UPP 545--Betancur UPP 544: URBAN REVITALIZATION AND GENTRIFICATION Spring 2011, Wednesdays 9:00 – 11:50 Call Number 30638 Professor John J. Betancur (Betancur@UIC.edu) Office hours: Wednesdays 12:00 – 1:00 or, preferably, by appointment Class meets at 2ADH 2232 Description This course examines a range of issues that can be characterized as gentrification of the urban and urbanization of the gentry. Starting with globalization and its relationship to the city, the course explains gentrification as emerging historically in the transition from the manufacturing ‘Fordist’ city to the service/global-globalizing/’post-modern’ city. Gentrification is presented as an urban form emerging from this shift and the associated redefinition of space, place and accumulation. Building on Lefebvre's work, I argue that the city has moved from being the place of production to being the city that we consume, in which we store value, and out of which capitalism runs and coordinates the new economy of global flows. Along the way, we examine the transformations of urbanism and the urban. Themes such as the ‘industries of space,’ intensified commodification of everyday life, symbolic capital and construction of gentrified identities/branding, ghettogentrification dialectics, spectacle, branding, commodification of culture, entertainment, and governance help illustrate the gentrification of urban life. Along with this, the course examines the impacts of these changes on communities and their responses to othering, uprooting, displacement and encroaching." It also analyzes the "spaces in between" (residual, resisting, subverting, contesting, experimenting, seeking alternatives). Overall, the course is an overview of the organizing logics of the city today, the underlying dialectics, the new urban phenomenology, and resistance. It is intended for people who want to take challenges and challenge the status quo as well as for curious minds seeking knowledge and inspiration for their work. It can help people with a role in shaping the city to understand who benefits and who is pushed around, perhaps use this knowledge in the pursuit of equity and, ultimately, find a path in that dis-order. The course runs as a seminar. As such, it is divided into two major activities: class discussion/lectures and research projects. Research projects will be carried out during the semester. The course combines lectures and discussions with studio sessions. Goals/Expected Results While this course focuses primarily on gentrification, it will offer participants a thorough overview of major urban changes in the last four decades and how they have affected cities and urban planning UPP 545--Betancur Participants will be able to contrast the production of cities before and after 1970 along with the respective theories supporting them Participants will learn about major strategies and trends today in both public and private sector practices and efforts to shape cities –along with bottom up efforts to counter or influence them Participants will practice critical skills in the analysis of cases and strategies of public and private planning and policy today Course will provide students with the opportunity to complete research on an issue of interest to them in the syllabus; the study will include the theories most relevant to the case and data collection and analysis of findings Requirements and Grade Class Participation (discussion, readings, attendance, class conversations): 15%. Back-up: 15%. Each participant will take responsibility for the readings of a given class section, will prepare summaries of them and will design a brief exercise on/illustration of the topic of that class. Postings: 20: Each week each participant will post on blackboard an overview of at least two (hopefully one paragraph, two at the most) of the required readings and a brief confirming or disproving example from a city or community you know. Paper/research project: 50%. Participants will conduct (preferably in small teams) research on a topic or subtopic of the class agreed to at the beginning of the term. Report will include problem statement, literature review, hypothesis/questions explored, description of findings from field work and relationship review, hypothesis questions, and findings. A presentation of research project will be scheduled at the end. Grading will be assigned as follows: 90-100 points: A 80-89 points: B 70-79 points: C… Readings Required readings are listed by class session and are either available in blackboard or in the sources listed UPP 545--Betancur Recommended Texts * Rowland Atkinson and Gary Bridge, Eds. 2005. Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism. London and New York: Routledge. Robert A. Beauregard and Sophie Body-Gendrot. 1999. The Urban Moment. Cosmopolitan Essays on the Late 20th Century City. Thousand Oaks, New Delhi and London: Sage Publications. Jeremy W. Crampton and Steuart Elden (Eds.) Space, Knowledge and Power: Foucault and Geography. Ashgate. Susan E. Clarke and Gary L. Gaile. 1998. The Work of Cities. Minneapolis and London: University of Minneapolis. Alexander Cuthbert. 2003. Designing Cities: Critical Readings in Urban Design. Malden, Oxford and Carlton: Blackwell Publishing. Arlene Davila. 2004. Barrio Dreams—Puerto Ricans, Latinos and the Neoliberal City. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Lance Freeman. 2006. There Goes the ‘Hood: Views of Gentrification from the Ground Up. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. David Harvey. 2006. Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory f Uneven Geographical Development. London and New York: Verso. John A. Hannigan. 1998. Fantasy City. Pleasure and Profit in the Postmodern Metropolis. London and New York: Rutledge. Dennis R. Judd and Susan S. Fainstein, Eds. 1999. The Tourist City. New Haven and London: Yale University. Loretta Lees, Tom Slatter, and Elvin Wyly. 2008. Gentrification. New York and London: Routledge. Loretta Lees, Tom Slatter, and Elvin Wyly. 2010. The Gentrification Reader. London and New York: Routledge. Peter Marcuse. 2000. Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order. New York and London: Blackwell Publishers. Christopher Mede. 2000. Selling the Lower East Side, Culture, Real Estate, and Resistance in New York City. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. Richard Lloyd. 2006. Neo-Bohemia: Art and Commerce in the Post-Industrial City. New York and London: Rutledge. Michael Sorkin (Ed.) 2008. Indefensible Space: The Architectuer of the National Insecurity State. Routledge. Neil Smith. 1996. The New Urban Frontier. Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London and New York. Rutledge. Gregory D. Squires, Ed. 1989. Unequal Partnerships. The Political Economy of Urban Redevelopment in Postwar America. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press. Jon C. Teaford. 1990. The Rough Road to Renaissance. Urban Revitalization in America, 1940-1985. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press. UPP 545--Betancur UPP 545: URBAN REVITALIZATION AND GENTRIFICATION CLASS OUTLINE Introduction: Can we build the city that we want? Issues of Structure, Agency/Habitus Class Overview and Assignments Theme One: From the City of Fordism to the City of PosFordism (Sessions 1 & 2) A. Analytical Framework: contending conceptualizations on urban growth and decline and their respective implications for Urban Planning and Policy: the Chicago School, lifecycle, investment-disinvestment, creative destruction, the contradictions of production and reproduction of the built environment under capitalism, periodical crises, technological innovation, urban restructuring. B. Other relevant factors associated with the discussion of urban decline or success/rebirth: suburbanization, de-industrialization, federal policy, class and race segregation, quality of life. C. The Fordist City D. Transition from the Fordist to the Post-Fordist City: Where are we at today? E. Contending Planning and Policy Frameworks carried out from the Fordist City or emerging from the Post-Fordist Urban Debate and Planning Practice Readings1: * Alexander R. Cuthbert. 2003. “Introduction.” Pp. 1-12 in Designing Cities: Critical Readings on Urban Design. Malden, Oxford and Carlton: Blackwell Publishing. * Paul Walker Clarke. “The Economic Currency of Architectural Aesthetics.” Pp 28-43 in Designing Cities: Critical Readings on Urban Design edited by A.R. Cuthbert. Malden, Oxford and Carlton: Blackwell Publishing. * Joe R. Feagin. 1998. "Introduction" (Pp. 1-23) and "Cities and the New International Division of Labor: An Overview" (pp. 27-58) in The New Urban Paradigm: Critical Perspectives on the City. Lanham, Boulder, New York and Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1 Required (*) UPP 545--Betancur * David Harvey. “Neoliberalism and the Restoration of Class Power. “ Pp. 9-68 in Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. London and New York: Verso. * Jon C. Teaford. 