Loss Measurement of Houses on Physical and Socio-Economical Aspects
PART THREE
LOSS MEASUREMENT
3.1. Loss of Building Analysis
One of the main goal of the activity is to identify the amount of assets loss or damage of house
in relation to the uprising sea level. In identifying the term “loss”, it can encompass such as
the direct repair or replacement cost and loss of house function for living. To achieve this
objective, the methods of analysis should be defined. The method uses similar procedure with
one uses due to flooding/inundation. The difference is that flood is a rather short-term
phenomenon, while sea level rise is a quite long-term one. However, even though the purposes
of both phenomena are quite different, but the method is similar. In brief, loss measurement
due to flood impacts on lives and properties include:
 Injury or loss of lives and property

Damage to houses and property, such as furniture and electrical appliances

Disruption of livelihoods due to the destruction of crops, farmland, death of livestock,
and washing out of fish, shrimp and crab ponds

Prevention of crop planting

Soil erosion, covering land with debris, sand or boulders, which reduces farming areas,
and to some extent, the fertility of the soil layer

Damage to infrastructure and public facilities

Disruption of clean water supplies and contamination of water sources, which can
subsequently cause diseases

Triggering of epidemics, water-borne diseases, breeding of mosquitoes and the spread
of malaria.
Meanwhile in this activity the measurement only focuses on damage or deterioration of the
house as physical functional. Loss measurement methodology is conducted according to the
following steps:
(1) The definition of the territory of research interest
(2) The division of territory into appropriate zones
(3) The degree of each damage category (light damage, moderate damage and heavy damage)
for each aspect (architecture, structure and utility)
(4) Scoring of each damage category
(5) Scoring functional component into each aspect of housing
(6) The definition of building type
(7) The definition cost percentage of each component into the particular building type
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Loss Measurement of Houses on Physical and Socio-Economical Aspects
Points (1) up to (3) have been defined the survey guide, so this sub-chapter will describe more
detailed points (4) up to (7). In short, explanation seeFig. 3.1.1
However that method still has some limitation such as:
(1) The calculation ignores not only environmental differences between the sites, but also. for
example zone A is used as a basis for estimating the losses in zone B.
(2) The methodology also ignores any differences in construction practices (which very
significantly) between the two zones. Some of these differences may result the from
relative improvements in building practices and the adoption of stronger codes.
(3) The calculation ignore the random nature
(4) The methodology ignore what adaptation has been done by inhabitants to their house
INPUT
Scoring of functional
component
INPUT
Scoring damage
DEFINITION
Building Class
INPUT
Percentage cost to
investment a house
Observation loss to
Architectural Aspects
Observation loss to
Structural Aspects
Observation loss to
Utility Aspects
Fig. 3.1.1: General Scheme for Loss Measurement on Physical Building
In the intervening time to investigation data, there were some constraints, such as:
 Time limitation in observing respondent’s houses

Not all components can be investigated only by visual observation, such as ceiling
frame, beam, joint column-beam and foundation

The respondent has repaired and/or replaced the damage components

The respondent use varied materials in one component structure that may be difficult
to classify the damage
Although this study only focuses on the loss of physical houses measurement the character of
each site has contributed into the analysis result. Some variable, which ignored the analysis
may have significant contribution are:

Quality of construction

Age of construction

Construction type
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Loss Measurement of Houses on Physical and Socio-Economical Aspects

Geological characteristic of the site

Perceived ability of the design to resist the floodwater
Quantifying loss measurement has two proposes i.e. the remained building function and the
cost of building refurbishment. The score of function of buiding components shown in the
Table 3.1.1.
Table 3.1.1: Score Of Functional Component
Aspects
Architect
Structure
Water supply
Sewerage
Component
Appropriate function
Flooring
Plaster floor
Finishing wall
Plaster wall
Door and windows
Ceiling
Foundation
Column
Beam
Beam column joint
Roof frame
Secondary component
Water tank
Water pump
Crane
Closet
Septic tank
Sewerage drain
Rain drain
Score function (%)
15
14
15
14
15
10
17
25
20
20
15
5
15
12
23
5
7
13
24
6
Source: Cipta Karya, 1998
To measure loss investment on physical building need is a way of relating the quality of a
building system to the quality of its components. Therefore, the cost analysis will be referred
into individual classes of building structure. The class of building structure uses the following
criteria:


