Biology 2 First Semester Final Exam
Review Guide
Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
1. Define the following words:
sagittal
transverse
distal
coronal
anterior
medial
posterior
lateral
proximal
cephalic
gluteal
pedal
femoral
oral
superior
inferior
2. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? Give an example of each.
3. List the items that are essential to maintaining life.
4. List, from simplest to most complex, the levels of organization of the body.
5. Describe anatomical position.
6. Explain the parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton.
7. For each cavity, list what organs occupy the cavity.
a. cranial cavity
d. abdominal cavity
b. vertebral cavity
e. pelvic cavity
c. thoracic cavity
f. orbital cavity
8. What is homeostasis? How is it maintained by positive and negative feedback?
Chapter 5 Tissues
1. Name the 4 different types of tissues and their function. Which have a rich blood
supply?
What are the two parts that tissues are made of?
What is the basement membrane and extracellular matrix?
2. What is the difference between tissues that are simple and those that are stratified?
3. Describe adipose tissue.
4. List the 4 types of membranes, their general characteristic, and location in the body.
5. Describe the different types of muscles (striated, voluntary, number of nuclei, type of
relaxation, neurotransmitters, etc). Use muscle notes.
6. Distinguish between a tendon and ligament. What are they made of?
7.
What is the difference in shape between columnar, cuboidal, and squamous cells?
8. Name the parts of the blood.
9. What type of tissues reproduce easily?
10. Describe loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
Chapter 6 Skin and the Integumentary System
1.
List the functions of the skin.
2.
The skin is made of 2 distinct layers and one that is not a true layer. Tell the
location of each layer and the type of tissues or cells each contain.
3.
How does the body conserve heat or release heat?
4.
Describe the reproduction of skin cells.
5.
What is the relationship between melanocytes and skin color?
6.
Describe keratinization and what layer it occurs in.
Describe the layer of skin at the surface.
7.
Describe the different types of sweat glands.
8.
What is associated with wound healing?
9. What is melanin and its role in skin color?
Chapter 7 Skeletal System
1.
Define the following:
Abduction
Flexion
Adduction
Extension
Pronation
Rotation
Supination
Dorsiflexion
Circumduction Plantar flexion
2.
Describe the bones of the hands and feet.
3.
What bones make up the axial and appendicular skeleton?
4.
What is the difference between an osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts?
5.
List the main types of joints, their ability to move, and examples.
List the different types of synovial joints, movement type, and location.
6.
Explain the difference between intramembranous bones and endochondral bones.
7.
What is the longest bone in the body?
8.
What is the name for the heel bone and the kneecap?
9. List the main parts of the bone (e.g. diaphysis) and their location.
10. Describe bone development in a long bone. Use the following: primary and
secondary ossification, epiphyseal plate, spongy bone, and compact bone
11. Name the different vertebrae and their location.
12. What act as shock absorbers?
13. Describe the structure of the different vertebrae and its importance to their function.
Ex: Atlas and Axis for rotation of head.
14. Explain lacunae, Haversian Canals, osteon, and canaliculi.
Chapter 8 Muscles
1. What is a sarcomere? Describe the different parts (A band, I band, etc).
2. What is actin and myosin?
3. How do the crossbridges attach to the actin?
4. Explain the following
Calcium
Lactic acid formation
Prime mover
ATP
Troponin
Latent period
ADP
tropomyosin
Recruitment
Acetylcholine
Twitch
Creatine phosphate
Oxygen Debt
muscle tone
acetylcholinsterase
Muscle cramp
Antagonist
creatine phosphokinase
All or none response
Synergist
5. How does a muscle know when to contract?
6.How does it know to relax?
7. What are myofibrils made of?
8. What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the end of the neuron?
Label and define the different parts of the picture.
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9. Explain the importance of cell respiration in muscle contraction.
Nervous System
1. Label the neuron and define each part.
2. What is the difference between the PNS and CNS?
What is the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system?
How are the axons of the PNS different than the axons of the CNS? What cells produce
myelin in the CNS and PNS?
Explain the importance of neuroglial cells.
3. Why can myelinated axons send an impulse faster than unmyelinated?
4. Name and describe the different functions of the nervous system.
5. Describe the pathway of a reflex arc.
What is meant by a polarized membrane? What happens during depolarization and
repolarization? Define action potential.
How does the signal go from one neuron to the next?