e.g., Chicago School, life-cycle, investment-disinvestment, creative destruction, the contradictions of production and reproduction of the built environment under capitalism, periodical crises, technological innovation, urban restructuring). B. Other factors associated with the discussion of urban decline or success/rebirth: suburbanization, de-industrialization, federal policy, class and race, quality of life. C. The Fordist City D. Transition to the Post-Fordist City: Where are we at today? E. Planning and Policy Frameworks carried out from the Fordist City or emerging from the Post-Fordist Urban Debate and Planning Practice Required Readings: Alexander R. Cuthbert. 2003. “Introduction.” Pp. 1-12 in Designing Cities: Critical Readings on Urban Design. Malden, Oxford and Carlton: Blackwell Publishing. Paul Walker Clarke. “The Economic Currency of Architectural Aesthetics.” Pp 28-43 in Designing Cities… edited by A.R. Cuthbert. Malden, Oxford and Carlton: Blackwell Publishing. Joe R. Feagin. 1998. "Introduction" (Pp. 1-23) and “Cities and the New International Division of Labor: An Overview" (pp. 27-58) in The New Urban Paradigm: Critical Perspectives on the City. Lanham, Boulder, New York and Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. David Harvey. “Neoliberalism and the Restoration of Class Power. “ Pp. 9-68 in Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. London and New York: Verso. Jon C. Teaford. 1990. The Rough Road to Renaissance. Baltimore & London: John Hopkins University Press. Posting for this class will be based on the reading “Cities for People, not for Profit, an Introduction by Neil Brenner, Peter Marcuse and Margit Mayer in Cities for People, Not for Profit: Critical Urban Theory and the Right to the City edited by the same authors. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 1-10, 2012. Other Readings R A. Beauregard & S. Body-Gendrot. 1999. "Imagined Cities, Engaged Citizens." Pp. 3-22 in The Urban Moment ed. by same authors. Thousand Oaks, London and New Delhi: Sage Publications. UPP 545--Betancur B. Bluestone & B. Harrison. 1982. "Capital vs. Community" (pp. 3-21) and “Why and How the American Economy is Undergoing Industrialization." (pp. 111-93) in The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry. New York: Basic Books. Richard Child Hill. "Industrial Restructuring, State Intervention, and Uneven Development in the United States and Japan." Pp. 60-85 in Beyond the City Limits. Urban Policy and Economic Restructuring in Comparative Perspective edited by Logan and Swanstrom. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Kevin R. Cox. 1997. "Globalization and Its Politics in Question." Pp. 1-18 in Spaces of Globalization, Reasserting the Power of the Local ed. by K.R. Cox. New York and London: The Guilford Press. Josef Esser & Joachim Hirsch. 1995. "The Crisis of Fordism and the Dimensions of a 'Post-Fordist' Regional and Urban Structure." Pp. 71-97 in Post-Fordism, A Reader edited by Ash Amin. Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers. Robert Fishman. 1996. "Beyond Suburbia: The Rise of the Technoburb." Pp. 77-86 in The City Reader edited by Richard T. LeGates and Frederic Stout. London and New York: Rutledge. Charles R. Farris. 1989. “Urban Renewal: An Administrator Remembers.” Journal of Housing (July-August): 16979. David Harvey. 1990. “Fordist modernism versus flexible postmodernism, or the interpenetration of opposed tendencies in capitalism as a Whole.” Pp. 338-342 in The Condition of Postmodernity. Cambridge, Mass and Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. John R. Logan & Todd Swanstrom, Eds. 1990. "Urban Restructuring: A Critical View." Pp. 3-24 in Beyond the City Limits. Urban Policy and Economic Restructuring in Comparative Perspective. Philadelphia: Temple University. Theme Two: GENTRIFICATION A. Contending explanations (Session 3) Required Readings: Christopher Mele. 2000. “The Struggle over Space.” Pp. 1-30 in Selling the Lower East Side. