BIO 110 Test 3 Review (All starred (*) questions are related to anatomy/lab test)
Chapter 14
1. Define the following:
a. Respiration
b. Ventilation
c. External respiration
d. Internal respiration
2. *What is the difference between the higher and lower respiratory tract?
3. *Define the following parts of the nose:
a. Nostrils
b. Nasal cavity
c. Palate
d. Nasal septum
e. Nasal conchae
f.
Goblet cells
g. Paranasal sinuses
4. *What is the Pharynx?
5. *What are the three parts of the pharynx? Where are the auditory tubes?
6. *What are the functions of the following:
a. Auditory tubes
b. Tonsils (also name the three sets of tonsils)
c. Larynx
d. Thyroid cartilage
e. Cricoid cartilage
f.
Epiglottis
g. Vocal cords
h. Glottis
i.
Trachea
j.
Primary bronchi
k. Secondary bronchi
l.
Bronchioles
m. Terminal bronchioles
n. Alveolar ducts
o. Alveoli
p. Surfactant
q. Lungs
r.
Visceral pleura
s. Parietal pleura
t.
Pleural cavity
7. Know the pathway of air from the trachea into the lungs. Be sure to include the tertiary bronchi
and respiratory bronchi.
8. Define the following:
a. Atmospheric pressure
b. Intra-alveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure
c. Intrapleural pressure
9. What is Inspiration? What muscles are involved?
10. What is expiration?
11. During expiration, muscles normally relax. Which muscles are involved with forceful expiration?
12. What is a breathing cycle?
13. What is the function of a spirometer?
14. Define the following respiratory volumes:
a. Tidal volume (TV)
b. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
c. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
d. Residual volume (RV)
e. Vital capacity (VC)
f.
Total lung capacity (TLC)
15. What are the functions of these parts of the respiratory center in the brain:
a. Medullary Respiratory Centers
i. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
ii. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
b. Pontine respiratory group (PRG)
16. What are chemoreceptors?
17. How do CO2 and H+ affect the respiratory system?
18. What is the Inflation Reflex?
19. How can the higher brain centers affect breathing?
20. How does temperature affect breathing?
21. What are the differences between External respiration and Internal respiration?
22. Describe how O2 is transported.
23. Describe how CO2 is transported.
24. Define the following disorders:
a. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
b. Bronchitis
c. Emphysema
d. Asthma
e. Pleurisy
f.
Pneumonia
Chapter 15
1. What are the goals of digestive system?
2. *The alimentary canal is also known as the_______________ tract.
3. Compare mechanical and chemical digestion.
4. *How far does the alimentary canal extend?
5. Describe these structures of the digestive tract wall:
a. Serosa
b. Muscular layer
c. Submucosa
d. Mucosa
6. Compare segmentation and peristalsis.
7. What are the functions of the mouth?
8. *Describe the following:
a. Hard palate
b. Soft palate
c. Uvula
d. Tongue
e. Lingual frenulum
f.
Papillae
9. What is mastication?
10. *Compare Deciduous teeth and Permanent teeth.
11. *Describe the four types of permanent teeth:
a. Incisors
b. Cuspids
c. Bicuspids & Molars
12. *Describe these parts of the tooth anatomy
a. Crown
b. Gingiva
c. Root
d. Cementum
e. Dentin
f.
Enamel
g. Pulp cavity
13. What are the functions of saliva?
14. *Describe these salivary glands:
a. Parotid glands
b. Submandibular glands
c. Sublingual glands
15. What is salivary amylase?
16. What is lysozyme?
17. *What is the esophagus?
18. *What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?
19. What are the basic functions of the stomach?
20. *Review the subdivisions of the stomach.
21. What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
22. *What is the purpose of rugae?
