HƯỚNG DẪN VIẾT BÀI
ĐĂNG TRÊN TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ
Quy định về cách trình bày bài viết
Nội dung bài viết được thực hiện bằng tiếng Việt hoặc tiếng Anh.
1. Định dạng trang (page setup)
Căn lề: Top: 3.5 cm
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Bottom: 4.5 cm
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2. Trình bày nội dung
Cỡ chữ:
Font:
11
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Paragraph: Before: 4 pt;
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Line spacing: Single;
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Ví dụ:
ẢNH HƯỞNG CÁC THAM SỐ TRONG BẢNG SAM ĐIỀU KIỆN ĐỐI VỚI
PHƯƠNG PHÁP ĐIỀU KHIỂN SỬ DỤNG ĐẠI SỐ GIA TỬ
4. Tên tác giả: Font: Arial, căn giữa, font chữ 12, viết theo thên tác giả thông
thường (Title Case), đậm, cách trên 18 pt, cách dưới 12 pt.
5. Địa chỉ: font: Time new Roman, cỡ chữ 11, in nghiêng căn giữa, đánh số thứ tự
(1, 2, 3, 4…) theo số mũ ở trên, cách trên 18 pt, cách dưới 12 pt.
Vũ Như Lân1, Bùi Hải Lê2, Trần Đức Trung2
1
Viện Công nghệ thông tin, Viện Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam
Viện Nghiên cứu cơ khí, Trường Đại học Bách khoa Hà Nội
2
Các thông tin:
Liên hệ với tác giả: (địa chỉ mail)
Ngày nhận bài:
Time new Roman, cỡ chữ 11, chữ đứng căn giữa, cách trên 18 pt, cách dưới 12 pt
6. Các mục tiêu đề như: Mở đầu, vật liệu và phương pháp nghiên cứu, kết quả
thảo luận, kết luận, tài liệu tham khảo:
Font: tim new Roman, viết hoa
(UPPERCASE) font chữ 11, in đậm, cách trên 18 pt, cách dưới 12 pt, căn giữa.
1. MỞ ĐẦU
2. PHƯƠNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CỨU
7. Các mục nhỏ ví dụ: 2.1, 2.2,…., chữ thường đậm, cỡ chữ 11, cách trên, cách
dưới 12 pt, căn sát lề trái.
Ví dụ:
2.1. Vật liệu
2.2. Phương pháp
8. Các mục nhỏ ví dụ: 2.1.1, 2.1.2, chữ nghiêng, cỡ chữ 11, cách trên, cách dưới
12 pt, căn sát lề trái.
Ví dụ:
2.2.1. Hàm thích nghi
2.2.2. Đột biến
9. Trích tài liệu tham khảo: [12, 3, 44]
10. Các đoạn lùi đầu dòng 1 Tab = 0,8 cm, cách trên 4 pt, cách dưới 2 pt.
11. Bảng: Tên bảng viết ở trên bảng, cỡ chữ 10, căn giữa, Font: Arial, Tiêu đề:
Bảng 1, Bảng 2… in nghiêng. Nội dung bảng in thường.
Chữ và số dùng trong bảng dùng font Arial, cỡ chữ 10, cách trên 4 pt, cách
dưới 2 pt.
Ví dụ:
Bảng 1. Danh sách học sinh…..
Table 1. The inhibitory activities of fermented black bean and fermented soybean against
α-glucosidase from different microbial sources, %
Source of α-glucosidase
Type of inhibitors
Bacillus licheniformis
Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus oryzae
Fermented black bean
62
65
34.7
Fermented soybean
31
22.4
13
Acarbose
64.5
37.2
2
12. Hình: cỡ chữ 10, căn giữa, Font: Arial, cách trên, cách dưới 12 pt. Chú thích
dưới hình. Các chữ trong hình sử dụng cỡ chữ 8 – 9, font Arial.
Figure 1. Evolution of cacbon dioxide (a), oxygen (b), hexadecane degraders
(c) and residual hexadecane (d) for five moistures
13. Lời cảm ơn: Viết nghiêng, Font: Arial 10, cách trên 18 pt, cách dưới 12 pt.
Căn sát lề trái.
Acknowledgment. The authors acknowledge financial support from the Ministry of Higher Education and
Research of French Republic
14. Trích dẫn tài liệu tham khảo: chia làm 2 loại trích dẫn tài liệu.
A - Tạp chí
Tên tác giả - Tên bài, Tên tạp chí Tập (số) (năm) trang.