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. Neil Smith.1996. "Local Arguments, "Global Arguments," "Social Arguments (ch. 3, 4 & 5). Pp. 51-74, 75-91 & 92-118 in The New Urban Frontier. Gentrification and the Revanchist City. R. Beauregard. 1986. "The Chaos and Complexity of Gentrification." Pp. 35-55 in Gentrification of the City ed. By Neil S. Smith & Peter Williams. Boston, Mass: Allen and Unwin. B. Case Studies and the Role of the Discourse (Sessions 4 and 5) Required Readings: N. Smith. "Market, State and Ideology. Society Hill." Pp. 119-139 in The New Urban Frontier. John J. Betancur, Isabel Domeyko and Patricia A. Wright. Gentrification in West Town: Contested Ground. Chicago, IL: Natalie P. Voorhees Center for Neighborhood and Community Improvement. Christopher Mele. “Developing the East Village” and “The Production of Desire.” Pp. 220-254 and 281-310 in UPP 545--Betancur Selling the Lower East Side. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. John J. Betancur and Lee Ann Deuben. Gentrification before Gentrification? The Plight of Pilsen in Chicago. Chicago, IL: Natalie P. Voorhees Center for Neighborhood and Community Improvement. Arlene Davila. 2004. “’El Barrio es de Todos:’ Predicaments of Culture and Place.” Pp. 59-96 in Barrio Dreams: Puerto Ricans, Latinos and the Neoliberal City. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London. Sharon Zukin. 2010. “Why Harlem is not a Ghetto.” Pp. 63-94 in Naked Cities: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places. New York: Oxford University Press. Other Readings: Rowland Atkinson & Gary Bridge, Eds. 2005. “Heritage and Gentrification: Remembering the ‘Good Old Days’ in Postcolonial Sidney” by Wendy Shaw; “Exploring the Substance and Style of Gentrification: Berlin’s Prenzlberg” by Matthias Bernt and Andrej Holm; “Gentrification and Neighborhood Dynamics in Japan: The Case of Kyoto” by Yoshihiro Fujitsuka; and “Another ‘Guggenheim Effect? Central City Projects and Gentrification in Bilbao” by Lorenzo Vicario and Manuel Martinez Monje.” Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism. London and New York: Routledge. John J. Betancur. "Urban Renewal and Gentrification in Chicago: A Case Study." Unpublished Paper. C. Community interventions (the politics of gentrification), “pros and cons” and the limits of gentrification (Session 6) Required Readings Lance Freeman. 2006. “Implications for Planning and Policy.” Pp. 157-87 in There Goes the ‘Hood: Views of Gentrification from the Ground. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Todd Harvey et al. 1999. “Gentrification and West Oakland: Causes, Effects and Best Practices.” Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley. <http://comm-org.utoledo.edu/papers2000/gentrify/gentrify.htm/>. George C. Galster. “Gentrification as Diversification: Why Detroit Needs it and How it Can Get it.” The Journal of Law in Society 4, 1 (Fall 2002): 29-43. Other Readings John J. Betancur. 2002. “The Politics of Gentrification: The Case of West Town in Chicago.” Urban Affairs Review 37, 6 (July): 780-814. John J. Betancur, Clifford C. Schrupp, and George C. Galster. 2002. “Symposium: Can Gentrification Save Detroit? The Journal of Law in Society 4, 1 (Fall): 1-70 N. Smith. "From Gentrification to the Revanchist City." Pp. 210-32 in The New Urban Frontier. D. Gentrification of the City and New Dimensions of Gentrification (Session 7) Required Readings Rowland Atkinson & Gary Bridge. 