A posteriori from the latter Based on observation (i.e., empirical knowledge ), the reverse of a priori . Used in mathematics and logic to denote something that is known after a proof has been carried out. In philosophy, used to denote something that can be known from empirical experience. a priori from the former Presupposed, the reverse of a posteriori . Used in mathematics and logic to denote something that is known or postulated before a proof has been carried out. In philosophy, used to denote something that can be known without empirical experience. In everyday speech, it denotes something occurring or being known before the event. ab initio from the beginning "At the outset", referring to an inquiry or investigation.
In literature, refers to a story told from the beginning rather than in medias res (from the middle). In science, refers to the first principles . In other contexts, often refers to beginner or training courses. Ab initio mundi means "from the beginning of the world". ab intra from within From the inside. The opposite of ab extra .
ad hoc to this Generally means "for this", in the sense of improvised on the spot or designed for only a specific, immediate purpose. ad infinitum to infinity Going on forever. Used to designate a property which repeats in all cases in mathematical proof. ad interim (ad int) for the meantime As in the term " chargé d'affaires ad interim
" for a diplomatic officer who acts in place of an ambassador. alias otherwise An assumed name or pseudonym . Similar to alter ego , but more specifically referring to a name, not to a "second self". anno (an.) in the year Also used in such phrases as anno urbis conditae (see ab urbe condita ), Anno Domini , and anno regni .
Anno Domini (A.D.) in the Year of the Lord Short for Anno Domini Nostri Iesus
Christi (in the Year of Our Lord Jesus Christ), the predominantly used system for dating years across the world, used with the Gregorian calendar , and based on the perceived year of the birth of Jesus Christ . The years before Jesus' birth were once marked with a.C.n
( Ante Christum Natum , Before Christ was Born), but now use the
English abbreviation BC (Before Christ) or B.C.E. (Before the Common Era).
Augustus Caesar was born in the year 63 BC, and died AD 14. aqua (aq.) water aqua fortis strong water Refers to nitric acid . aqua pura pure water Or "clear water", "clean water". aqua regia royal water refers to a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid . aqua vitae water of life "Spirit of Wine" in many English texts. Used to refer to various native distilled beverages , such as whisky ( uisge beatha ) in Scotland and
Ireland, gin in Holland, brandy ( eau de vie ) in France, and akvavit in Scandinavia. confer ( cf.
) confer [4][5] "compare". Used as an abbreviation in text to recommend a comparison with another thing (cf. citation signal ). de dato of the date Used in the context of "As we agreed in the meeting d.d. 26th Mai
2006. de facto by deed Said of something that is the actual state of affairs , in contrast to something's legal or official standing, which is described as de jure . De facto refers to the "way things really are" rather than what is "officially" presented as the fact. de novo from the new "Anew" or "afresh". In law, a trial de novo is a retrial. In biology, de novo means newly-synthesized , and a de novo mutation is a mutation that neither parent possessed or transmitted. In economics, de novo refers to newlyfounded companies, and de novo banks are state banks that have been in operation for five years or less.