1. Hulyal S. B. and Kaliwal B. B. - Dynamics of phytoplankton in relation to
physico-chemical factors of Almatti reservoir of Bijapur District, Karnataka
State. Environ Monit Assess 153 (2008) 45-59.
2. Karlson B., Cusack C., and Bresnan E. - Microsopic and Molecular methods
for quantitative phytoplankton analysis, IOC Manual and Guides 55 (2010)
144-156.
B- Hội nghị, kỉ yếu, sách, tuyển tập, proceeding…..
Tên tác giả - Tên sách, Tên hội nghị, Tên tuyển tập…, Nhà xuất bản, Nơi xuất
bản năm xuất bản, số trang.
1. Vũ Văn Hùng, Dương Đ. T. - Phân loại vi khuẩn Lam ở Việt Nam, Nhà xuất
bản Nông nghiệp, Hà Nội, 1996, tr. 220. (pp. 220 nếu là tiếng Anh,
C. 220 nếu là tiếng Nga)
15. Abstract: Font. 11 Arial, đậm, cách trên 18 pt, cách dưới 12 pt.
Tên tiếng anh bài báo: Font. Tim new Roman 11, viết hoa, cách trên 12 pt, cách
dưới 12 pt.
Ví dụ:
ABSTRACT
EFFECT OF OXYGEN AND MOISTURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HEXADECANE
BIODEGRADATION IN CONTAMINATED SOIL
Mainly based on the use of microorganisms to degrade pollutants, bioremediation appears as a
green solution and perfectly adapts to organic pollutants like hydrocarbons. Generally, the aliphatic
hydrocarbons have low chemical reactivity and bioavailability. However, they can be degraded by some
microorganisms. The biodegradation of a pollutant can be observed by measuring the concentration of
consumed oxygen and produced carbon dioxide.
Keyword: nghiêng, Time new Roman 11, cách trên 12 pt, cách dưới 12 pt. Căn
sát lề trái.
Ví dụ:
Keywords. hexadecane, biodegradation, contaminated, soil, oxygen, moisture.
Dưới đây là mẫu bài trình bày
PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC MICROPROPAGATION FOR SUSTAINABLE
PRODUCTION OF PLANT SPECIES
Nguyen Thi Quynh1, Nguyen Nhu Hien1, Hoang Ngoc Nhung1,
Pham Minh Duy1, Nguyen Tri Minh2, Huynh Huu Duc1
1
Institute of Tropical Biology, VAST, Hochiminh City, Vietnam
2
Tay Nguyen Institute of Biology, VAST, Da Lat City, Vietnam
Corresponding author: qtnguyen_vn@yahoo.com
Received May 15, 2010
ABSTRACT
Development of new micropropagation systems for the control of in vitro environment is necessary to
overcome the major shortcomings, such as high production cost, significant loss by microbial
contamination, poor growth and development of plant in vitro, etc., for large-scale production of high
quality plants in vitro. A great number of quality transplants can be produced at low cost with
photoautotrophic micropropagation. Photoautotrophic or sugar-free micropropagation has been studied in
the Institute of Tropical Biology since the 90’s and shown superior comparing with conventional or
sugar-containing micropropagation in respect of plant morphogenesis, physiology and production cost.
Under photoautotrophic condition, in vitro plants of several species, such as Dendrobium ‘Burana White’,
strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), grapevines (Vitis vinifera var. Thompson seedless), etc.,
increased their growth significantly when in vitro aerial and root zone micro-environments were
improved, resulted in increasing the multiplication rate and, thus, shortening the multiplication period.
For the medicinal plants, Phyllanthus amarus (Schum. & Thonn.), Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.)
Spreng, the plant growth was enhanced, which promised a good application for studying the accumulation
of secondary metabolites of in vitro plants in different micro-environments.
Keywords. transplant production, ventilation, sugar-free micropropagation, high-quality,
environment.
micro-
1. INTRODUCTION
Transplant production based on micropropagation methods has advantages over transplant
production using seeds or cuttings with respect to genetic and phenotypic uniformity, enormous
multiplication rate and scheduled-year-round production of disease-free or pathogen-free transplants.
