Lesson XVI Guided Notes:
Objectives
1. Students will read and write in Latin with various types of questions (1.1, 1.2)
2. Students will read and write in Latin with various conjunctions (1.1, 1.2)
3. Students will understand the concept of appositions and how it is used in Latin (1.1, 1.2)
4. Students will translate question sentences from Latin to English (1.1, 1.2)
Review:
1. Ubi - _____________, ________________
2. Cur - _____________
3. Et - ______________
4. Sed - ______________
Questions
There are three kinds of question sentences:
1) Questions that seek specific information: these kinds of questions begin with words like
“who,” “what,” “when,” “where,” “why,” and “how.” The answer to the question is a
specific piece of information or a full sentence.
Example: “Where is the bathroom?” “It’s down the hall and around the corner.”
Example: “Why did the Romans overthrow their last king?” “He and his family were acting
tyrannically.”
2) Questions that seek either a “yes” or “no” answer: these kinds of questions could go
either way; they are seeking a person’s opinion or want to know if a statement is true or
false.
Example: “Do you like vanilla ice cream?”
3) Questions that specifically want a “yes” or “no” answer: these are often referred to as
rhetorical questions; the person asking knows what you are going to say, but he or she asks
the question to have you say the answer out loud or to confirm what he or she knows.
Example: “You do like vanilla ice cream, don’t you?”
Example: “Surely you don’t want to be in school in July?”
In Latin, we can spot which type of question we have by how the sentence begins.
Question Type 1: These kinds of sentences begin with an interrogative word such as quis
(who), quid (what), ubi (when/where), cur (why), quomodo (how), or quot (how many).
Question Type 2: These kinds of sentences begin with the verb (or, rarely, a pronoun) that
has the enclitic –ne on the end of it.
Example: Habesne meam pecuniam? – Do you have my money?
Question Type 3: These kinds of sentences begin with the word nonne if they want a “yes”
answer, or num if they want a “no” answer.
Example: Nonne meam pecuniam habes? – You have my money, don’t you? OR You have
my money, right? OR Surely you have my money?
Example: Num Marcum amavistī? – You didn’t like Marcus, did you? OR You didn’t like
Marcus, right? OR Surely you didn’t like Marcus?
It’s important to note that, except for the introductory word, question types 1 and 3
follow normal word order. In sentence type 2, though, the verb begins the sentence, which
is not normal. But when you look at the English translation, it does the same thing; that’s
one of the ways we can tell a sentence is a question.
Practice Translate the following sentences from Latin to English.
1. Quid Marcus in casā vīdit? _________________________________________________
2. Nonne populus in oppidō manēbit? _________________________________________
________________________________
3. Ubi est Livia? ____________________________________________________
4. Migravistīne ā Hispaniā? _________________________________________________
5. Num Gallōs pugnāmus? _________________________________________________
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words that link up words, phrases, clauses and sentences. They can
put things together (and), provide alternatives (or), show differences (but), or create
transitions (then). When used alone, these are called coordinating conjunctions. We can also use
these in pairs to show multiple connections (both…and); these are called correlative
conjunctions.
In Latin, we have both of these types of conjunctions. We have already seen et and
sed. In Lesson XVI we are introduced to the coordinating conjunction –que. It goes on the
end of the second word of a pair or on the first word of the second sentence or clause of the
pair.
Example: Pompeio Crassoque consulibus – When Pompey and Crassus were consuls.
In Lesson XVI we are also introduced to the correlative conjunction et…et. The
same can also be done with –que…-que.
Example: Et Cornelia et Livia sunt meae amicae. – Both Cornelia and Livia are my friends.
Example: Corneliaque Liviaque sunt meae amicae. – Both Cornelia and Livia are my
friends.
Practice Translate the following sentences from Latin to English.
1. Vidistīne et Marcum et Quintum? ___________________________________________
2. Nonne Sicilia Sardiniaque sunt insulae? _______________________________________
_____________________________________
3. Quot sunt tres quattuorque? _______________________________________________
4. Num et puer et puella ab oppidō ambulāverunt? ________________________________
_______________________________________
Appositives
Sometimes, you can describe a noun with an adjective. Sometimes, you need
something more. An example would be if you wanted to describe somebody by saying who
or what they are. When this happens, you can use something called an appositive, which is a
word or phrase that describes a noun through renaming.
Example: Romulus, twin brother of Remus, became the first king of Rome.
In this sentence, “twin brother of Remus” describes Romulus by renaming him; this is an
appositive. Sometimes, appositives are set off by commas like here. Other times, they blend
into the sentence normally with no punctuation.
Example: For their second king, the Romans chose the Sabine man Numa Pompilius.
Write out the appositive that goes with “Numa Pompilius.” _________________________
In Latin, appositives match the noun they describe in case. However, an appositive may not
necessarily have the same gender or number as the noun it describes since the appositive and
the noun it describes are individual nouns with their own rules.
Example: Secundum regem, Romani virum Sabinum Numam Pompilium legērunt.
This is the Latin translation of the second example sentence. Numam Pompilium is the noun
that’s getting described, and it is accusative and singular. So that we know it’s describing
Numam Pompilium, the appositive “the Sabine man” must also be accusative (virum Sabinum).
Practice The following paragraph contains five appositive words and phrases. Use the
blanks below the paragraph to identify the various pieces related to the appositive (the noun
it describes, the case and number of that noun). Then write the appositive in Latin. For the
appositive, all you need to do is identify the noun; you can leave out any other pieces to its
phrase (adjectives, follow-ups, etc.)
Herculaneum, an Italian town, was buried by an eruption of the volcano Vesuvius.
The town took its name from Hercules, a great hero. To the inhabitants of the city, an
affluent people, the hero’s name gave particular pride. Among the ruins, archaeologists have
found many statues of Hercules, signs of the public’s devotion to its namesake.
Appositive
Noun
Case
Number
Appositive in Latin
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
So What Did We Learn?
1. In Latin, a question introduced by words like quid, ubi, or cur wants an answer that is
_______________________________________________________________________
2. In Latin, a question introduced by a verb ending in –ne wants an answer that is
__________________________________
3. In Latin, a question introduced by nonne wants an answer that is ___________________.
4. In Latin, a question introduced by num wants an answer that is ____________________.
5. When using the enclitic conjunction –que on the end of a word, it goes with the
______________ part of the pair of things being combined.
6. An appositive is a word or phrase that describes a _________________ by
___________________________.