de re about the matter In logic, de dicto statements (about the truth of a proposition) are distinguished from de re statements (about the properties of a thing itself). et alibi (et al.) 'and elsewhere' A less common variant on et cetera used at the end of a list of locations to denote unlisted places. et alii (et al.) 'and others' Used similarly to et cetera ('and the rest'), to stand for a list of names. Alii is actually masculine , so it can be used for men, or groups of men and women; the feminine, et aliae (or et aliæ
), is appropriate when the 'others' are all female. Et alia is neuter plural and thus properly used only for inanimate, genderless objects, but some use it as a gender-neutral alternative.
[8]
APA style uses et al.
if the work cited was written by more than six authors; MLA style uses et al.
for more than three authors. et cetera (etc.) or (&c.) 'And the rest' In modern usages, also used to mean 'and so on' or 'and more'. et hoc genus omne 'And all that sort of thing' Abbreviated to e.h.g.o.
or ehg et sequentes ( et seq.
) 'and the following' Pluralized as et sequentia ('and the following things'), abbreviations: et seqq.
, et seq.
.
, or sqq. ex hypothesi 'from the hypothesis' Thus, 'by hypothesis'. ex novo 'from new' Said of something that has been built from scratch. ex situ opposite of ' in situ ' ex vi termini 'from the force of the term' Thus, 'by definition'. ex vivo 'out of or from life' Used in reference to the study or assay of living tissue in an artificial environment outside the living organism. exempli gratia (e.g.) 'for the sake of example' Usually shortened in English to 'for example' (see citation signal ). Often confused with id est (i.e.) .
[10]
Exempli gratia , 'for example', is commonly abbreviated 'e.g.'; in this usage it is sometimes followed by a comma, depending on style. ibidem (ibid.) in the same place Usually used in bibliographic citations to refer to the last source previously referenced. idem (id.) the same Used to refer to something that has already been cited. See also ibidem . idem quod (i.q.) the same as Not to be confused with an intelligence quotient . id est
(i.e.)
that is "That is (to say)" in the sense of "that means" and "which means", or
"in other words", or sometimes "in this case", depending on the context; may be followed by a comma, or not, depending on style (American English and British
English respectively). It is often misinterpreted as "in example". In this situation, e.g.
should be used instead. in fieri in becoming Thus, "pending". in loco in the place, on the spot That is, "at the place".
The nearby labs were closed for the weekend, so the water samples were analyzed in loco . in posse in potential In the state of being possible; as opposed to in esse . in situ in the place In the original place, appropriate position, or natural arrangement. inter alia (i.a.) among other things A term used in formal extract minutes to indicate that the minute quoted has been taken from a fuller record of other matters, or when alluding to the parent group after quoting a particular example. inter alios among others Often used to compress lists of parties to legal documents. in vacuo in a void "In a vacuum". In isolation from other things.

in vitro in glass An experimental or process methodology performed in a "nonnatural" setting (e.g., in a laboratory using a glass test tube or Petri dish), and thus outside of a living organism or cell. The reference to glass is merely an historic one, as the current usage of this term is not specific to the materials involved, but rather to the "non-natural" setting employed. Alternative experimental or process methodologies include in vitro , in silico , ex vivo and in vivo . in vivo in life" or "in a living thing An experiment or process performed on a living specimen. per annum (pa.) "per year" Thus, "yearly"—occurring every year. per capita "by heads" "Per head", i.e., "per person" - a ratio by the number of persons.
The singular is per caput ("through a head"). post mortem (pm) "after death" Usually rendered postmortem . Not to be confused with post meridiem . pro forma "for form" Or "as a matter of form". Prescribing a set form or procedure, or performed in a set manner. pro rata "for the rate" i.e., proportionately. quod erat demonstrandum ( Q.E.D.
) "what was to be demonstrated" The abbreviation is often written at the bottom of a mathematical proof . Sometimes translated loosely into English as "The Five Ws", W.W.W.W.W.
, which stands for "Which Was What We
Wanted". sic "thus" Or "just so". States that the preceding quoted material appears exactly that way in the source, despite any errors of spelling, grammar, usage, or fact that may be present. Used only for previous quoted text; ita or similar must be used to mean
"thus" when referring to something about to be stated. status quo "the situation in which" The current condition or situation. Also status quo ante ("the situation in which [things were] before"), referring to the state of affairs prior to some upsetting event (cf. reset button technique ). ut supra "as above" verbatim "word for word" Refers to perfect transcription or quotation. versus (vs) or (v.) "towards" Literally "in the direction". Mistakenly used in English as
"against" (probably from "adversus"), particularly to denote two opposing parties, such as in a legal dispute or a sports match. via "by the road" "by way of" or "by means of"; e.g. "I'll contact you via e-mail." vice versa versa vice "with position turned" Thus, "the other way around", "conversely", etc.
Historically, vice is properly pronounced as two syllables, but the one-syllable pronunciation is extremely common. Classical Latin pronunciation dictates that the letter C can only make a hard sound, like K and a v is pronounced like a w; thus wee keh wehr -suh. vide infra (v.i.) "see below" vide supra (v.s.) "see above" Or "see earlier in this writing". Also shortened to just supra . vincit omnia veritas "Truth conquers all" videlicet (viz.) "namely", "that is to say", "as follows" Contraction of videre licet :
"permitted to see".
From http://www.enotes.com/topic/List_of_Latin_phrases_%28full%29

