PART I
Materials of Music
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Prelude 1: Listening to Music Today
•  Typical places and
ways of listening
to music
Suggested picture of
guy with mp3 player
and laptop (in Shorter
edition, p. 4, Full p. 5
•  Understanding
music requires
active listening
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Some Practical Suggestions
•  Practice listening to music
•  Knowledge of musical
notation is not necessary
•  Use Listening Guides,
Resource CD, and Glossary
•  Attend live music
performances!
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Attending Concerts
•
Recordings vs. live concerts
•
Art music vs. popular music
Pianist Lang Lang
Music 013L Music Appreciation
To Find a Concert, Check Listings
•
For on-campus concerts (Music Department)
•
In the “weekend section” of local newspapers
•
In the college newspaper
•
On websites of local concert venues and musical groups
•
Be sure to ask for student discounts!
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Concert Program
Music 013L Music Appreciation
1. Melody: Musical Line
“It is the melody which is the
charm of music, and it is that
which is most difficult to produce.
The invention of a fine melody is
a work of genius.”
- Haydn
Joseph Haydn
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Defining Melody
Melody:
A succession of single pitches or tones
perceived as a meaningful unity.
Newton: “Amazing Grace”
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Characteristics of Melody: Contour
Strauss: Don Juan
Mozart: Piano Concerto
Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite
Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Characteristics of Melody: Range
“America”
“Greensleeves”
Strauss: Don Juan
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Characteristics of Melody
Conjunct Movement:
A smooth, connected melody that
moves principally by small intervals.
Beethoven: String Quartet No. 1
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Characteristics of Melody
Disjunct Movement:
A disjointed or disconnected
melody with many leaps.
Brahms: Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Structure of Melody
Phrase:
A unit of meaning within a larger
structure, like a musical sentence.
Cadence:
A resting place in a musical phrase.
Mozart: Symphony No. 40, I
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Structure of Melody
Rhyme Scheme:
Poetic phrases and musical phrases generally align.
Billings: “Chester”
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Structure of Melody
Prokofiev: Violin Concerto
Countermelody:
An added melody sounding
against another melody.
Music 013L Music Appreciation
2. Rhythm and Meter: Musical Time
Rhythm: Length, or duration of individual
notes.
Beat: Regular pulsation.
Accent: Beats that are stronger.
Beethoven: “Turkish March” (duple)
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Musical Time
Metrical Patterns: Simple recurring patterns,
typically 2, 3, or 4 beats grouped in a measure.
Downbeats
Music 013L Music Appreciation
2. Rhythm and Meter: Musical Time
Simple Meter
Duple Meter
Bar line
Measure
Triple Meter
Quadruple Meter
(Common Time)
Music 013L Music Appreciation
2. Rhythm and Meter: Musical Time
Duple Meter
Triple Meter
Sousa: “Stars and Stripes Forever”
Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III
Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar
Vivaldi: The Four Seasons, “Autumn”
Quadruple Meter
(Common Time)
Brahms: Symphony No. 1, IV
Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Musical Time: Compound Meter
6/8
9/8
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Musical Time: Compound Meter
6/8
Corelli: Violin Sonata, Gigue
9/8
Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring
12/8
Fauré: Pelléas et Mélisande, “Sicilienne”
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Musical Time
Syncopation:
Deliberate disruption of pattern;
accent shifted to a weak beat or offbeat.
Borodin: Prince Igor, “Polovetsian Dances”
Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Dance of the Youths…”
Tchaikovsky: Piano Concerto No. 1
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Musical Time
Polyrhythm:
Simultaneous use of different
rhythmic patterns.
Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Sacrificial Dance…”
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Musical Time
Additive Meter:
Irregular grouping of beats in a
larger pattern.
Ravi Shankar: Bhimpalasi
Anoushka Shankar
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Musical Time
Nonmetric:
Music without a strong sense of
beat or meter.
Gregorian chant: “Alleluia, emitte spiritum”
Gregorian chant: “Venite, exsultemus domino”
Music 013L Music Appreciation
3. Harmony: Musical Space
Vertical aspect of music
Chord
Music 013L Music Appreciation
3. Harmony: Musical Space
Scale: A collection of pitches arranged in
ascending or descending order.
Octave
(descending)
Do ti la sol fa mi re do
8 7 6 5
4 3 2
1
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Function of Harmony
Triad: three-note chord, do-mi-sol or 1-3-5
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Organization of Harmony
•
Tonic or keynote:
First note of scale (do) is “home base”
•
Tonality
Major tonality
Minor tonality
•
Diatonic harmony
•
Chromatic harmony
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Organization of Harmony:
Tonality
Major Tonality
Haydn: Symphony No. 94, III
Minor Tonality
Chopin: Mazurka
Quiz
Chopin: Prelude
Mendelssohn: Symphony No. 4, I
Vivaldi: Concerto for Piccolo
Haydn: Symphony No. 45, I
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Organization of Harmony
Diatonic Harmony
Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, I
Chromatic Harmony
Bach: Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue
Quiz
“Joy to the World”
Wagner: Tristan und Isolde
Haydn: Trumpet Concerto, III
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Consonance and Dissonance
Dissonance:
Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Dance of the Youths…”
Consonance:
Mendelssohn: Midsummer Night’s Dream, Nocturne
Drone: Shankar: Bhimpalasi
Music 013L Music Appreciation
4. The Organization of Musical Sounds
If only the world could feel the power of harmony.
—W. A. Mozart
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Musical Systems
•
Melody and harmony function together to make a musical
system
•
An octave is an important interval
•
Western octave: 12 equal semitones
•
•
(half steps)
Major/minor scales: 7 pitches drawn from the 12
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Formation of Major and Minor
Scales
•
12 semitones make up chromatic scale
•
•
•
White keys on a keyboard
Black keys on a keyboard
Two half steps = whole step
Octave