2005. “Introduction.” Pp. 1-17 in Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism.” London and New York: Routledge. UPP 545--Betancur John J. Betancur. “Understanding Space under Flexible Accumulation: the Ghetto-Gentrification Dialectics.” Chicago, IL: Great Cities Institute Working Papers Series. Richard Lloyd. 2006. “The Bohemian Ethic and the Spirit of Flexibility.” Neo-Bohemia: Art and Commerce in the Post Industrial City. New York and London: Routledge. Pp. 235- 46. John J. Betancur. 2011. Gentrification and Community Fabric in Chicago. Urban Studies 48, 2 (February): 383-406. Slater, Tom. Missing Marcuse: On Gentrification and Displacement. Pp. 171-96 in Cities for People Not For Profit, Critical Urban Theory and the Right to the City edited by N. Brenner, P. Marcuse and M. Mayer. London and New York: Routledge/Taylor and Francis Book. Theme Three: THE NEOLIBERAL CITY A. The Neoliberal City Defined (Session 8) Required Readings: Arlene Davila. 2004. “Introduction: Barrio Business, Barrio Dreams.” Pp. 1-26 Susan Clarke and Gary L. Gaile. 1998. “Introduction”. Pp. 1-16. David Harvey. 2006. “Neoliberalism and the Restoration of Class Power.” Pp. 9-68 in Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. London and New York: Verso. Edward Soja. 1998. “Introduction/Itinerary/Overture.” Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-andImagined Places. Malden and Oxford: Routledge. B. Deregulation, the New Division of Labor and Associated factors (Session 9) Required Readings: David Dollar and Aart Kraay. “Growth is Good for the Poor.” Pp. 177-182 in The Globalization Reader ed. by Frank J. Lechner & John Boli. Malden, USA, Oxford and Carlton: Blackwell Publishing. Taruk Farak. 1996. The World Labor Force. Pp. 87-116 in The Age of Transition—Trajectory of the World-System 1945-2025 edited by Terence K. Hopkins, Immanuel Wallerstein et Al. London and New Jersey: Zed Books D. Harvey. 1997 (reprint). "Flexible Accumulation through Urbanization." Pp. 361-86 in Post-Fordism, A Reader edited by Ash Amin. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, USA: Blackwell. D. Harvey. 1996. "Possible Urban Worlds." Pp. 403-438 in Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Malden, MA/USA and Oxford, OX/UK: Blackwell Publishers. Kees van der Pijl. 1998. “Transnational Class Formation and Historical Hegemonies.” Pp. 98-135 in Transnational Classes and International Relations. London and New York Rutledge. Other Readings Joseph E. Stiglitz. “Globalism’s Discontents.” Pp. 200-207 in The Globalization Reader, Frank J. Lechner and John Boli, eds. Malden, USA, Oxford, UK and Carlton, Australia: Blackwell. UPP 545--Betancur C. Privatization and the Role of the Private Sector in Urban Planning and Policy: government services run best as businesses? (Session 10) Can Required Readings: Dolores Hayden. 2006. “Building the American Way: Public Subsidy, Private Space.” Pp. 35-48 in The Politics of Public Space edited by Setha Low and Neil Smith. New York and London: Routledge. Cindi Katz. 2006. “Power, Space, and Terror: Social Reproduction and the Public Environment.” Pp. 105-21 in The Politics of Public Space ed. by Setha Low and Neil Smith. New York and London: Routledge. Setha Low. 2006. “How Private Interests Take Over Public Space.” Pp. 81-104 in The Politics of Public Space edited by Setha Low and Neil Smith. New York and London: Routledge. Eric Uhlfelder. 1996. "Rethinking Privatization." Urban Land (July): 67-90. Other Readings Edward DeSeve. 1986. “Financing Urban Development: The Joint Efforts of Governments and the Private Sector. The Annals of the American Academy (November): 59-76. John Hannigan. 1998. The AWeenie@ and the "Genie:" The Business of Developing Fantasy City." Pp. 103-128 in Fantasy City. Paul Starr. 1988. “The Meaning of Privatization.” Yale Law and Policy Review 6: 6-41. http://www.princeton.edu/~starr/meaning.html/ D. Public-Private Partnerships: Discussion and Cases (Session 11) Required Readings Susan E. Clarke and Gary L. Gaile. 