First Grade
Unit A: PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Chapter 1: Observing Solids, Liquids and Gases
Lessons 1 to 5
Physical Science Overview
Materials (matter) come in different forms. Water can be
rain falling (liquid) or frozen as an ice cube (solid). When
you boil (or heat up) water, you begin to see vapors
(evaporate) or steam (gas). Scientists observe, compare
and contrast the attributes of materials. Materials can
then be classified (sorted and put together) based on
their forms (or states). Scientist compare properties such
as shape, size and motion of materials to decide whether
they are solids, liquids or gases. Scientist experiment
with mixing, cooling and heating solids, liquids and
gases noting their changes and whether or not they can
be changed back.
Unit A Physical Science Chapter 1
Observing Solids, Liquids & Gases
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4
Lesson 5
What is a
property?
What is a
solid?
What is a
liquid?
What is a
gas?
How are
solids, liquids
and gases
different?
Property
Senses
Materials
Attributes
Classify
Solid
Shape
Change
Balance
Weight
Liquid
Water
Size
Pour
Container
Gas
Space
Air
Disperse
Inflate
Observe
Alike
Different
Compare
Contrast
The Three States of Matter
(Sung to Tune of The Wheels on the Bus)
The three states of
matter are solid,
liquid, gas
Solid, liquid, gas
Solid, liquid, gas
The three states of
matter are solid,
liquid, gas
All day long
Solids
(Sung to Tune of The Wheels on the Bus)
The floor is a solid
You can jump up and
down
Jump up and down
Jump up and down.
The floor is a solid
You can jump up and
down
All day long
Liquids
(Sung to Tune of The Wheels on the Bus)
Water is a liquid
You can drink right
down
Drink right down
Drink right down
Water is a liquid
You can drink right
down
All day long
Gases
(Sung to Tune of The Wheels on the Bus)
Air is a gas
You can breathe right in
Breathe right in
Breathe right in
Air is a gas
You can breathe right in
All day long
Properties
Shape, Color, Feel, Size
& More
Let’s read about properties:
Properties tell us about shape, color,
feel, size and more. Scientist observe
the properties of materials. You can
be a scientist by observing not only
shape, color, feel and size but also
measuring an object’s weight or
height. You can also observe how an
object moves. You can think of ways
to change an object.
Insert
Photo/Graphic
(Minimize)
1. What is a property?
2. Describe the properties of an apple.
3. How does an apple move?
4. How does an apple change when you roll it?
5. What things could you do to change the apple?
Lesson 1: What is a Property?
Vocabulary
• Property: Something you can observe with your senses.
Properties are ways of describing things including color, feel,
shape, size and more (weight, height, etc.). The size of an
object is one of its properties.
• Senses: The five natural powers of sight, hearing, touch,
taste and smell. You can use your senses to learn about
objects.
• Materials: What something is made of or used for. A tissue
and a piece of cloth are different materials. Matter: All things
on earth are matter. Matter can be classified as a solid, liquid
or gas.
• Attributes: Ways to describe something’s shape, color, feel,
size or more.
• Classify: To put things that are alike in groups. You can
classify things as a solid, liquid or gas.
Property: Something you can observe with your senses. Properties are
ways of describing things including color, feel, shape, size and more
(weight, height, etc.). The size of an object is one of its properties.
Note: Properties and attributes are synonyms (i.e., words that mean the same or almost the same)
.
properties
Senses: The five natural powers of sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell.
You can use your senses to learn about objects.
.
senses
Materials: What something is made of or used for. A tissue (paper) and a
bath towel (cloth) are different materials. Matter: All things on earth are
matter. Matter can be classified as a solid, liquid or gas.
.
materials
Attributes: Ways to describe something’s shape, color, feel, size or more.
.
attributes
Classify: To put things that are alike in groups. Shapes can be classified
many ways such as by the number of sides.
classify
Video Opportunity
Scott Foresman
Discovery Channel School
Student DVD
Grade 1 PHYSICAL
SCIENCE:
Shapes
(4 minutes)
Description: What shapes can you
find? Did you know that you
can them in nature? Look for
circles,
triangles,
and
rectangles that are all around
you.
Brainstorm about Properties:
What are
properties?
Insert
Photo/Graphic
(Minimize)
Student Response:
Properties tell us about _______, _______,
________, and _______.
Solids
Something that has its own size
and shape.
