___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ PSYCHOLOGY
___________________________________ (8th Edition, in Modules)
David Myers
___________________________________ PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2006
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 1
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Encoding: Getting Information in
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Module 25
___________________________________ 2
___________________________________ Encoding: Getting Information in
___________________________________ Encoding: Getting Information in
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ƒ How We Encode
ƒ What We Encode
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 3
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 25 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1
___________________________________ Encoding: Getting Information In
___________________________________ How We Encode
___________________________________ 1. Some information (route to your school) is automatically processed.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 2. However novel information (friend’s new cell‐phone number) requires attention and effort.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 4
OBJECTIVE 25‐1| Describe the types of Automatic Processing
information we encode automatically. ___________________________________ Enormous amount of information is processed effortlessly by us, like:
___________________________________ 1. Space: While reading a textbook you automatically encode place of a picture on a page.
2. Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day.
3. Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happened to you.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 5
OBJECTIVE 25‐2| Contrast effortful Effortful Processing
processing with automatic processing, and discuss the next‐in‐line effect, the spacing effect and the serial position effect. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ © Bananastock/ Alamy
Spencer Grant/ Photo Edit
Novel information committed to memory requires effort, like learning a concept from a text. Such processing leads to durable and accessible memories.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 6
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 25 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 2
___________________________________ Rehearsal
___________________________________ Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.de
Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ
Hermann Ebbinghaus
(1850‐1909)
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 7
___________________________________ Rehearsal
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1,
the fewer repetitions were required to relearn them on Day 2.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 8
___________________________________ Memory Effects
___________________________________ 1. Next‐in‐line‐Effect: When your recall is better for what other people say but poor for a person just before you in line.
___________________________________ 2. Spacing Effect: We retain information better when our rehearsal is distributed over time.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 3. Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items, but poor for middle items on a list.
___________________________________ 9
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 25 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 3
___________________________________ Spacing Effect
___________________________________ Distributed rehearsal (spacing effect) is better than massed practice. Robert Frost’s poem could be memorized with fair ease if spread over time.
___________________________________ ACQUAINTED WITH THE NIGHT
Robert Frost
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ I have been one acquainted with the night.
I have walked out in rain — and back in rain.
I have outwalked the furthest city light. ……
___________________________________ 10
___________________________________ Serial Position Effect
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
TUV
ZOF
GEK
WAV
XOZ
TIK
FUT
WIB
SAR
POZ
REY
GIJ
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Better recall
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Poor recall
___________________________________ Better recall
___________________________________ 11
___________________________________ What We Encode
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 1. Encoding by meaning
2. Encoding by images
3. Encoding by organization
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 12
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 25 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 4
OBJECTIVE 25‐3| Compare the benefits of Encoding Meaning
visual, acoustic, and semantic encoding in remembering verbal information, and describe “Whale”
a memory‐enhancing strategy related to the Q: Did the word begin
with a capital letter?
Structural
Encoding
Shallow
Q: Did the word rhyme
with the word
“weight”?
Phonemic
Encoding
Intermediate
Q: Would the word fit
in the sentence?
He met a __________ in the street.
self‐referent effect. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Semantic
Encoding
___________________________________ Deep
13
Craik and Lockhart (1972)
___________________________________ Results
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 14
OBJECTIVE 25‐4| Explain how encoding Visual Encoding
imagery aids effortful processing, and describes some memory‐enhancing strategies Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
that use visual encoding. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Both photos: Ho/AP Photo
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 15
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 25 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5
___________________________________ Mnemonics
___________________________________ Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques that use vivid imagery in aiding memory.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 1. Method of Loci
2. Link Method
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 16
___________________________________ Method of Loci
List of Items
Imagined Locations
Charcoal
Pens
Bed Sheets
Hammer
.
.
.
Rug
Backyard
Study
Bedroom
Garage
.
.
.
Living Room
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 17
___________________________________ Link Method
___________________________________ ___________________________________ List of Items
___________________________________ Newspaper
Shaving cream
Pen
Umbrella
.
.
.
Lamp
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 18
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 25 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6
OBJECTIVE 25‐5| Discuss the use of chunking Organizing Information for Encoding
and hierarchies in effortful processing. ___________________________________ Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 1. Chunking
2. Hierarchy
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 19
___________________________________ Chunking
___________________________________ Organizing items into familiar, manageable unit. Try to remember the number below.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 1‐7‐7‐6‐1‐4‐9‐2‐1‐8‐1‐2‐1‐9‐4‐1
___________________________________ If you are well versed with American history, chunk the number and see if you can recall it easier. 1776 1492 1812 1941.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 20
___________________________________ Chunking
___________________________________ Acronyms are another way to chunk information and remember it.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
___________________________________ PEMDAS = Parentheses, Exponent, Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract
___________________________________ ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
___________________________________ 21
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 25 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 7
___________________________________ Hierarchy
___________________________________ Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 22
___________________________________ Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 23
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 25 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 8