1998. “Reinventing Citizenship.” The Work of Cities. Minneapolis and London. Pp. 209-214. Marc V. Levine. "The Politics of Partnership: Urban Redevelopment Since 1945." Pp.13-34 in Unequal Partnership. Ed. by G.D. Squires. New Brunswick & London: Rutgers University Press. Gregory D. Squires. 989. "Public Partnerships: Who Gets What and Why." Pp.1-11 in Partnership. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press. Unequal Shearer, Derek. 1989. "In Search of Equal Partnerships." Pp. 289-307 in Unequal Partnership. Edited by G.D. Squires. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press. Other Readings John Hannigan. 1998. "Calling the Shots: Public-Private Partnerships in Fantasy City." Pp. 129-150 in Fantasy City. London and New York: Rutledge. Peter Dreier. "Economic Growth and Economic Justice in Boston: Populist Housing and Job Policies." Pp. 35-58 in Squires, Ed. Op. Cit. Joe R. Feagin, John I. Gilderbloom and Nestor Rodriguez. "The Houston Experience: Private-Public Partnerships." Pp. 240-259 in Squires, Ed. Op. Cit. Chapter 13. UPP 545--Betancur E. Urban Competition/competiveness/comparative advantage Readings: Iain Begg. 1999. “Cities and Competiveness.” Urban Studies 36, 5-6: 795-809. Susan Clarke and Gary L. Gaile. 1998. “The Era of Entrepreneurial Cities.” Pp.55-87 in The Work of Cities. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. John Friedman. “Where we Stand: A Decade of World City Research.” Pp. in World Cities in World System ed. by Paul L. Knox and Peter J. Taylor. Cambridge University Press. Other Readings J.V. Beaverstock, R.A.M. Bostock, M.A. Doel and P.J. Taylor. “Co-Efficiency in World City Formation.” GaWC (Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network) Research Bulletin 20: 21 pages. http://lboro.ac.uk/departments/gy/research/gawc/rb/rb20.html (Jan 2, 2001). Theodore Hershberg. 1996. “Regional Cooperation: Strategies and Incentives for Global Competitiveness and Urban Reform.” National Civic Review 85 (Spring/Summer): 25-30. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Australian Government with Balwant Singh. 1995. “The Competitiveness of Cities: The United States.” Cities and the New Global Economy, Melbourne: The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Australian Government. http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/kresl/determinants.html (October 8, 2000) Theme Four: SELLING AND CONSUMING CITY A. The Tourist City (Session 12) Required Readings: Darlene Avila. 2004. “The Marketable Neighborhood.” Barrio Dreams: Puerto Ricans, and the Neoliberal City. Pp. 181-204. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. Susan S. Fainstein and Dennis R. Judd. 1999. "Global Forces, Local Strategies and Urban Tourism." Pp. 1-17 in The Tourist City. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Other Readings Robert E. Parker. 1999. "Las Vegas, Casino Gambling and Local Culture." Pp. 107-142 in The Tourist City edited by S.S. Fainstein and D.R. Judd. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Saskia Sassen and Frank Roost. 1999. "The City: Strategic Site for the Global Entertainment Industry." Pp. 143-154 in Feinstein and Judd, Eds. Op. Cit. Sabina Dietrich, Robert A. Beauregard and Cheryl Z. Kerchis. 1999. "Riverboat Gambling, Tourism and Economic Development." Pp. 233-244 in Fainstein and Judd, Eds. Op. Cit. UPP 545--Betancur B. Fantasy City Other Readings John Hannigan. “Introduction” and "Cities are Fun: Entertainment…" Pp. 1-11 & 51-64 in Fantasy City. J. Hannigan. Sanitized razzmatazz:' Technology, Simulate Experience and the Culture of Consumption." Pp. 67-80 in Fantasy City. J. Hannigan. AShopertainment, Eatertainment, Edutainment." Fantasy City. Pp. 81-100. J. Hannigan."Saved by a Mouse? Urban Entertainment and the Future of Cities." Fantasy City: 189-200. C. The Virtual and the Imagined City Required Readings M. Christine Boyer. 