Let’s read about solids:
A solid has its own size and
shape. A solid does not change
when it is moved from place to
place. Solids are objects that have
weight. They can be heavy or
light.
Insert
Photo/Graphic
(Minimize)
1. Name three solids.
2. Describe what a solid is?
3. How is a solid different than a liquid or gas?
Solids
• Solids keep their own
shape.
• Solids are easier to
control. They do not flow.
• Solids can be cut.
• Solids when they melt
become liquids.
• Solids include a ball, fork,
wood, bricks, ice and the
Statue of Liberty.
Lesson 2: What is a Solid?
Vocabulary
• Solid: Something that has its own shape and size. A solid
does not change shape when it moved from place to place.
Examples: wooden blocks, a baseball, a coin
• Shape: The way something looks. A ball has a circle shape.
• Change: Something becomes different through an action
such as growth, mixing, cooling or heating.
• Balance: A tool that can compare the weights of objects. A
balance compares whether two objects are the same weight
or whether one object is heavier or lighter than the other.
• Weight (or Mass): How heavy something is. A balance can
compare the weights of objects. Note that Mass is the amount
of matter an object contains.
Solid: Something that has its own shape and size. A solid does not change
shape when it moved from place to place.
Examples: wooden blocks, a baseball, a coin
solids
Shape: The way something looks. A ball has a circle shape.
shape
Change: Something becomes different through an action such as growth,
mixing, cooling or heating.
change
Balance: A tool that can compare the weights of objects. A balance
compares whether two objects are the same weight or whether one object
is heavier or lighter than the other.
balance
Weight (or Mass): How heavy something is. A balance can compare the
weights of objects. Note that Mass is the amount of matter an object
contains.
weight
Observing Solids, Liquids and Gases
What is a solid?
Student Response:
A solid is...
Insert
Photo/Graphic
(Minimize)
Liquids
Liquids have their own size and
take the shape of its container.
Lesson 3: What is a liquid?
Vocabulary
• Liquid: Something that takes the shape of its
container and has its own amount or size. You can
pour a liquid. Examples: water, juice, oil
• Water: A liquid collected in lakes, rivers, oceans and
more. A liquid that plants and animals need to live.
• Size: How big (or little) something is. Example: A
gallon of milk is bigger than a glass of milk.
• Container: An object that holds things inside it. A
liquid takes the shape of its container. Examples: a
glass, jar, box, and more.
• Pour: The action of moving a liquid from one container
to another.
Let’s read about liquids:
A liquid takes the shape of its container. It
can be poured from one container to
another changing shape but not volume
(size) though it may appear to look larger
or smaller. It is not. You can test this by
pouring one measured cup of water into
various sized containers.
Insert
Photo/Graphic
(Minimize)
1. Name three liquids.
2. Describe what a liquid is?
3. How is a liquid different than a solid or gas?
Liquids
• Liquids take the shape of
their container.
• Liquids have a definite
volume.
• Liquids are difficult to
control because they
flow. They cannot be cut.
• Liquids include: water,
vinegar, orange juice,
paint, gasoline.
Liquid: Something that takes the shape of its container and has its own
amount or size. You can pour a liquid. Examples: water, juice, oil
liquids
Water: A liquid collected in lakes, rivers, oceans and more. A liquid that
plants and animals need to live.
water
Size: How big (or little) something is. Example: A gallon of milk is bigger
than a glass of milk.
size
Container: An object that holds things inside it. A liquid takes the shape of
its container. Examples: a glass, jar, box, and more.
container
Pour: The action of moving a liquid from one container to another.
pour
Observing Solids, Liquids and Gases
What is a liquid?
Student Response:
A liquid is...
Insert
Photo/Graphic
(Minimize)
Gases
. A gas takes the size and shape
of its container.
Let’s read about gases:
Insert
Photo/Graphic
(Minimize)
1. Name three gases or things filled with air?
2. Describe what a gas is?
3. How is a gas different than a solid or liquid?
Gases
• Gases fill any available
space. They flow easily.
• Gases do not have a
definite volume because
they expand.
• Most gases are invisible.
• Gases cannot be cut.
• Gases include helium,
oxygen, hydrogen.
• Heated water can
become a gas.
Lesson 4: What is a gas?