However, the reduction of production costs for micropropagation of many plant species was not as rapid
as expected. The reasons for the high production cost of plants in vitro by conventional (heterotrophic or
photomixotrophic) micropropagation are: (1) a significant loss of plants in vitro by microbial
contamination at the multiplication stage, (2) poor growth and development of plants in vitro, (3) poor
rooting partly due to callus formation at the plant base and thus, (4) excessive loss of these plants after
transplanting in the greenhouse or field, (5) high over- or under-production of plants in vitro.
Development of photoautotrophic (no sugar in the culture medium) micropropagation systems for the
control of in vitro environment is necessary to overcome the major shortcomings as described earlier for
large-scale production of high quality plants in vitro.
The concept of photoautotrophic micropropagation was introduced as a means of reducing
production cost and automation/robotization of the process. The main reason for high production costs in
conventional micropropagation is the presence of organic carbon sources, such as sucrose and vitamins, in
the culture medium [1]. The presence of these sources causes significant loss of plants in vitro by
microbial contamination during the multiplication stage and, thus, increases the labor cost for cleaning. In
photoautotrophic micropropagation, the sucrose is reduced or completely eliminated from the medium,
while the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and the carbon dioxide concentration during the photoperiod
are increased. Reduction of relative humidity and ethylene concentration in the vessel will promote the
transpiration and the mineral uptake, and improve physiological and morphological characteristics of
plants in vitro, respectively. In addition, plants in vitro are proved to grow better when gelling agent such
as agar or Gelrite is replaced by air porous supporting material such as vermiculite or cellulose fibers,
which improves rooting of plants in vitro by increasing oxygen or nutrient availability in the root zone
environment. Since increasing the light intensity alone cannot raise the net photosynthetic rate for in vitro
plants at their CO2 compensation point, the increase in CO2 concentration and, thus, the decrease in
relative humidity and ethylene concentration in the vessel can be achieved either by natural or forced
ventilation.
The study on photoautotrophic micropropagation of several plant species has been carried out at the
Institute of Tropical Biology since the year 2000. In this paper, we show some results from the
photoautotrophic growth of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), Dendrobium 'Burana White',
grapevines (Vitis vinifera), Phyllanthus amarus (Schum. & Thonn.), Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.)
Spreng, as affected by different PPFs, CO2 and ventilation conditions.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Natural ventilation system using small culture vessels under different sucrose concent-ration,
CO2 concentration, PPF and supporting material conditions
For natural ventilation, microporous gas-permeable filter discs are attached on the hole of the lid or
sidewalls of relatively small culture vessels like Magenta GA-7 with an air volume of 300 - 400 ml. The
number of air exchanges or natural ventilation rate, of an airtight Magenta-type vessel is about 0.15-0.2 h1
, while it varies from about 2 to 4 h-1 or more if the vessel is attached by one, two or three microporous
gas-permeable filter discs (10 mm in diameter each) with a pore-diameter of 0.45 µm [2]. As gaspermeable filter discs are currently rather expensive, and its high price is restricting the
commercialization of photoautotrophic micropropagation, clean white papers for printing or writing
letters, or plastic bags with paper filters attached against the walls have been recently used, which proves
a good application of the new method in the micropropagation industry.