1999. “Crossing CyberCities: Urban Regions and the Cyberspace Matrix.” Pp. 51-78 in The Urban Moment ed. by Robert A. Beauregard and S. Body-Gendrot. Thousand Oaks, London and New Delhi: Sage Publications, Inc. Steven Flusty and Michael Dear. 1998. "Invitation to a Post-Modern Urbanism." Pp. 25-50 in The Urban Moment edited by R.A. Beauregard and S. Body-Gendrot. D. Culture and Lifestyle: Culture as identity and Culture as Entertainment and industry (Session 13) Required Readings: Davila, A. 2004. “Empowered Culture? The Empowerment Zone and the Selling of El Barrio.” Pp. 97-128 in Barrio Dreams. Guy Dubord. 1995. “Separation Perfected” and “The Commodity as Spectacle.” Pp. 11-34.in The Society of the Spectacle. New York: Zone Books. Mike Featherstone. 1995. “City Cultures and Post-Modern Lifestyles.” Pp. 387-408 in Post-Fordism, A Reader edited by Ash Amin. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, USA: Blackwell Publishers. Marwan M. Kraidy. 2005. “Cultural Hybridity and International Communication” and “Scenarios of Global Culture.” P. 1-44 in Hybridity or the Cultural Logic of Globalization. Philadelphia: Temple Other Readings David B. Cole. 1987. “Artists and Urban Redevelopment.” The Geographical Review 77, 4 (October): 391-407. Theme Six: THE QUEST FOR DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE (Session 14) A. Which Globalization? Whose Globalization? Required Readings Guido Martinotti. 1998. "A City for Whom? Transients and Public Life in the Second- Metropolis." Pp. 155-184 UPP 545--Betancur in The Urban Moment edited by R.A. Beauregard and S. Body-Gendrot. Margit Mayer. 1998. "Urban Movements and Urban Theory in the Late-20th-Century City." Pp. 209-238 in The Urban Moment edited by R.A. Beauregard and S. Body-. Michael Peter Smith. 1998. "Transnationalism and the City." Pp. 119-139 in The Urban Moment edited by R.A. Beauregard and S. Body-Gendrot. Other Readings Alan Mabin. 1998. "The Urban World Through a South African Prism." Pp. 141-152 in The Urban Moment edited by R.A. Beauregard and S. Body-Gendrot. B. Social Justice, Democracy and the Post-Industrial City Required Readings: Ash Amin & Nigel Thrift. 2002. “The Democratic City.” Pp 131-156 in Cities: Reimagining the Urban. Cambridge, UK, Oxford, UK, and Malden, MA/USA: Polity Press in Association with Blackwell Publishers. Susan S. Feinstein. 1998. "Can We Make the Cities we want?" Pp. 249-272 in The Urban Moment. Henri Lefebvre. 1991. “Openings and Conclusions.” Pps.401-23 in The Production of Space. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Malden, Oxford, and Carlton: Routledge. Lefebvre. 1983. “The Urban Phenomenon,” “Towards an Urban Strategy,” and “The Urban Society.” The Urban Revolution. Madrid: Alianza Editorial. Pp. 53-83, 140-155, and 170-185. Sharon Zukin. “Conclusion: Destination Culture and the Crisis of Authenticity.” Pp. 219-246 in Naked Cities: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places. New York: Oxford University Press. Recommended Readings Alain Lipietz. 1995. “Post-Fordism and Democracy.” Pp. 338-357 in Post-Fordism, A Reader edited by Ash Amin. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, USA: Blackwell Publishers. David Harvey. 1997. "Class Relations, Social Justice, and the Political Geography of Difference." Pp. 334-365 in Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Malden and Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Richard Sennett. 1998. "The Spaces of Democracy." Pp. 273-285 in The Urban Moment edited by R.A. Beauregard and S. Body-Gendrot. CONCLUSION: FUTURE SCENARIOS, URBAN PLANNING AND POLICY QUESTIONS PARTICIPANT PRESENTATIONS (Session 15)