• French kings keep several popes in the so-called
1308-1377
AP
European
HISTORY
Babylonian Captivity in Avignon.
•
Italy revives the honor of poet laureate.
1340
1347-1350
• The Black Death decimates the population of Europe.
• The Medici come to power in Florence.
1434
• The sack of Constantinople occurs; the Hundred Years’ 1453
War ends.
New Monarchies,
renaissance,
and the age of
exploration
(1308-1527)
• Johann Gutenberg and Johann Fust develop movable-type printing in Mainz, Germany (Holy Roman Empire).
1450s
• Milan and Venice sign Peace Treaty of Lodi; peace ends when 1454-1494
French invade Italy in 1494.
• Muscovy throws off the Tatar yoke.
1480
• Portugal and Spain sign the Treaty of Tordesillas.
1494
• Bartolomeu Dias reaches the Cape of Good Hope; Vasco da Gama 1487-1499 comes back from India with precious cargo.
Research &
Education
Association
• Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztec empire in Mexico; Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca empire in and near Peru.
1519-1533
1527 • The Sack of Rome occurs.
AP
UNITED
STATES
HISTORY
Reform,
Counter-Reform,
and the New
Sciences
(1380-1687)
1380-1415
• John Wycliffe and Jan Hus call for church reforms.
• Martin Luther, a Catholic monk, posts his Ninety-five 1517
Theses on the door of the Wittenberg church.
1520-1521
• Luther publishes four pamphlets and is excommun-
Icated by the pope.
• In his quest for a male heir, Henry VIII of England 1527-1534
divorces the Holy Roman Emperor’s aunt, Katharine, and marries Anne Boleyn.
• John Calvin publishes his Institutes of the Christian
1541
Religion in its French edition.
1543
• Nicolas Copernicus publishes his heliocentric theory.
• The Council of Trent meets three times to settle issues of Catholic doctrine.
1545-1563
• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V establishes the Peace of Augsburg.
1555
• Wars of religion in France begin following the end of the long Habsburg-Valois conflict.
1562-1598
• Calvinists in the Spanish Netherlands revolt against strictness of Philip II, leading to the Dutch wars of independence.
1566-1581
Research &
Education
Association
• Mary, Queen of Scots, is executed by Elizabeth I of England; the English navy destroys the Spanish Armada.
1587-1588
AP
UNITED
STATES
HISTORY
Reform,
Counter-Reform,
and the New
Sciences
(1380-1687)
Research &
Education
Association
• In his Letter of Majesty, Matthias, the Holy Roman Emperor, grants religious freedom to Bohemian Calvinist
nobles.
1609
• The scientific revolution begins.
1618-1648
• Thirty Years’ War begins.
• Treaty of Westphalia is signed.
1648
1662-1725
• Royal academies of science form throughout Europe.
1667
•
John Milton publishes Paradise Lost.
• Newton publishes Principia Mathematica.
1687
AP
European
HISTORY
• Ivan IV begins successful conquest of Siberia.
1581-1583
• The United Provinces establish the Bank of 1609
Amsterdam.
1611
• King James Bible is published.
1642-1649
• Civil war racks England, Scotland, and Ireland.
• Revolts (frondes) by old nobles and the Parlement of Paris rock France.
1648-1653
Overview
of European
Powers
(1581-1748)
1640-1688
• The Great Elector, Frederick William, rules Brandenburg.
• Interregnum in England: Cromwell and his army rule the country. (Jews are allowed back in England, 1655.)
1649-1660
• Dutch eminence in trading and trans-shipping annoys England into three wars.
1652-1774
• Louis XIV declares his resolve for personal rule.
1661
1683 • Turks stage siege of Vienna.
1685 • Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes.
Research &
Education
Association
• King James II threatens to return England to the papist fold, 1688-1689 leading to the Glorious Revolution.
AP
European
HISTORY
• Peter the Great becomes sole ruler of the Russias 1696
1701
• The English parliament passes the Act of Settlement.
(and reigns until 1725).
• France and Spain wage the War of the Spanish 1701-1713
Succession against much of the rest of Europe.
• The Act of Union unites England and Scotland into 1707
one Britain.
Overview
of European
Powers
(1581-1748)
• The Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt end the War of 1713-1714
Spanish Succession.
• Great Northern War pits Sweden against an alliance of 1700-1721
Denmark, Saxony, Poland, and Russia.
• Foreign princes agree to Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI’s 1713-1740
Pragmatic Sanction.