Building type: single landed house,
The main load resisting system: reinforced concrete for main frame and shallow stone
construction for foundation
 Wall: plastered brick masonry
 Roof frame and Roofing: timber framing and tile
 Floor: tile
 Finishing: painting wall
 Outside working such as drainage, construction septic tank and paving pathway
By such criteria the percentage cost for an individual building type are assumed in the Table
3.1.2. However, this score is still open to argument.
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Loss Measurement of Houses on Physical and Socio-Economical Aspects
Table 3.1.2: Cost Percentage in Individual House
No
Building Component
Investment (%)
1.
2.
3.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Foundation
Structure frame
Wall
Roof frame
Roofing
Ceiling
Plaster wall
Floor
Door and windows
Finishing
Electrical and plumbing
Outside work
Total
19
17
10
7
5
8
9
5
7
6
2
5
100
Source: Bachtiar Ibrahim, 1993
In quantifying the result need to score for each classification of damage. The method for
building maintenance, cost percentage for building repairing are shown in the Table 3.1.3..
Hence assumed score for each classification depends on those percentages.
Table 3.1.3: Damage Score
Damage type
Score (%)
Good condtion
0
Light damage
10
Moderate damage
25
Heavy damage
50
By such scoring to analysis loss measurement can use the following equation.
1. Loss function of physical building
Rf  BF x BR
where:
Rf = loss function of physical building
BF = score function of component building
BR = damaged score
Assuming of the function for each aspect uses the Table 3.1.4.
Table 3.1.4 : Score Function for Each Aspect
Aspects
Architecture
Structure
Utility
Part - 3
Score Function (%)
5
60
35
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Loss Measurement of Houses on Physical and Socio-Economical Aspects
2. Loss investment of a building:
Rb  BB x BR
where:
Rb = loss cost of building investment
BB = percentage investment
BR = damaged score
As mention in previous chapter the quantity of loss depends on the disaster itself. However the
intensity of the inundation in each surveyed city depends on geographycal condition as shown
in Table 3.1.5.
Table 3.1.5: Intensity the Inundation
Intensity of
inundation
Name of city
Banjarmasin
Denpasar
Jakarta
Makasar
Mataram
Semarang
Surabaya
Height of
inundation (cm)
10 – 50
10 – 50
40 – 100
25 –40
10 - 100
Up to 50
30 – 70
Duration of
inundation
<1 hour to
12 hour
< 24 hour
24 hour
to 72
hour
1 hour –
2 hour
1 hour –
12 hour
24 hour
Up to 72
hour
The loss function of building utilities is calculated during inundation. The clean water
provided by public supply is very unlikely to be contaminated unless the plumbing is broken.
In contrast, the shallow well existed in houses is mostly contaminated by mud and dirty things
causing by the back fow of the sewerage then this facility can not be used during and several
days after flooding and inundation. Such condition is classified as heavy damage. The detail of
the analysis result can be seen in Figure 3.1.2 up to Figure 3.1.9.
Fig. 3.1.2: Loss Physical Measurement in Banjarmasin
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Loss Measurement of Houses on Physical and Socio-Economical Aspects
Fig. 3.1.3: Loss Physical Measurement in Denpasar
Fig. 3.1.4: Loss Physical Measurement in Jakarta
Fig. 3.1.6: Loss Physical Measurement in Makasar
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Loss Measurement of Houses on Physical and Socio-Economical Aspects
Fig. 3.1.7: Loss Physical Measurement in Mataram
Fig. 3.1.8: Loss Physical Measurement in Semarang
Fig. 3.1.9: Loss Physical Measurement in Surabaya
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Loss Measurement of Houses on Physical and Socio-Economical Aspects
The result of each surveyed city regarding three aspects is presented in Table 3.1.6. while the
average result is Table 3.1.7 as well as Figure 3.1.10.
Table 3.1.6. Percentage Loss Function Building per Aspect in Average
Name of City
Aspect
Banjarmasin Denpasar Jakarta Makasar Mataram Semarang Surabaya
Architecture
0.22
0.02
0.95
1.31
1.25
1.61
0.99
Structure
1.11
0.00
4.99
4.95
6.64
14.38
1.11
Utility
0.00
0.00
8.75
5.83
10.21
7.29
13.13
Source: Field Analysis Result
Table 3.1.7. Percentage Loss Physical Building In Average