1990. The Rough Road to Renaissance. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press. Robert A. Beauregard and Sophie Body-Gendrot. 1999. "Imagined Cities, Engaged Citizens." Pp. 3-22 in The Urban Moment edited by R.A. Beauregard and S. Body-Gendrot. Thousand Oaks, London and New Delhi: Sage Publications. Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. 1982. "Capital vs. Community" (pp. 3-21) and “Why and How the American Economy is Undergoing Industrialization." (pp. 111-193) in The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Richard Child Hill. "Industrial Restructuring, State Intervention, and Uneven Development in the United States and Japan." Pp. 60-85 in Beyond the City Limits. Urban Policy and Economic Restructuring in Comparative Perspective edited by Logan and Swanstrom. Philadelphia: Temple University Press Kevin R. Cox. 1997. "Introduction: Globalization and Its Politics in Question." Pp. 1-18 in Spaces of Globalization, Reasserting the Power of the Local edited by Kevin R. Cox. New York and London: The Guilford Press. Josef Esser and Joachim Hirsch. 1995. "The Crisis of Fordism and the Dimensions of a 'PostFordist' Regional and Urban Structure." Pp. 71-97 in Post-Fordism, A Reader edited by Ash Amin. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, USA: Blackwell Publishers. Robert Fishman. 1996. "Beyond Suburbia: The Rise of the Technoburb." Pp. 77-86 in The City Reader edited by Richard T. LeGates and Frederic Stout. London and New York: Rutledge. Charles R. Farris. 1989. “Urban Renewal: An Administrator Remembers.” Journal of Housing (July-August): 169-179. David Harvey. 1990. “Fordist modernism versus flexible postmodernism, or the interpenetration of opposed tendencies in capitalism as a Whole.” Pp. 338-342 in The Condition of Postmodernity. Cambridge, Mass and Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. John R. Logan and Todd Swanstrom, Eds. 1990. "Urban Restructuring: A Critical View." Pp. 324 in Beyond the City Limits. Urban Policy and Economic Restructuring in Comparative Perspective. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. UPP 545--Betancur Theme Two: GENTRIFICATION A. Contending explanations (Session 3) Readings: * Christopher Mele. 2000. “The Struggle over Space.” Pp. 1-30 in Selling the Lower East Side. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. * Neil Smith. 1996. "Local Arguments, "Global Arguments," and "Social Arguments (chapters 3, 4 & 5). Pp. 51-74, 75-91 and 92-118 in The New Urban Frontier. Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London and New York: Rutledge. * Robert Beauregard. 1986. "The Chaos and Complexity of Gentrification." Pp. 35-55 in Neil S. Smith and Peter Williams, Eds. Gentrification of the City. Boston, Mass: Allen and Unwin. B. Case Studies and the Role of the Discourse (Sessions 4 and 5) Readings: * N. Smith. "Market, State and Ideology. Society Hill." Pp. 119-139 in The New Urban Frontier. * John J. Betancur, Isabel Domeyko and Patricia A. Wright. Gentrification in West Town: Contested Ground. Chicago, IL: Natalie P. Voorhees Center for Neighborhood and Community Improvement. * Christopher Mele. “Developing the East Village” and “The Production of Desire.” Pp. 220-254 and 281-310 in Selling the Lower East Side. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. * John J. Betancur and Lee Ann Deuben. Gentrification before Gentrification? The Plight of Pilsen in Chicago. Chicago, IL: Natalie P. Voorhees Center for Neighborhood and Community Improvement. * Arlene Davila. 2004. “’El Barrio es de Todos:’ Predicaments of Culture and Place.” in Barrio Dreams: Puerto Ricans, Latinos and the Neoliberal City. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London. Pp. 59-96 * Sharon Zukin. 2010. “Why Harlem is not a Ghetto.” Pp. 63-94 in Naked Cities: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places. New York: Oxford University Press. Rowland Atkinson and Gary Bridge, Eds. 2005. “Heritage and Gentrification: Remembering the UPP 545--Betancur ‘Good Old Days’ in Postcolonial Sidney” by Wendy Shaw; “Exploring the Substance and Style of Gentrification: Berlin’s Prenzlberg” by Matthias Bernt and Andrej Holm; “Gentrification and Neighborhood Dynamics in Japan: The Case of Kyoto” by Yoshihiro Fujitsuka; and “Another ‘Guggenheim Effect? Central City Projects and Gentrification in Bilbao” by Lorenzo Vicario and Manuel Martinez Monje.” Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism. London and New York: Routledge. John J. Betancur. "Urban Renewal and Gentrification in Chicago: A Case Study." Unpublished Paper. C. Discussion of community interventions (the politics of gentrification) and the “pros and cons” of gentrification: the limits of this approach. (Session 6) Readings * Lance Freeman. 2006. “Implications for Planning and Policy.” Pp. 157-187 in There Goes the ‘Hood: Views of Gentrification from the Ground. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. * Todd Harvey et al. (14 additional authors). 1999. “Gentrification and West Oakland: Causes, Effects and Best Practices.” Berkeley, CA: University of California at Berkeley. http://comm-org.utoledo.edu/papers2000/gentrify/gentrify.htm/ * George C. Galster. “Gentrification as Diversification: Why Detroit Needs it and How it Can Get it.” The Journal of Law in Society 4, 1 (Fall 2002): 29-43. John J. Betancur. 2002. “The Politics of Gentrification: The Case of West Town in Chicago.” Urban Affairs Review 37, 6 (July): 780-814. John J. Betancur, Clifford C. Schrupp, and George C. Galster. 2002. “Symposium: Can Gentrification Save Detroit? The Journal of Law in Society 4, 1 (Fall): 1-70 N. Smith. "From Gentrification to the Revanchist City." Pp. 210-32 in The New Urban Frontier. D. Gentrification of the City and New Dimensions of Gentrification (Session 7) Readings * Rowland Atkinson and Gary Bridge. 2005. “Introduction.” Pp. 1-17 in Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism.” London and New York: Routledge. UPP 545--Betancur * John J. Betancur. “Understanding Space under Flexible Accumulation: the GhettoGentrification Dialectics.” (Draft Paper) * Richard Lloyd. 2006. “The Bohemian Ethic and the Spirit of Flexibility.” Neo-Bohemia: Art and Commerce in the Post Industrial City. New York and London: Routledge. Pp. 235- 46. Theme Three: THE NEOLIBERAL CITY A. The Neoliberal City Defined (Session 8) Readings: * Arlene Davila. 2004. “Introduction: Barrio Business, Barrio Dreams.” Pp. 1-26 * Susan Clarke and Gary L. Gaile. 1998. “Introduction”. Pp. 1-16. * David Harvey. 2006. “Neoliberalism and the Restoration of Class Power.” Pp. 9-68 in Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. London and New York: Verso. * Edward Soja. 1998. “Introduction/Itinerary/Overture.” Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Malden, MA/USA and Oxford, OX/UK: Routledge. B. Deregulation, the New Division of Labor and Associated factors (Session 9) Readings: * David Dollar and Aart Kraay. “Growth is Good for the Poor.” Pp. 177-182 in The Globalization Reader edited by Frank J. Lechner and John Boli. Malden, USA, Oxford, UK and Carlton, Australia: Blackwell Publishing. * Taruk Farak. 1996. The World Labor Force. Pp. 87-116 in The Age of Transition— Trajectory of the World-System 1945-2025 edited by Terence K. Hopkins, Immanuel Wallerstein et Al. London and New Jersey: Zed Books; Leichhardt, Australia: Pluto Press Australia. * David Harvey. 1997 (reprint). "Flexible Accumulation through Urbanization: Reflections on 'Post-Modernism in the American City." Pp. 361-386 in Post-Fordism, A Reader edited by Ash Amin. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, USA: Blackwell. * ---- 1996. "Possible Urban Worlds." Pp. 403-438 in Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Malden, MA/USA and Oxford, OX/UK: Blackwell Publishers. UPP 545--Betancur * Kees van der Pijl. 1998. “Transnational Class Formation and Historical Hegemonies.” Pp. 98-135 in Transnational Classes and International Relations. London and New York: Rutledge. Joseph E. Stiglitz. “Globalism’s Discontents.” Pp. 200-207 in The Globalization Reader, Frank J. Lechner and John Boli, eds.. Malden, USA, Oxford, UK and Carlton, Australia: Blackwell. C. Privatization and the Role of the Private Sector in Urban Planning and Policy: Can government services run best as businesses? (Session 10) Readings: * Dolores Hayden. 