#
#
#
#
half steps
whole step
Music 013L Music Appreciation
#
White Keys: C D E F G A B C
Black keys are in between the white keys
•
Up a scale sharp ( )
•
Down a scale flat ( )
•
Black key above C is C, D is D, etc.
•



Black key below D is D , E is E , etc.
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Major Scale
•
Do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do
•
No black keys between E and F (mi–fa) or B and C (ti–
do)
•
E to F and B to C are half steps
•
Other white keys are a whole step apart

do
re
mi
fa
sol
la
Music 013L Music Appreciation
ti
do
Major Scales Pattern
•
Major mode: w w h w w w h
Tonic (do)
Dominant (sol)
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Minor Scale
•
Minor mode: w h w w h w w
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Chromaticism
•
Tones foreign to a key weaken the tonic relationship
•
•
Diatonic tones
Chromatic tones
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Other Scale Types
•  Non-Western
Pentatonic (5-note)
Tritonic (3-note)
Microtonal scale
Pentatonic Scale

Music 013L Music Appreciation
Aspects of the Major-Minor System
Active and rest chords
•
Tonic triad
•
Dominant triad
•
Subdominant triad

1
Tonic
2
3
4
5
Subdominant
6
Dominant
Music 013L Music Appreciation
7
8(1)
The Key as a Form-Building Element
•
Using a new key or temporarily shifting the tonal center
Original melody

Transposed melody (up a 4th)


Modulation (relative minor)

Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Key as a Form-Building Element
•
Key provides musical unity
•
Movement from key to key creates tension
•
Home key provides unity
•
Foreign key provides variety and contrast
Music 013L Music Appreciation
5. Musical Texture: Types of Texture
Monophony:
Single-line texture, or melody without
accompaniment.
Gregorian chant: Psalm 94, “Venite, exsultemus domino”
Gregorian chant: Whitsunday Mass, “Alleluia, emitte…”
Music 013L Music Appreciation
5. Musical Texture: Types of Texture
Heterophony:
Texture in which two or more
voices (or parts) elaborate the
same melody simultaneously, often
the result of improvisation.
African traditional, Gabon: “Porter’s Song”
African traditional: “Herding Song”
Music 013L Music Appreciation
5. Musical Texture: Types of Texture
Polyphony:
Two or more melodic lines
combined into a multivoiced texture.
•  Nonimitative Polyphony (simultaneous melodies)
Rimsky-Korsakov: “Capriccio espagnol, Fandano asturiano”
Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring
•  Imitative Polyphony
Marenzio: “La bella ninfa mia”
Handel: Concerto Grosso in G
Bach: Concerto for Violin and Oboe, II
Music 013L Music Appreciation
5. Musical Texture: Types of Texture
Homophony:
Texture with principal melody and
accompanying harmony.
Dvořák: Symphony No. 9, II
Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite
Music 013L Music Appreciation
5. Musical Texture: Types of Texture
QUIZ:
Monophony—Homophony—Polyphony
American traditional: “America”
Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III
Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 21
Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 4, III
Billings: “Chester”
Music 013L Music Appreciation
5. Musical Texture: Contrapuntal
Devices
•  Imitation
•  Canon
•  Round
•  Ex: “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”
Music 013L Music Appreciation
6. Musical Form:
Structure and Design in Music
Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar
Chopin: Prelude in E
Mozart: Piano Concerto, II
Beethoven: String Quartet in F
Music 013L Music Appreciation
6. Musical Form:
Structure and Design in Music
British traditional: “Greensleeves”
Handel: Keyboard Suite No. 5
Shankar: Bhimpalasi
Music 013L Music Appreciation
6. Musical Form:
Two-Part and Three-Part Form
Brahms: Symphony No. 1, IV
British traditional: “Greensleeves”
Dvořák: Symphony No. 9, II
Music 013L Music Appreciation
6. Musical Form:
The Building Blocks of Form
Theme: A melodic idea used as a
building block in music.
Thematic development
Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar
Thematic transformation
(Berlioz: Symphony fantastique)
Mvt. I
Mvt. III
Mvt. II
Mvt. V
Mvt. IV
Music 013L Music Appreciation
6. Musical Form:
The Building Blocks of Form: Theme
Sequence
Handel: Concerto Grosso, II
Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar
Motive
Mozart: Symphony No. 40, I
Music 013L Music Appreciation
6. Musical Form:
The Building Blocks of Form
Call-and-response, or responsorial
African traditional: “Porter’s Song”
Gregorian chant: Whitsunday Mass
Ostinato
Couperin: “Les barricades misterieuses”
Music 013L Music Appreciation
7. Musical Expression: Tempo and
Dynamics: The Pace of Music
Mozart: Abduction from the Seraglio, Overture
Handel: Sampson, “Let the Bright Seraphim”
Bach, C. P. E., Trio Sonata, I
Music 013L Music Appreciation
7. Musical Expression: Tempo and
Dynamics: The Pace of Music
Glière: “Russian Sailor’s Dance”
Smetana: The Moldau
Music 013L Music Appreciation
7. Musical Expression: Loudness and
Softness: Dynamics
Strauss: Don Juan
Prokofiev: Classical Symphony, III
Fauré: Pelleas et Melisande, “Sicilienne”
Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III
Music 013L Music Appreciation
7. Musical Expression: Moving from
One Dynamic to Another
Liszt: Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2
Smetana: The Moldau
Music 013L Music Appreciation
7. Musical Expression:
Shaping the Expressive Content of
Music
•
Metronome
•
Interpretation
Chopin: Fantasie Impromptu (rubato)
Music 013L Music Appreciation
8. Voices and Musical Instrument Families
•
Musical timbre
Flutist James Galway
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Voice as a Model
for Instrumental Sound
Soprano