Name of City
Aspect
Banjarmasin Denpasar Jakarta Makasar Mataram Semarang Surabaya
Loss
investment
4.1
0.2
15.5
16.5
19.9
31.2
13.1
Loss function
1.3
0.0
14.7
12.1
18.1
23.3
15.2
Source: Field Analysis Result
Fig. 3.1.10: Resume Analysis Result in Surveyed Cities
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Loss Measurement of Houses on Physical and Socio-Economical Aspects
Based on the analysis, the difference loss of investment is similar to loss function, especially
in Banjarmasin. This is because the structural aspect is more costly than other aspects.
Especially the Denpasar’s respondents, although the building type use landed houses, either
loss function or loss investment are not as much as in other cities. It may be the geological
characteristic of the site, which the inundation decreases easily. Ignorance of Denpasar's
respondent, among the surveyed cities maximum loss occurs in Semarang and minimum in
Banjarmasin. It is easy to understand that the huge loss in Semarang is due to the occurrence
of rob, which may submerge the building. Meanwhile in Banjarmasin the whole building type
are platform house, which the construction were built over the tide height.
To obtain loss measurement based on building type, there need to be subdivided into landed
houses and platform hoses as scheme in Figure 3.1.11. From all respondents’ houses, about 14
houses are classified as platform houses and the remaining houses are landed houses. The
result analysis can be seen in Figure 3.12 and Figure 3.1.13. In average for platform house,
loss function is approximately 3%, while for landed house approximately 18%. When
determination to loss cost, for platform houses has approximately 7% and landed houses 20%
as mention in Table 3.1.8
Platform
Above
land
Above
water Type In
Fig. 3.1.11: Building
Surveyed Cities
house
Landed
house
Fig. 3.1.12: Loss Due To Inundation In Platform Houses
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Loss Measurement of Houses on Physical and Socio-Economical Aspects
Fig. 3.1.13: The Loss Due To Inundation In Landed Houses
Table 3.1.8. The Loss Due To Inundation In Surveyed Cities
Building type
Platform House
Landed house
Loss Investment (%)
7.2
19.6
Loss Function (%)
2.8
17.6
The loss of physical building can be quantified and predicted in more detailed for the
particular city if the factors such as the density building and the vulnerable system can be
sufficiently be detailed. For macro level, details of future population, which means distribution
of housing has contributed heavily in the affects of loss asset in an area.
3.2. Loss of Productive Time
Productive time is a period of time that normally can be used for someone’s doing something
for the benefit of her/is lives. The term of “loss of productive time” means the periods of
people’s productive time is disrupted or even have to be stopped during inundation period,
because of uprising sea level.
In this section, to determine “loss of productive time” encompasses time spent for several
activities which are disrupted or have to be stopped. Thus, people’s “loss of productive time”
can be counted by how many hours that people are disrupted or even have to be stopped
working or doing something because of uprising sea level These periods of time which are
disrupted are the time spent for :
 Domestic works includes cooking, washing, eating, drinking.
 Productive works includes going to school and to works place
 Leisure time includes children’s playing time, sleeping, social interaction, worships.
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Loss Measurement of Houses on Physical and Socio-Economical Aspects
To analysis people’s loss of productive time, this part will be presented data analysis of each
city and will be discussed two main points, those are :
1. The percentages of respondent are disrupted by inundation matters.
2. Time spent during inundation period.
3.2.1. The percentages of respondents are disrupted by inundation matters
As can be seen from Table 3.2.1., data analysis indicates that the percentages of respondents
are disrupted by inundation are varied in each city. Apparently, respondents who are
disrupted by inundation depend on frequency of uprising sea level in each city.
Table 3.2.1. The Percentages of respondent are disrupted with inundation .
Daily Activities