2.2. Forced ventilation systems with large culture vessels
The CO2 concentration and other gaseous concentrations in the culture vessel with natural ventilation
are interrelated with a number of factors such as the metabolic activity of the plants in vitro, the plant size
and leaf area, the number of air exchanges of the culture vessel and the culture room environment. Thus,
the gaseous concentrations in the culture vessel with natural ventilation are often unpredictable and
uncontrollable in large-scale production using large numbers of small culture vessels. Furthermore, it is
difficult to provide a high number of air exchanges for a large culture vessel [5].This drawback can be
overcome by the forced ventilation method, in which CO2 concentration and air movement inside the
vessel can be increased by flushing a particular gas mixture directly to the vessel, using an air pump or an
air compressor, and, thus, ventilation rate can be easily controlled using an airflow controller [6, 7]. The
advantage of this method is that a large culture vessel, which can accommodate thousands of in vitro
plants, can be used for commercial mass micropropagation [8]. The ambient air of the culture room,
containing CO2 of aimbien atmosphere, was pumped into the inlet of a Bio-Safe Carrier box (Nalge Co.,
U.S.A.) through a microporous filter disc (φ = 50 mm) with pore size of 0.22 μm (Millipore, Tokyo,
Japan) using an air pump (15 Watt, Model EP-9000, RAMBO Co., Taiwan). The volume of the box is 7
L. On day 5, the beginning day of using air pump, the flow rate was set at 0.3 l mim-1, which is equivalent
to 2.6 h-1 when expressed by number of air exchanges, then gradually increased every 5 - 6 days using air
flow controllers (Model RK 1150, Kofloc Co., Japan) in order to maintain CO2 concentration measured at
the vessel outlet as equal as the ambient CO2, around 350 - 400 μmol mol-1. The number of air exchanges
in the forced ventilation experiment of Dendrobium was estimated to be 13.7 h-1 on day 35, whereas, in
the forced ventilation of grapevines, the number of air exchanges was estimated at 7.4 h -1 on day 35. PPF
applied to this experiment was 30 μmol m-2 s-1 on day 0 and was increased gradually during the culture
period. Perlite or vermiculite (150 g per box) was used as supporting material with. Fifty explants were
cultured into the large box or five explants into the Magenta-box (11.5 x 102 explants m-2) for forced or
natural ventilation treatments, respectively. All cultures were kept at 25  1oC room air temperature, 65 
5% relative humidity and 12 h d-1 photoperiod period.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Dendrobium ‘Burana White’
Effect of different ventilation rates, 3.5 or 4.9 h-1, and light intensities, 50, 80 or 110 μmol m-2 s-1, on
photoautotrophic growth of Dendrobium ‘Burana White’ were determined after 65 days of culture. In
vitro plants grown photoautotrophically in the natural ventilation under PPF of 110 μmol m-2 s-1 and in the
vessel having high ventilation rate (4.9 h-1) showed the highest increase in fresh and dry weights on day
65 (Fig. 1). Plants cultured in the treatment of low PPF (50 μmol m-2 s-1) and low ventilation rate (3.5 h-1)
showed significantly lower chlorophyll a/b ratio (1.7) than those (2.4 and 2.5) in the other treatments.
Figure 1. Dendrobium ‘Burana White’ plants grew photoautotrophically under different PPFs
and number of air exchanges in natural ventilation condition on day 65. For treatment codes, L
and H in the left represent low (3.5 h-1) or high (4.9 h-1) number of air exchanges, respectively;
L, M and H in the right represent PPFs of 50, 80 or 110 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively
3.2. Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)
Strawberry plants in vitro grew better in a natural ventilation system under photoautotrophic
condition than photomixotrophic condition. The porous supporting material also promoted the growth in
both photomixotrophic and photoautotrophic conditions. The higher CO2 concentration (1000 mol mol-1)
and PPF (150 mol m-2 s-1) increased the plant growth significantly when compared with ambient CO2
concentration (400 mol mol-1) and lower PPF (100 mol m-2 s-1). Furthermore, plants derived from
photoautotrophic micropropagation produced more runners, which were preferred as explant source for
propagation in the greenhouse, and within a shorter period than those of conventional micropropagation
(Fig. 2).
a
A
B
Figure 2. (A) Strawberry plants grew photoautotrophically under different PPFs and CO 2
concentration in natural ventilation condition on day 28. For treatment codes, L and H in the
left represent 400 µmol mol-1 or 1000 µmol mol-1 CO2 concentration, respectively; L and H in
the right represent PPF of 100 or 150 μmol m -2 s-1, respectively. (B) Strawberry plants derived
from the treatment HH grew in the ex vitro condition on day 28
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
In the near future, photoautotrophic or sugar-free micropropagation will be commonly used,
especially in developing countries, for producing a large number of genetically superior and pathogenfree transplants at low production cost. At the same time, the photoautotrophic micropropagation system
will be adopted on a large scale as a useful means for solving the global problems of environmental
st
conservation, food production and bio-resource production in the 21 century. Photoautotrophic
micropropagation can be done either by using small, conventional culture vessels with gas permeable
filters for enhancing natural ventilation or large culture vessels with air pumps for forced ventilation. The
use of plastic bags attached paper filters for photoautotrophic micropropagation is a good application in
the country like Vietnam.
Acknowledgement. The studies received the supports from DOST (Hochiminh City, Vietnam) from 2007present, the Southern National Key Laboratory for Plant Cell Technology (Vietnam) for basic research
from 2006-present, IABA (Japan) from 2001-2008.
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