• Frederick II of Prussia invades the Austrian province of Silesia, leading to the War of the Austrian Succession.
1740-1748
Research &
Education
Association
• Jean Bodin publishes Six Books of the Commonwealth.
1576
AP
1610-1643
European
1620
HISTORY 1637
• Cardinal Richelieu (following the lead of the Duke of Sully) institutes the intendant system.
• Francis Bacon publishes his New Organon.
• René Descartes publishes Discourse on Method.
1659
• France and Spain sign the Treaty of Pyrenees.
Absolutism,
Constitutionalism,
and
Enlightenment
(1576-1781)
• John Locke publishes treatises on government and on tabula rasa.
1690
1727
• Johann Sebastian Bach composes the Saint Matthew Passion.
• Voltaire publishes Letters on the English.
1733
1748
• Baron de Montesquieu publishes The Spirit of the Laws.
1751-1762
• Denis Diderot and collaborators publish the massive Encyclopedia.
• England and France fight the Seven Years’ (or French and Indian) 1754-1763 War.
Research &
Education
Association
• France and Austria ally with one another, forming the Diplomatic Revolution.
1756
1761 • Rousseau’s two major publications
AP
European
HISTORY
Absolutism,
Constitutionalism,
and
Enlightenment
(1576-1781)
Research &
Education
Association
• Warring nations sign the Treaties of Hubertusburg 1763
and Paris.
• Adam Smith publishes the Wealth of Nations.
1776
The American colonies rebel.
• Newcomen-Watt steam engine is invented, 1769-1778
improved upon, and financed for markets.
• Richard Arkwright’s spinning frame, James Hargreaves’s spinning jenny, Edward Cartwright’s 1769-1793
power loom, and Eli Whitney’s cotton gin mechanize
the production of cotton threads and fabrics.
• Joseph II issues the Edict of Toleration in Habsburg crown lands.
1781
• Louis XV suspends refractory parlements and initiates 1770-1774
AP
European
HISTORY
(1789-1815)
judicial reform.
1781
• Jacques Necker issues his Comte Rendu for the king—
in 100,000 copies.
• The king calls an Assembly of Notables to advise on 1787-1788
the financial crisis.
Revolution
and the
New European
Order
• The Estates-General meets but is hamstrung by 1789
voting procedures.
June
1789
• National Assembly is formed and recognized by king.
•
French workers and tradesmen storm the Bastille.
July 14,
1789
• “The Great Fear” sweeps the countryside, leading to the Night of Renunciation (August 4); the National Assembly
Summer 1789
issues the Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen.
• The National Assembly confiscates church lands and issues
the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
1789-1790
1791 • The royal family flees; German princes issue the Declaration of Pillnitz.
Research &
Education
Association
September • The National Convention makes France a republic. French forces 1792 defeat German and Austrian troops at the battle of Valmy.
AP
European
HISTORY
• Revolution at war! France declares war on Austria and 1792-1793
1793-1794
invades the Austrian Netherlands and Rhineland.
• France is seized by the Reign of Terror!
• The five-man Directory becomes the executive office 1795-1799
of the govern­ment, after the fall of Robespierre.
• Revolutionary armies invade Italy, Holland, Egypt.
1796-1799
• William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1798
publish Lyrical Ballads.
Revolution
and the
New European
Order
(1789-1815)
November
9,
•
Napoleon joins other conspirators and stages the coup 1799
of 18 Brumaire.
1801
• Napoleon and the church come to terms in the Concordat.
1804
• Napoleon institutes reforms.
• France wages the Napoleonic Wars.
1805-1807
1806-1811
• Napoleon imposes the Continental Blockade on all his conquests Research &
Education
Association
and satellite states.
1808/1812 • Napoleon commits his greatest military blunders.
• Congress of Vienna meets.
1814-1815
AP
European
HISTORY
• The Congress of Vienna redraws Europe.
1815
1815-1822
• The congress system, instituted at Vienna, controls international relations in Europe.
1818-1834
• Prussia pioneers in formation of toll-free trade union.
1821-1827
• The Greeks successfully wage wars of independence.
1825
• Decembrist Revolt in Russia fails.
Reaction
and More
Revolutions
• In England, George Stephenson inaugurates the world’s first rail line.
1829
(1815-1849)
• Parliament in England declares Catholic emancipation.
• Conservatives (Tories) in English parliament enact Corn Laws to protect grain prices and landowners.
1815-1846
1830
• From Paris, revolution spreads to Belgium, Germanies, and Poland.
1832 • English parliament enacts the Great Reform Bill.
