Intro
What are microbes?
helminths
yeast
viruses
cyanobacteria
protozoa
bacteria
algae
mold
Three Domain System
Encephalitozoan
EUBACTERIA
Hexamita
EUKARYA
Valrimorpha
Cytophaga
Giardia
Chlorobium
Trichomonas
Agrobacterium
Epulopiscium
Bacillus
Synechococcus
Physarum
E. coli
Trypanosoma
Riftia
Thermus
Thermomicrobium
Chromatium
Thermotoga
Aquifex
Euglena
Naegleria
ARCHAEA
Entamoeba
Haloferax
Dictylostelium
Methanobacterium
Porphyra
Organisms visible to
human eye
Paramecium
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Methanococcus
Thermococcus
Methanopyros
Methanospirillum
Methanosarcina
Sulfolobus
Thermoproteus
Thermofilum
pSL50
pJP78
pSL4
pSL22
pSL12
pJP27
Marine group 1
Black, J.G. (2002) Fig. 9.13
6 Kingdoms
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Intro
What do microbes do?
• Eat, grow, and divide!!
• How to accomplish?
– modify metabolism
– make toxins
– structural
modifications
www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/ faq.html
Where are microbes found?
• EVERYWHERE! (almost)
• most abundant organisms on Earth
• found everywhere! air, water, soil, rocks
•
humans host 1014 bacterial cells in 1013 human cells
– Major human problem: eliminating microbes or preventing
their growth.
•
problem for food, beverage, cosmetic, pharmaceutical,
& other industries
Where do microbes come from?
Palaeolyngbya
chroococcalean form
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/ bacteria/cyanofr.html
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Intro
ORIGINS OF LIFE
• 3.5bya
• NO OXYGEN
• ANAEROBIC METABOLISM
• ORGANIC MATERIALS
• Mutations led to photosynthesis
• Oxygen produced
• Aerobic Respiration (2.5 bya)
A Precambrian Timeline
Endosymbiosis creates
first eukaryotes
Cyanobacteria
begin
photosynthesis
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/precambrian/precambrian.html
Stromolites- 3.5bya
Cyanobacteria – photosynthesized – produced atmospheric oxygen
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Intro
Endosymbiont Theory- 1.2bya
Endosymbiont Theory
•Membranes
•DNA
•Reproduction
Relevance of Microbes
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•
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Disease
Agriculture
Food and beverages
Chemicals
Basic research
Biotechnology
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Intro
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Intro
How did microbiology become a
science?
• Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (late 1600’s)
micrograph
microscope
Major Issues of the 1800’s
• Spontaneous Generation (abiogenesis)
• Fermentation & Spoilage
www.darwin.museum.ru/site_bac/ etap/etap2_A.htm
• Causes and Control of Disease
Spontaneous generation
controversy
Aristotle ~350BC
Redi (1600’s)
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Intro
Pasteur &
Tyndall end
spontaneous
generation
controversy
Fermentation & Spoilage
• Economically important
• “Pasteurization” (1864)
Disease transmission?
miasma
www.ghosthunting.org.uk/ cemetary3.htm
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Intro
delpiano.com/millennium/html/ body_fracastoro.html
Fracastoro
“seeds” of contagion
infection
symptoms courses
Semmelweis
www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/ j/e/jel5/micro/art.htm
John Snow
www.soi.city.ac.uk/ ~dk708/pg1_1.htm
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Intro
Joseph Lister
Lister
pw1.netcom.com/~aguldo/ agga/bt/txt/bt1899.htm
Germ Theory of Disease
www.umanitoba.ca/.../medicine/ history/lister/anessurg.html
Koch establishes causative link
between B. anthracis & anthrax
Robert Koch
http://www.vdem.state.va.us/prepare/terrorismto
olkit/anthraxoverview.htm
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www.robert-koch-stiftung.de/ ziele.html
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Intro
Suspected microbe must be present in EVERY case of the disease
Diseased subjects
Microbe not typically found in
healthy subjects
Koch’s
Postulates
Must isolate &
grow pure
culture of
microbe
Cultured microbe
must cause disease
when inoculated into
a healthy, susceptible
host
Same
microbe must
be isolated
from
diseased
experimental
host
Exceptions to Koch’s postulates
• Organism can’t be cultured
– e.g. Mycobacterium leprae
• Combination of pathogens
• Ethical considerations
“Golden Age” of Microbiology: Late
1800s
DISEASE
Anthrax
Gonorrhea
Typhoid fever
Malaria
Tuberculosis
Cholera
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Diarrhea
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Gas gangrene
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CAUSATIVE AGENT
Bacillus anthracis
Neisseria gonorrhea
Salmonella typhi
Plasmodium spp.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Vibrio cholera
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Clostridium tetani
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Clostridium perfringens
YEAR
1867
1879
1884
1880
1882
1883
1883-84
1885-89
1885
1886
1887
1892
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Microbiology
Basic research
microbiology
Microbial
taxonomy
By kind of organism
Bacteriology
Phycology
Mycology
Protozoology
Parasitology
Virology
Applied
microbiology
By process
In relation
to disease
Microbial metabolism
Microbial genetics
Microbial ecology
Immunology
Epidemiology
Etiology
What’s included in “microbiology”?
Microbiology
Applied
microbiology
Basic research
microbiology
Disease-related
Infection control
Chemotherapy
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Environmental
Industrial
Environmental
microbiology
Food/Beverage
technology
Pharmaceutical
microbiology
Genetic
engineering
After Black (2002) Microbiology: Principles & Explorations, 5th Ed. Table 1.2
What’s included in “microbiology”?
After Black (2002) Microbiology: Principles & Explorations, 5th Ed. Table 1.2
Intro
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