AP Biology Chapter 9 Objectives
Cellular Respiration
1. Distinguish between fermentation and cellular respiration.
2. Describe the summary equation for cellular respiration. Note the specific chemical equation for the
degradation of glucose.
3. Explain how ATP is recycled in cells.
4. Define oxidation and reduction, and explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges.
5. Explain why organic molecules that have an abundance of hydrogen are excellent cellular fuels.
6. Describe the role of NAD+ and the electron transport chain during respiration.
7. Describe the cellular regions where glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain occur.
8. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis and the Krebs
cycle. Include the role of ATP in the preparatory steps of glycolysis, and note the role of oxaloacetate in
the Krebs cycle.
9. Identify and explain the major events in glycolysis in terms of sugar oxidation, substrate-level
phosphorylation, and the reduction of NAD+.
10. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how this
process links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle. Describe the point at which glucose is completely oxidized
during cellular respiration.
11. Describe the process of chemiosmosis. Explain how the exergonic “slide” of electrons down the
electron transport chain is coupled to the endergonic production of ATP by chemiosmosis. Relate
membrane structure to function in chemiosmosis.
12. Summarize the net ATP yield from the oxidation of a glucose molecule by constructing an ATP ledger
that includes coenzyme production during the different stages of glycolysis and cellular respiration.
13. Compare and contrast alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Explain why fermentation
is important.
14. Compare and contrast the processes of fermentation and cellular respiration.
15. Describe how food molecules other than glucose can be oxidized to make ATP.
16. Explain how ATP production is controlled by the cell, and what role the allosteric enzyme,
phosphofructokinase, plays in the process.
Photosynthesis
Chapter 10
1. Distinguish between photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotophs, and how each type of
organisms acquires its nutrition.
2. Explain how chloroplast structure relates to its function, and describe where most chloroplasts are
located in a leaf.
3. Write a summary equation for photosynthesis and relate this equation to that of oxidative respiration.
4. Explain the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis and follow redox through the two main stages of
photosynthesis.
5. Describe the relationship between an action spectrum and an absorption spectrum for photosynthesis,
and explain why the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll differs from the action spectrum. List the
wavelengths of light that are the most effective for photosynthesis.
6. List the components of a photosystem and explain their functions.
7. Trace electron flow through photosystems I and II. Compare cyclic and noncyclic electron flow and
how these components relate to the light reactions.
8. Describe the important differences in chemiosmosis between oxidative phosphorylation in
mitochondria and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts.
9. Summarize the carbon-fixing reactions of the Calvin cycle and describe the changes that occur in the
carbon skeletons of intemediates. Include the role of ATP and NADPH.
10. Describe what happens to rubisco when the oxygen concentration is much higher than carbon
dioxide.
11. Describe the major consequences of photorespiration, and two important photosynthetic adaptations
that minimize photorespiration.