Vocabulary
• Gas: Something that takes the size and shape of
its container. Most gases you can’t see. Examples:
air, helium.
• Space: Everything around or in something. Air
takes up space but you cannot see it.
• Air: A gas. Air is a gas that plants and animals
need to live. You cannot see air.
• Disperse: When air that is contained becomes not
contained, it moves (or escapes) out of the
container.
• Inflate: To fill up or add air to something such as a
tire, beach ball or balloon.
Gas: Something that takes the size and shape of its
container. Most gases you can’t see. Examples: air
(oxygen, carbon dioxide), helium, hydrogen.
gas
Space: Everything around or in something. Air takes up
space but you cannot see it.
space
Air: A gas. Air is a gas that plants and animals need to
live. You cannot see air.
air
Disperse: When air that is contained becomes not
contained, it moves (or escapes) out of the container.
disperse
Inflate: To fill up or add air to something such as a tire,
beach ball or balloon.
inflate
Observing Solids, Liquids and Gases
What is a gas?
Student Response:
A gas is...
Insert
Photo/Graphic
(Minimize)
Solids, Liquids, Gases
Compare and Contrast
Three Forms of Matter
Solids
Liquids
Gases
•
•
•Same Size
•Different Shapes
•Different Sizes
•Different Shapes
Same Size
Same Shape
Activity
Three Forms of Matter
A. What am I?
B. What am I?
C. What am I?
•Same Size
•Shape Changes
•Size Changes
•Shape Changes
•Same Size
•Same Shape
Lesson 5 How are solids, liquids and gases different?
Vocabulary
• Observe: To use your senses to find out about an
object. You can observe what you see, hear, smell,
taste, or touch. You can observe and
compare/contrast the properties of solids, liquids and
gases. That is, how they are alike and different.
• Alike: Comparing two or more things, attributes are
similar or the same.
• Different: Comparing two or more things, attributes
are not the same.
• Compare: Looking at how things are alike or the
same.
• Contrast: Looking at how things are different or not
the same.
Observe: To use your senses to find out about an object. You can
observe what you see, hear, smell, taste, or touch. You can observe
and compare/contrast the properties of solids, liquids and gases.
That is, how they are alike and different.
observe
Alike: Comparing two or more things, attributes are
similar or the same.
alike
Different: Comparing two or more things, attributes are
not the same.
different
Compare: Looking at how things are alike or the same.
These shapes are congruent. They are the same size
and same shape.
compare
Contrast: Looking at how things are different or not the
same. Here the square is different than the hexagons.
contrast
Vocabulary REVIEW for Unit A Physical Science
Chapter 1 * Observing Solids, Liquids and Gases
Lessons 1 to 5
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4
Lesson 5
What is a
property?
What is a
solid?
What is a
liquid?
What is a
gas?
How are
solids, liquids
and gases
different?
Property
Senses
Materials
Attributes
Classify
Solid
Shape
Change
Balance
Weight
Liquid
Water
Size
Pour
Container
Gas
Space
Air
Disperse
Inflate
Observe
Alike
Different
Compare
Contrast
Science Experiment Opportunity
From Water to Solid (Freeze); From Solid to Liquid (Melt); From Liquid to Gas (Heat)
First Grade
Unit A: PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Chapter 2: Changing Solids, Liquids and Gases
Lessons 1 to 5
Physical Science Overview
Materials (matter) come in different forms. Water can be
rain falling (liquid) or frozen as an ice cube (solid). When
you boil (or heat up) water, you begin to see vapors
(evaporate) or steam (gas). Scientists observe, compare
and contrast the attributes of materials. Materials can
then be classified (sorted and put together) based on
their forms (or states). Scientist compare properties such
as shape, size and motion of materials to decide whether
they are solids, liquids or gases. Scientist experiment
with mixing, cooling and heating solids, liquids and
gases noting their changes and whether or not they can
be changed back.
Unit A Physical Science Chapter 2
Changing Solids, Liquids & Gases
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4
How can
things
change?
What
properties of
things can
change?
What changes How can
when things
cooling and
are mixed?
heating
change
things?
Melt
Mix
Heat
Cool
Forms
(states)
Flexibility
Texture
Dissolve
Solution
Separate
Freeze
Evaporate
Temperature
Thermometer
Lesson 5
What things
cannot
change back?
