Chapter 11 (Glycolysis)
1) Know the overall equation for glycolysis
2) Know the names of the intermediates of glycolysis from glucose to pyruvate.
Know the name of the enzymes involved in each step. Know the co-factors
involved in each step of glycolysis. Be able to recognize the structures of each
intermediate of glycoysis (you will not be required to draw them on the exam).
3) Know which steps are near-equilibrium reversible and which steps are
metabolically irreversible.
4) Know which steps are energy producing (generate ATP and NADH) and which
steps are energy consuming (utilizing ATP).
5) Know the relationship between hexokinase and glucokinase.
6) Know the three general fates of pyruvate after glycolysis. Know the enzymes and
reactions involved under anerobic conditions. Know that under anerobic
conditions, lactate and ethanol are formed to regenerate NAD+ from NADH to
keep glycolysis going. Know what step in glycolysis requires NAD+.
7) Know why lactate builds up in the muscles after exercise. Know how the Cori
cycle recycles lactate to glucose.
8) Know the regulatory points in glycolysis (Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1,
pyruvate kinase). Be able to name the allosteric inhibitors and allosteric activators
involved in the regulation of each enzyme. Understand the relationship between
thes allosteric activators/inbitors to the energy state of the cell.
9) Understand how insulin and blood sugar levels regulate hexose transporters.
10) Understand how fructose-2,6-bisphosphate regulates phosphofructokinase-1.
Understand how phosphofructokinase-2 and fructose-2,6-phosphatase are
regulated by glucagon and blood sugar levels and how this relates to the
regulation of phosphofructokinase-1.
11) Define the Pasteur effect.
12) Know the three sugars other than glucose that can enter glycolysis. If given a
pathway diagram be able to show where these sugars feed into glycolysis. No
need to memorize structures or know the enzymes involved.