Abbreviation Latin English usage
------------ ----- ------------- ca. circa approximately cf. confer compare e.g. exempli gratia for example et al. et alii and the others etc. et cetera and so on ibid. ibidem in the same place as the
previous reference i.e. id est that is
N.B. Nota Bene note well
P.S. post scriptum an addition to the main text viz. videlicet namely
Usage notes
----------- ca. This works best with dates and in parenthesis.
The house was built during the Depression (ca. 1932). cf. This can be replaced with "see" or "compare". e.g. Style manuals disagree on the use of periods. Where possible, the
words "for example" (spelled out and in English) can be used to improve
clarity.
They purchased luxury goods (for example, champaign). etc. Where possible, the words "and so on" to improve clarity. i.e. Style manuals disagree on the use of periods. Where possible,
the words "that is" are preferred.
John left the city of his birth (that is, New York).
N.B. This is capitalised.
From http://www.yaelf.com/abbreviations.shtml

The common Latin words, abbreviations , and initialisms still in use are:
 A.D.
( anno Domini ), "in the year of the Lord"
[1]
 a.m.
( Ante Meridiem ), "before midday" [1]
 c.
, ca.
, ca or cca.
( circa ), "around (about, approximately)"
[2][3]
 Cap. ( capitulus ), "chapter", is used before a chapter number of laws of the
United Kingdom [4] and its (former) colonies , e.g. Hong Kong . Example:
Electronic Transactions Ordinance (Cap. 553) . In some practices the full stop is omitted: Cap 553 .
 cf.
( confer ) means "bring together" and hence "compare" ( confer is the imperative of the Latin verb conferre ).
[3] In older editions it is sometimes seen
"cp." = "compare".
Example: "These results were similar to those obtained using different techniques (cf. Wilson, 1999 and Ansmann, 1992)."
 C.V.
or CV ( curriculum vitae ), meaning "course of life". A document containing a summary or listing of relevant job experience and education. The exact usage of the term varies between British English and American English.
 cwt.
( centum weight ), " Hundredweight ".
[1]
N.B.
this uses a mixture of Latin and English abbreviation.
 D.V.
( Deo volente ), "God willing"
 DG, D.G. or DEI GRA ( Dei gratia ), "by the grace of God".
[1] A part of the monarch's title, it is found on all British coins.
 ead.
( eadem ): see id.
below.
 et al.
( et alii ) means "and others", or "and co-workers".
[1] It can also stand for et alia , "and other things", or et alibi, "and other places".
Example: "These results agree with the ones published by Pelon et al. (2002)."
 etc.
( et cetera ) (archaic abbreviations include &c.
and &/c.
) means "and the others", "and other things", "and the rest".
[1]
Example: "I need to go to the store and buy some pie, milk, cheese, etc."
 e.g.
( exempli gratia ) means "for example", "for instance".
[1]
Example: "The shipping company instituted a surcharge on any items weighing over a ton; e.g., a car or truck."