23. What are the functions of chief cells?
24. What are the functions of parietal cells?
25. What is chyme?
26. What is the function of gastrin?
27. What effect does Cholecystokinin and Secretin have on the stomach?
28. Describe these three phases. Review the animation on you power point.
a. Cephalic
b. Gastric
c. Intestinal
29. What are the functions of the following stomach secretions?
a. Hydrocholiric acid
b. Pepsin
c. Rennin
d. Intrinsic factor
30. What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
31. What effect do these hormones have on the pancreas?
a. Secretin
b. Cholecystokinin
32. What are the functions of the following pancreatic enzymes:
a. Pancreatic amylase
b. Pancreatic lipase
c. Trypsin
33. Review over the functions of the liver. What chemical the does the liver secrete to help with fat
digestion?
34. Name the four lobes of the liver.
35. What blood vessels supply the liver?
36. What is the function of the gallbladder?
37. What is bile?
38. What does emulsify/ emulsification mean?
39. What does CCK do to the gallbladder?
40. *Name the three segments of the small intestines in order.
41. *How do the villi and microvilli help the small intestines with absorption?
42. What is intestinal juice?
43. What are the functions of the following intestinal enzymes?
a. Maltase
b. Sucrase
c. Lactase
d. Intestinal lipase
e. Peptidase
44. *What is the function of the Ileocecal valve?
45. *List the parts of the large intestines in order.
46. *What is the function of the rectum?
47. *What are the functions of the large intestine?
48. What is defecation?
49. Compare the internal and external sphincter muscles of the anus.
Chapter 16
1. *Define these parts of the kidney:
a. Renal capsule
b. Hilum
c. Renal cortex
d. Renal medulla
e. Renal pyramids
f.
Collecting ducts
g. Renal papilla
h. Renal columns
i.
Nephron
j.
Renal pelvis
k. Calyces
l.
Ureter
2. *Describe these parts of the nephron:
a. Renal corpuscle
i. Glomerulus
ii. Glomerular capsule
b. Renal tubule
i. Proximal convoluted tubule
ii. Nephron loop
iii. Distal convoluted tubule
3. Which vessels bring blood to kidneys? Which ones carry blood away from kidneys?
4. What is the function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?
5. What is the function of renin?
6. What is the function of erythropoietin?
7. Describe these physiological processes of the kidneys. Where do they occur?:
a. Glomerular filtration
b. Tubular reabsorption
c. Tubular secretion
d. Water reabsorption
8. What two factors cause filtration?
9. What is filtrate?
10. What is Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
11. How do these three mechanisms help to maintain a stable GFR:
a. Renal autoregulation
b. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
c. Renin-angiotensin mechanism
12. What events happen in the proximal convoluted tubule?
13. What events happen in the nephron loop?
14. What events happen in the distal convoluted tubule?
15. What happens in the collecting duct?
16. What are electrolytes?
17. How does water intake and loss affect urine volume?
18. What are the functions of these hormones:
a. Antidiuretic Hormone
b. Aldosterone
c. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
d. Calcitonin
19. Define these waste product:
a. Urea
b. Uric acid
c. Creatinine
20. What is the normal pH balance of blood?
21. Why is Co2 important in regulating blood pH?
22. *What are the functions of these parts:
a. Ureters
b. Urinary Bladder
c. Trigone
d. detrusor muscle
e. urethra
23. What is micturition?
24. What are the characteristics of urine?
*Chapter 17 (ALL LAB/ANATOMY!!!)
1. What are the gonads? What are the functions?
2. What are the primary functions of the male reproductive system?
3. What are the functions of the:
a. Testes
i. Seminiferous tubules
ii. Supporting (sustantacular) cells
iii. Interstitial cells
b. Accessory Ducts
i. Epididymis
ii. Vas Deferens
iii. Ejaculatory Duct
iv. Urethra
c. Acessory Glands
i. Seminal vesicles
ii. Prostate gland
iii. Bulbourethral glands
d. Scrotum
e. Penis
i. Corpora cavernosa
ii. Corpus spongiosum
iii. Glans penis
iv. Prepuce
4. What are the primary functions of the female reproductive system?
5. What are the functions of the following:
a. Ovaries
b. Corpus Luteum
c. Corpus Albicans
d. Uterine tubes
e. Uterus
i. Cervix
ii. Body
iii. Endometrium
iv. Myometrium
v. Perimetrium
f.
Vagina
g. Vulva
i. Labia Majora
ii. Labia Minora
iii. Clitoris