Mezzo Soprano
Schumann: Die Soldatenbraut
Bizet: Carmen, “Habanera”
Operatic tenor
Luciano Pavarotti
Alto
Handel: Messiah, “O thou that tellest”
Tenor
Verdi: Rigoletto, “La donna è mobile”
Baritone
Rossini: The Barber of Seville
Bass
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The World of Musical Instruments
•
Aerophones
•
Chordophones
•
Idiophones
•
Membranophones
Music 013L Music Appreciation
9. Western Musical Instruments
Western Families
Suggest
pic of Yo
Yo Ma
ST, p. 51.
•
String Instruments (chordophones)
Bowed and plucked
Bowed (rosin)
Violin [video]
Viola [video]
Violoncello (Cello)
[video]
Double bass [video]
Cellist Yo-Yo Ma
•
“Heart of the Orchestra”
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Special Effects of the Bowed String Family
Suggest pic
of violinist
Hilary Hahn
ST, p. 50
Legato
Staccato
Pizzicato
Vibrato
Glissando
Tremolo
Violinist Hilary Hahn
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Trill
Doublestopping
Triple- or
quadruplestopping
Harmonics
Plucked String Instruments
•
Harp [video]
Pedals
Arpeggio
•
Guitar [video]
Fretted fingerboard
Rock Guitarist Carlos Santana
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Woodwind Instruments (Aerophones)
•
Played by blowing air into a mouth hole, or a
mouthpiece fitted with single or double reeds
•
Holes in the body of the instrument
Flute [video]
Piccolo
Clarinet [video]
Bass clarinet
[video]
[video]
Oboe [video]
English
horn [video]
Bassoon [video]
Contrabassoon
[video]
Suggest pic
of
Richard
Stolzman ,
clarinet
ST, p. 53
Saxophone
Tenor [video]
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Clarinetist Richard Stoltzman
Brass Instruments (Aerophones)
•
All have metal mouthpieces attached to metal tubing
that flares at the end into a bell.
•
Valves, keys, slides in tubing
•
Lips “buzz” and act as a double reed
Trombonist Isrea Butler
Trumpet [video]
French horn [video]
Trombone [video]
Tuba [video]
Cornet, bugle [video]
fluegelhorn, [video]
euphonium, [video]
sousaphone
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Percussion Instruments
(Idiophones and Membranophones)
Percussion: Definite Pitch
Timpani or kettledrums
Suggest pic of
Evelyn Glennie
ST p.57
[video]
Xylophone [video]
Marimba [video]
Vibraphone
[videoGlockenspiel [video]
Celesta
Chimes or tubular bells
Percussionist Evelyn Glennie
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Percussion: Indefinite Pitch
Javanese gamelan ensemble
•
Snare drum or side drum
[video]
•
Tenor drum
•
Bass drum [video]
•
Tom-tom, tambourine [video],
•
castanets [video]
•
triangle [video]
•
cymbals [video]
•
gong
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Other Instruments
•
Piano (pianoforte) [video]
•
Electric piano
•
Organ [video]
•
Harpsichord [video]
Modern grand piano
Music 013L Music Appreciation
10. Musical Ensembles
•
Choral Groups
•
•
•
A cappella singing
Chorus = large group
Choir = smaller group
The King’s Singers
Music 013L Music Appreciation
10. Musical Ensembles
•
Instrumental Chamber
Ensembles
•
•
•
String quartet
Duo sonata
Trio, quartet, quintet, etc.
The Ying Quartet
Music 013L Music Appreciation
10. Musical Ensembles: The Orchestra
Western Symphony
Orchestra
•
•
•
•
The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra with Music Director, Paavo Järvi.
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Strings
Woodwinds
Brass
Percussion
10. Musical Ensembles: Bands
•
Wind
•
Marching
•
Rock
•
Jazz
Ozzy Osbourne with Black Sabbath in 1978
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Role of the Conductor
•
Leader of large ensembles
•
Time and tempo
•
Baton
•
Interpret
•
The concertmaster
Conductor Gustavo Dudamel
Music 013L Music Appreciation
The Orchestra in Action
Benjamin Britten: The Young Person’s Guide to the
Orchestra (Listening Guide)
•
Subtitled Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Purcell
•
•
Theme and 13 short variations
Fugue based on a fragment of the Purcell theme
Music 013L Music Appreciation
11. Style and Function of Music in
Society
•
Sacred music
•
Secular music
The Old Guitar Player, Pablo Picasso
Music 013L Music Appreciation
Musical Styles in History
Style
Genre
Medium
Historical periods
Medieval Era
Renaissance Era
Baroque Era
Classical Era
Romantic Era
Twentieth Century
Music 013L Music Appreciation