Domestic works
- cooking
- eating
- drinking
- washing
Productive works
- working
- learning
activities
Leisure activities
- sleeping
- social
interaction
- worships
- playing time
Total
Banjarmasin
f = 7-12
Denpasar
f=3
Jakarta
f=3
Makassar
f=6
Mataram
f = 1-3
Semarang
f = 80
Surabaya
f = 7-12
8.4
20.4
3.6
20.4
23
0
0
0
22.2
26.7
24.4
24.4
80
52
52
56
89.4
74.5
52
56
100
100
100
100
24.4
24.4
15.6
24.4
23
0
0
0
100
91.1
65
70
91.5
36
77.1
80
15.6
11.1
100
77.8
0
0
24.4
22.2
43
22.2
80.9
97.9
100
100
100
22.2
86.7
22.2
0
19.3
100
15.6
52
47
85.1
97.3
97.1
85.7
13.3
95.7
362.5
42.3
451
539.2
765.1
939.9
344.7
f = frequency of inundation in one year
In the city where the frequency of inundation is highest such as Semarang (80 time inundated
in one year), the number of respondent who are disrupted by inundation reach nearly 100% of
respondent, so that during inundation period all daily activities in northern part of Semarang
tend to be disrupted or have to be stopped absolutely. While in Denpasar where the
frequency of inundation is only 3 time in one year, the inundation does not significantly
influence their daily activities.
3.2.2. Time Spent During Inundation Periods
As mention earlier that loss of productive time is counted by how many hours that people are
disrupted or even have to be stopped working or doing something because of uprising sea
level, so that loss of productive time is equal to time spent during inundation which is
counted by :
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Loss Measurement of Houses on Physical and Socio-Economical Aspects
Duration Time of Inundation x
Frequency of Inundation in one year.
Table 3.2.2. shows time spent during inundation periods in each city in Indonesia. From the
table below can be assumed that Semarang is the highest time spent during inundation
periods.
Table 3.2.2. Time Spent During Inundation Periods.
Time Spent
During
Inundation
Banjarmasi
n
Hi = up to 50
cm
Denpasa
r
Hi = up
to 50 cm
Duration time
of inundation
<1 hour to
12 hour
< 1 day
7-12
1-12 hours x
7 -12
Frequency of
inundation in
one year
Total’s Time
Spent
Jakart
a
Hi = up
to 100
cm
1 day
to 3
days
Makasa
r
Hi = up
to 50 cm
Matara
m
Hi = up
to 40 cm
Semaran
g
Hi = up to
50 cm
Surabay
a
Hi = up
to 70 cm
1 hour –
2 hour
1 hour –
12 hour
1 day
Up to 3
day
3
3
6
1-3
80
7-12
1 day x 3
3 days
x3
1-2
hours x
6
1-12
hours x
1-3
1 day x 80
3 day x
7-12
Hi = maximum height of inundation
In the normal situation, residential areas should be not inundated by uprising sea level, but the
fact is found that sea level countinous to rise annually in different intensities. This condition
makes households be aware that living in such condition is disrupted, so that respon of each
household to such condition can be catagoried into three group of households, they decide to
move out, or they attempt to elevate the ground floor, or they try to survive, keep stay and
accept all consequences as Colledge and Stimsin (1987 : 277) the first group is they modify
aspirations and adjust in situ leading to a decision to stay, the second group is they modify
achievement in situ leading to a decision to stay, and the last group is they start looking for a
new location, because of a feeling that only by moving will the decision maker restosre
equilibrium between achievement and aspirations.
Back to the time spent for inundation, in this matters households that spent time for
inundation matters are they are who choose to stay in the inundated areas. They are who
choose to stay are the households who cannot afford to make any choices, because they are
less fortune group of people who will always be limited in selecting location and type of
dwelling units. Therefore, they decrease its standard of living, and they receive all
consequences of living in inundated areas, including loss of productive time. This condition
should not be have a tolerable threshold, because sooner or latter, inundated areas will be left
either. People cannot live in inundated areas. To eliminate loss of productive time, the
local government has to give an explanation that inundated areas are not suitable for living,
so that the household are able to make an appropriate decision to choose location and type of
dwelling units in another areas that safe for them.
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