REVIEW all
vocabulary
from Physical
Science
Unit A
Chapters
1&2
Video Opportunity
Scott Foresman
Discovery Channel School
Student DVD
Grade 1 PHYSICAL
SCIENCE:
Solids, Liquids Gases
(7 minutes)
Description:
Water exists in three
states – solid, liquid and gas. Find out
what makes each state unique and
how temperature ((heating, cooling)
causes water to change from one state
to another.
Science Experiment Opportunity
From Water to Solid (Freeze); From Solid to Liquid (Melt); From Liquid to Gas (Heat)
Draw on Prior Knowledge
What are the three forms of
matter? Compare and contrast the
three forms.
How can things change?
Solids, liquids and gases can
change when they are mixed,
heated or cooled.
Lesson 1: How can things change?
Vocabulary
• Melt: To change from a solid to a liquid. Solid wax
(crayon) melts when it is heated.
• Mix: To put (stir) two or more things together.
• Heat: To increase (raise) the temperature of something.
• Cool: To decrease (lower) the temperature of
something.
• Forms (state): Some materials change shape but not
what it is made of. Example: Clay or Dough
Melt: To change from a solid to a liquid. A frozen solid
popsicle begins to melt when you take it out of the
freezer because of the change in temperature.
melt
Mix: To put (stir) two or more things together.
.
mix
Heat: To increase (raise) the temperature of something.
.
heat
Cool: To decrease (lower) the temperature of
something.
cool
Forms (state): Some materials change shape but not
what it is made of. Example: clay or dough.
.
form (states)
Chapter 1: How can things change?
How can things
change?
Insert
Photo/Graphic
(Minimize)
Student Response:
Things change when they are ______,
_______, or _________.
What properties of things can change?
Properties of color, shape, size, how
things feel (texture) and move
(flexibility) can change as a result of
heating, cooling, and mixing.
Lesson 2: What properties of things can change?
Vocabulary
• Flexibility: The capacity of an object to bend. Hard
materials do not bend as easily as soft materials.
• Texture: How something feels. Does it feel smooth or
rough?
Flexibility: The capacity of an object to bend. Hard materials do not
bend as easily as soft materials. A wooden ruler would break if you
bend it but a soft plastic ruler bends.
.
flexibility
Texture: How something feels. Does it feel smooth or
rough? The skin of a tomato is smooth but the skin of a
kiwi is rough.
.
texture
Chapter 2: What properties of things can
change?
What properties of
things can change?
Insert
Photo/Graphic
(Minimize)
Student Response:
____, _____, _____, and how something
_____ are properties that can change.
What changes when things are mixed?
Solids and liquids can be mixed
together. Some solids dissolve or
spread throughout a liquid.
Lesson 3: What changes when things are mixed?
Vocabulary
• Dissolve: Spread throughout a liquid. Salt or
sugar dissolves when it is mixed with water.
• Solution: A mixture in which one substance
(solute) dissolves in another (solvent).
• Separate: Opposite of dissolve. Some things
dissolved can be separated (e.g., salt and water)
others cannot (e.g., paint).
Dissolve: Spread throughout a liquid. Salt or sugar
dissolves when it is mixed with water.
.
dissolve
Solution: A mixture in which one substance (solute) dissolves in another
(solvent).
solution
Separate: Opposite of dissolve. Some things dissolved can be
separated (e.g., salt and water) others cannot (e.g., paint).
.
separate
Chapter 3: What changes when things are
mixed?
What changes when
things are mixed?
Insert
Photo/Graphic
(Minimize)
Student Response:
______ and _____ can be mixed.
Some solids ______ when they are _____
with liquids.
How can cooling and
heating change things?
Liquids such as water can turn into solids
when cooled and back when heated. When
water is heated it evaporates changing from a
liquid to a gas. The gas can become a liquid
again.
Lesson 4: How can cooling and heating change things?
Vocabulary
• Freeze: To change from a liquid to a solid. Water
freezes when it gets very cold.
• Evaporate: Change from a liquid to a gas. Heat
from the sunlight causes water to evaporate.
• Temperature: How hot or cold something is. You
can measure the temperature of air.
• Thermometer: A tool that measures temperature.
Temperature tells you how hot or cold. The
numbers on a thermometer show the temperature.
• Order: Decide or tell what is first, next and last.
You can put things that happen in a science
activity in order.