2006. “Building the American Way: Public Subsidy, Private Space.” Pp. 35-48 in The Politics of Public Space edited by Setha Low and Neil Smith. New York and London: Routledge. * Cindi Katz. 2006. “Power, Space, and Terror: Social Reproduction and the Public Environment.” Pp. 105-121 in The Politics of Public Space edited by Setha Low and Neil Smith. New York and London: Routledge. * Setha Low. 2006. “How Private Interests Take Over Public Space: Zoning, Taxes, and Incorporation of Gated Communities.” Pp. 81-104 in The Politics of Public Space edited by Setha Low and Neil Smith. New York and London: Routledge. * Eric Uhlfelder. 1996. "Rethinking Privatization." Urban Land (July): 67-90. Edward DeSeve. 1986. “Financing Urban Development: The Joint Efforts of Governments and the Private Sector. The Annals of the American Academy (November): 59-76. John Hannigan. 1998. The AWeenie@ and the "Genie:" The Business of Developing Fantasy City." Pp. 103-128 in Fantasy City. Paul Starr. 1988. “The Meaning of Privatization.” Yale Law and Policy Review 6: 6-41. http://www.princeton.edu/~starr/meaning.html/ D. Public-Private Partnerships: Discussion and Cases (Session 11) * Susan E. Clarke and Gary L. Gaile. 1998. “Reinventing Citizenship.” The Work of Cities. Minneapolis and London. Pp. 209-214. * Marc V. Levine. "The Politics of Partnership: Urban Redevelopment Since 1945." Pp. 13-34 in Unequal Partnership. Edited by G.D. Squires. New Brunswick and London: UPP 545--Betancur Rutgers University Press. * Gregory D. Squires. 1989. "Public Partnerships: Who Gets What and Why." Pp.1-11 in Unequal Partnership. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press. * Shearer, Derek. 1989. "In Search of Equal Partnerships: Prospects for Progressive Urban Policy in the 1990s." Pp. 289-307 in Unequal Partnership. Edited by G.D. Squires. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press. John Hannigan. 1998. "Calling the Shots: Public-Private Partnerships in Fantasy City." Pp. 129150 in Fantasy City. London and New York: Rutledge. Peter Dreier. "Economic Growth and Economic Justice in Boston: Populist Housing and Job Policies." Pp. 35-58 in Squires, Ed. Op. Cit. Joe R. Feagin, John I. Gilderbloom and Nestor Rodriguez. "The Houston Experience: PrivatePublic Partnerships." Pp. 240-259 in Squires, Ed. Op. Cit. Chapter 13. E. Urban Competition/competiveness/comparative advantage Readings: * Iain Begg. 1999. “Cities and Competiveness.” Urban Studies 36, 5-6: 795-809. * Susan Clarke and Gary L. Gaile. 1998. “The Era of Entrepreneurial Cities.” Pp.55-87 in The Work of Cities. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. * John Friedman. “Where we Stand: A Decade of World City Research.” Pp. in World Cities in World System ed. by Paul L. Knox and Peter J. Taylor. Cambridge University Press. J.V. Beaverstock, R.A.M. Bostock, M.A. Doel and P.J. Taylor. “Co-Efficiency in World City Formation.” GaWC (Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network) Research Bulletin 20: 21 pages. http://lboro.ac.uk/departments/gy/research/gawc/rb/rb20.html (Jan 2, 2001). Theodore Hershberg. 1996. “Regional Cooperation: Strategies and Incentives for Global Competitiveness and Urban Reform.” National Civic Review 85 (Spring/Summer): 25-30. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Australian Government with Balwant Singh. 1995. “The Competitiveness of Cities: The United States.” Cities and the New Global Economy, Melbourne: The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Australian Government. http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/kresl/determinants.html (October 8, 2000) UPP 545--Betancur Theme Four: SELLING AND CONSUMING CITY A. The Tourist City (Session 12) Readings: * Darlene Avila. 2004. “The Marketable Neighborhood.” Barrio Dreams: Puerto Ricans, Latinos and the Neoliberal City. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. Pages 181-204. * Susan S. Fainstein and Dennis R. Judd. 1999. "Global Forces, Local Strategies and Urban Tourism." Pp. 1-17 in The Tourist City. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. * Robert E. Parker. 1999. "Las Vegas, Casino Gambling and Local Culture." Pp. 107-142 in The Tourist City edited by S.S. Fainstein and D.R. Judd. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Saskia Sassen and Frank Roost. 1999. "The City: Strategic Site for the Global Entertainment Industry." Pp. 143-154 in Feinstein and Judd, Eds. Op. Cit. Sabina Dietrich, Robert A. Beauregard and Cheryl Z. Kerchis. 