 ibid.
( ibidem ) means "in the same place (book, etc.)"
[1]
, and is used in citations.
It should not be confused with the following abbreviation. It is better pronounced ibídem , with stress on the second -i (as it was in Latin).
 id.
( idem ) means "the same (man)".
[1]
It is used to avoid repeating the name of a male author (in citations, footnotes, bibliographies, etc.) When quoting a female author, use the corresponding feminine form, ead.
( eadem ), "the same
(woman)" ( eadem is pronounced with stress on the first e).
 i.a.
(" inter alia ") means "among other things".
Example: "Ernest Hemingway- author (i.a. 'The Sun Also Rises')"
 i.e.
( id est ) means "that is" or "in other words".
[1]
Example: "For reasons not fully understood there is only a minor PSI contribution to the variable fluorescence emission of chloroplasts (Dau, 1994), i.e. the PSI fluorescence appears to be independent from the state of its reaction centre (Butler, 1978)."
 J.D. ( Juris Doctor ), literally means "teacher of law/rights".
 lb . ( libra ) means "scales", used to indicate the pound (mass) .
[1]
 LL.B.
( Legum Baccalaureus ), literally means "bachelor of laws". The "LL." of the abbreviation for the degree is from the genitive plural legum (of lex, legis f., law), thus "LL.B." stands for Legum Baccalaureus in Latin. In the United
States it was sometimes erroneously called "Bachelor of Legal Letters" to account for the double "L" (and therefore sometimes abbreviated as "L.L.B.").
 M.A.
( Magister Artium ), " Master of Arts " is a postgraduate academic master degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is typically studied for in Fine Art, Humanities, Social Science or Theology and can be either fully taught, research-based, or a combination of the two.
 M.O.
( modus operandi ) means "method of operating".
 N.B.
( nota bene ) means "note well". Some people use "Note" for the same purpose.
[1]
Usually written with majuscule (French upper case / 'capital') letters.
Example: "N.B.: All the measurements have an accuracy of within 5% as they were calibrated according to the procedure described by Jackson (1989)."
 nem. con.
( nemine contradicente ) means "with no one speaking against". This does NOT mean "unanimously", but simply that nobody voted against – in other words, there may have been abstentions.

 op. cit.
( opere citato ) means in the same article, book etc. as was mentioned before. It is most often used in citations in a similar way to 'ibid', though 'ibid' would usually be followed by a page number.
 p.a.
( per annum ) means "through a year", and is used in the sense of
"yearly".
[1]
 per cent.
( per centum ), "for each one hundred" / [commonly "percent"]: [5]
 Ph.D.
(
Philosophiæ Doctor
), " Teacher of Philosophy "
 p.m.
( Post Meridiem ), "after midday"
 p.m.a.
( post mortem auctoris ) means "after the author's death".
 p.p.
and per pro.
( per procurationem ), "through the agency of"
 PRN ( pro re nata ), "as needed" in relation to medication
 pro tem.
( pro tempore ), "for the time being", temporarily, in place of
[1]
 P.S.
( post scriptum ) means "after what has been written"; it is used to indicate additions to a text after the signature.
 Q.D.
( quaque die ), "every day", used on medications to indicate when to take.
 Q.E.D.
( quod erat demonstrandum ) means "which was to be demonstrated".
[1]
Cited in many texts at the end of a mathematical proof .
 q.v.
( quod videre ) literally "which to see" – used as an imperative.
[1]
Used after a term or phrase that should be looked up elsewhere in the current document or book. For more than one term or phrase, the plural is quae videre
(qq.v.).
 Re ( in re ) means "in the matter of", or "concerning". Often used to prefix the subject of traditional letters and memoranda . However, when used in an e-mail subject , there is evidence that it functions as an abbreviation of "reply" rather than the word meaning "in the matter of". Nominative case singular 'res' is the
Latin equivalent of 'thing'; singular 're' is the ablative case required by 'in'.
Some people believe it is short for 'regarding'.
 REG ( regina ), "queen". A part of the monarch's title, it is found on all British coins minted during the reign of a monarch who is a queen. Rex , "king" (not an abbreviation) is used when the reigning monarch is a king.
 R.I.P.
( requiescat in pace ), "may he/she rest in peace": a short prayer for a dead person. It can also mean requiescant (plural) in pace , i.e. "may they" etc.
 s.o.s.
(" si opus sit "), "if there is need", "if occasion require", "if necessary" [6]

 viz.
( videlicet ) means "namely, to wit, precisely, that is to say".
[1]
In contradistinction to i.e.
and e.g.
, viz.
is used to indicate a detailed description of something stated before, and when it precedes a list of group members, it implies (near) completeness. Example: "The noble gases, viz. helium, neon, argon, xenon, krypton and radon, show a non-expected behaviour when exposed to this new element."
 vs or v. ( versus ) means "against" (sometimes is not abbreviated).
Example: "From Figure 1 that shows force (in newtons) vs. mass (in kilograms) we can derive the acceleration of the body." Or, "The next football game will be the knights vs. the sea eagles."
From wikipaedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_abbreviations