Freeze: To change from a liquid to a solid. Water
freezes when it gets very cold.
freeze
Evaporate: Change from a liquid to a gas. Heat from the
sunlight causes water to evaporate.
evaporate
Temperature: How hot or cold something is. You can
measure the temperature of air.
Insert Photo/Graphic
temperature
Thermometer: A tool that measures temperature. The
numbers on a thermometer show the temperature.
Insert Photo/Graphic
thermometer
Order: Decide or tell what is first, next and last. You can put things that
happen in a science activity in order.
order
Chapter 4: How can cooling and heating
change things?
How can cooling change
things?
How can heating change
things?
Insert
Photo/Graphic
(Minimize)
Student Response:
Cooling can _____ water into solid _____.
Heating can _____ ice back into water.
Heating can cause water to __________.
What things cannot
change back?
Heating, cooling and mixing solids, liquids
and gases can change properties. Doing so,
some things such as water can change from
one form to another and back again;
however, somethings like popped corn cannot
change back.
Lesson 5 What things cannot change back?
Vocabulary
Review all vocabulary from Unit A Physical
Science: Observing and Changing Solids,
Liquids and Gases
• Chapter 1 Lessons 1 to 5
• Chapter 2 Lessons 1 to 4
NOTE: The following How to Make Crayons
presentation will provide you with an opportunity to
review the vocabulary.
Let’s read about how things can change:
All things are a solid, liquid or a gas. Many things
can be changed. Different things can be changed
by mixing them, heating them or cooling them. You
can mix two liquids together. You can melt ice
(solid) into a liquid. You can cook (heat) eggs
changing its liquids to solids. However, once
cooked, a scrambled egg cannot be turned back
into its original form. Water, however, changes
when heated or cooled into a gas or solid but then
can be changed back to a liquid again.
Insert
Photo/Graphic
(Minimize)
1. What are three ways that a solid, liquid or gas can
be changed? Can you think of other ways?
2. What are some examples of changes from one state
(or form) to another?
3. Can changes from one state to another be reversed?
Unit A Physical Science Chapter 2
Changing Solids, Liquids & Gases
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4
How can
things
change?
What
properties of
things can
change?
What changes How can
when things
cooling and
are mixed?
heating
change
things?
Melt
Mix
Heat
Cool
Forms
(states)
Flexibility
Texture
Dissolve
Solution
Separate
Freeze
Evaporate
Temperature
Thermometer
Lesson 5
What things
cannot
change back?
REVIEW all
vocabulary
from Physical
Science
Unit A
Chapters
1&2
How to Make Crayons
Do you know how the Crayon Factory makes crayons?
To make crayons, the factory uses the following materials:
wax (solid), and coloring (liquid like paint or a powder).
Next, the factory melts the wax by heating it up. The heat
raises the temperature and the wax gets hot and melts.
Some of the liquid might evaporate as steam (gas).
Then you will mix in color. The color will dissolve
into the liquid to make a crayon solution.
The hard texture of the wax has changed and now the
melted wax is more flexible (soft). The liquid wax can be
poured. Here is a photograph from a crayon factory.
The melted, colored wax or liquid solution is then poured
into molds.
Poured into the mold, the temperature decreases and the solution (wax
and coloring) cools and hardens. The liquid becomes a solid again.
Last, the crayons will be wrapped with a label.
How to Make Crayons
Thinking Map:
Flow Map (Sequence)
Students will draw and
present (and/or write)
the sequenced steps
for making crayons.
How to Make Crayons
•
•
•
•
Do you know how to make crayons?
Here is how to make _______.
First, you will need ____ and ____.
Second, you will _____ the wax and ___ in
the coloring.
• Third, you will ____ the wax into molds.
• Fourth, the molds will ____.
• Last, the cooled ______ will be wrapped.
Vocabulary REVIEW Unit A Physical Science
Changing Solids, Liquids and Gases
Chapter 2 * Lessons 1 to 5
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4
How can
things
change?
What
properties of
things can
change?
What changes How can
when things
cooling and
are mixed?
heating
change
things?
Melt
Mix
Heat
Cool
Forms
(states)
Flexibility
Texture
Dissolve
Solution
Separate
Freeze
Evaporate
Heat
Temperature
Thermometer
Lesson 5
What things
cannot
change back?
REVIEW all
vocabulary
from Unit A
Chapters
1&2