1999. "Riverboat Gambling, Tourism and Economic Development." Pp. 233-244 in Fainstein and Judd, Eds. Op. Cit. B. Fantasy City * John Hannigan. “Introduction” and "Cities are Fun: Entertainment…" Pp. 1-11 & 51-64 in Fantasy City. * John Hannigan. A>Sanitized razzmatazz:' Technology, Simulate Experience and the Culture of Consumption." Pp. 67-80 in Fantasy City. John Hannigan. AShopertainment, Eatertainment, Edutainment: Synergies and Syntheses in the Themed Environment." Pp. 81-100. John Hannigan. "Saved by a Mouse? Urban Entertainment and the Future of Cities." Pp.189200 in Fantasy City. C. The Virtual and the Imagined City * M. Christine Boyer. 1999. “Crossing CyberCities: Urban Regions and the Cyberspace UPP 545--Betancur Matrix.” Pp. 51-78 in The Urban Moment edited by Robert A. Beauregard and Sophie Body-Gendrot. Thousand Oaks, London and New Delhi: Sage Publications, Inc. * Steven Flusty and Michael Dear. 1998. "Invitation to a Post-Modern Urbanism." Pp. 25-50 in The Urban Moment edited by R.A. Beauregard and S. Body-Gendrot. D. Culture and Lifestyle: Culture as identity and Culture as Entertainment and industry (Session 13) Readings: A. Davila. 2004. “Empowered Culture? The Empowerment Zone and the Selling of El Barrio.” Pp. 97-128 in Barrio Dreams. * Guy Dubord. 1995. “Separation Perfected” and “The Commodity as Spectacle.” The Society of the Spectacle. New York: Zone Books. Pp. 11-34. * * Mike Featherstone. 1995. “City Cultures and Post-Modern Lifestyles.” Pp. 387-408 in Post-Fordism, A Reader edited by Ash Amin. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, USA: Blackwell Publishers. * Marwan M. Kraidy. 2005. “Cultural Hybridity and International Communication” and “Scenarios of Global Culture.” Hybridity or the Cultural Logic of Globalization. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Pp. 1-44. David B. Cole. 1987. “Artists and Urban Redevelopment.” The Geographical Review 77, 4 (October): 391-407. Theme Six: THE QUEST FOR DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE (Session 14) A. Which Globalization? Whose Globalization? * Guido Martinotti. 1998. "A City for Whom? Transients and Public Life in the SecondGeneration Metropolis." Pp. 155-184 in The Urban Moment edited by R.A. Beauregard and S. Body-Gendrot. * Margit Mayer. 1998. "Urban Movements and Urban Theory in the Late-20th-Century City." Pp. 209-238 in The Urban Moment edited by R.A. Beauregard and S. BodyGendrot. * Michael Peter Smith. 1998. "Transnationalism and the City." Pp. 119-139 in The Urban Moment edited by R.A. Beauregard and S. Body-Gendrot. UPP 545--Betancur Alan Mabin. 1998. "The Urban World Through a South African Prism." Pp. 141-152 in The Urban Moment edited by R.A. Beauregard and S. Body-Gendrot. B. Social Justice, Democracy and the Post-Industrial City Readings: * Ash Amin and Nigel Thrift. 2002. “The Democratic City.” Pp 131-156 in Cities: Reimagining the Urban. Cambridge, UK, Oxford, UK, and Malden, MA/USA: Polity Press in Association with Blackwell Publishers. * Susan S. Feinstein. 1998. "Can We Make the Cities we want?" Pp. 249-272 in The Urban Moment edited by R.A. Beauregard and S. Body-Gendrot. * Henri Lefebvre. 1991. “Openings and Conclusions.” The Production of Space. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Malden, MA/USA, Oxford, OX/UK and Carlton/Victoria, Australia: Routledge. Pp. 401-423. * ------. 1983. “The Urban Phenomenon,” “Towards an Urban Strategy,” and “The Urban Society.” The Urban Revolution. Madrid: Alianza Editorial. Pp. 53-83, 140-155, and 170-185. * Sharon Zukin. “Conclusion: Destination Culture and the Crisis of Authenticity.” Pp. 219246 in Naked Cities: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places. New York: Oxford University Press. Alain Lipietz. 1995. “Post-Fordism and Democracy.” Pp. 338-357 in Post-Fordism, A Reader edited by Ash Amin. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, USA: Blackwell Publishers. David Harvey. 1997. "Class Relations, Social Justice, and the Political Geography of Difference." Pp. 334-365 in Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Malden, Mass and Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. Richard Sennett. 1998. "The Spaces of Democracy." Pp. 273-285 in The Urban Moment edited by R.A. Beauregard and S. Body-Gendrot. CONCLUSION: FUTURE SCENARIOS, URBAN PLANNING AND POLICY QUESTIONS PARTICIPANT PRESENTATIONS (Session 15)