Research &
Education
Association
1840s • The “Hungry Forties” give birth to new ideas on socialism.
AP
European
HISTORY
Reaction
and More
Revolutions
(1815-1849)
Research &
Education
Association
• Revolution sweeps Europe—again!
• Congresses and parliaments crop up all over.
• During the “June Days,” workers in Paris revolt when government closes the ateliers.
1848
Fall
1848
• Reactionary forces regain power in key countries.
• The new Austrian emperor sends troops to rewin
Prague, north Italy, and other territories; French 1848-1849
troops save the pope; Russian troops crush the Hungarian revolt; Prussian troops crush revolts in Saxony, Baden, and Hesse, among others.
1850
• Reaction back! The era of realpolitik begins.
AP
European
HISTORY
1851
• Crystal Palace is built to house industrial exhibitions.
• Europe becomes embroiled in the Crimean War.
1853-1856
• France and Piedmont plan Italian unification.
1858-1870
Liberalism,
Nationalism,
And Imperialism
(1850-1913)
• Louis Napoleon stages a coup d’état on December 2, 1851.
• Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, which 1859
delineates his well-founded theory of natural selection.
• Legislation to upgrade the army fails in Prussia.
1860-1862
• Tsar Alexander II emancipates the Russian serfs.
1861
• The German Civil War erupts.
1866
• A second Reform Bill extends suffrage in Britain; Germany and
Austria extend suffrage as well.
1867 1870-1871 • Franco-Prussia War occurs.
1871 • Paris Commune comes to power—briefly.
Research &
Education
Association
1873-1896
• Europe and United States suffer through worldwide economic depression.
• Russo-Turkish War leads to Congress of Berlin.
1877-1878
AP
European
HISTORY
• Bismarck institutes antisocialist laws and social insurance legislation.
• Jules Ferry secularizes French education.
• European powers scramble for colonies in Africa!
1878-1890
1880s
1881
• Alexander II is assassinated by radical populists.
Liberalism,
Nationalism,
And Imperialism
(1850-1913)
• The Dreyfus Affair rocks France.
1894-1906
1896
• Theodor Herzl publishes Judenstaat.
1898
• Russian Social Democratic Party (RSPD) is formed.
1898-1904
• Britain and France affect rapprochement in colonial affairs.
1900 1905
Research &
Education
Association
1909
1911-1913
• Science marks major milestones!
• Russian Revolution occurs.
• Budget of 1909 sparks parliamentary crisis.
• Literary advances explore social taboos.
AP
European
HISTORY
• Kaiser Wilhelm II dismisses Otto von Bismarck as 1890
1894
1904-1907
chancellor of Germany.
• France and Russia form an alliance.
• The Triple Entente emerges. • Young Turks revolt, Austria feuds with Russia, and the Balkan wars occur.
1908-1913
• Austria thwarts Serbia’s land and sea claims.
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary is June 28, 1914
assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.
Two
World Wars
(1914-1945)
July-August
• Conflict between Austria and Serbia escalates into 1914
World War I.
• War rages on the western and eastern fronts.
1914-1916
• Germans engage in submarine warfare; the United States 1915-1917
enters the war.
1916 • Combatants attempt to break stalemates on all fronts.
March-November
Research &
Education
Association
1917
• Revolutions take Russia out of war.
March 1918 • Russia and Germany agree to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
November 11,1918 • Truce ends Word War I.
• Paris Peace Conference crafts the Treaty of Versailles.
1919-1923
AP
European
HISTORY
1919-1920
• Communist regimes arise in the West, but are short lived.
1920s
• Democracies struggle in the West—and the East. 1922
• Fascists take over the Italian government.
• German chancellor Gustav Stresemann implements new foreign policy.
1922-1925
• France occupies the Ruhr.
1923
Two
World Wars
(1914-1945)
• Mussolini consolidates power over Italy.
1923-1924
November 9,
• Beer-Hall Putsch occurs.
1924
• Britain reinstitutes the gold standard, but then abandons 1925-1931 it again.
1929
Research &
Education
Association
• Mussolini and the pope agree to the Lateran Accords.
1929-1932
• World is rocked by the Great Depression.
1930-1933
• The governments of Heinrich Brüning, Franz von Papen, and Kurt von Schleicher fail to revive economy or solve parliamen- tary deadlock between Far Left (Communists) and Far Right (Nazis).
• Hitler sidelines domestic opposition.
1933-1934
AP
European
HISTORY
• Hitler neutralizes foreign opponents.
1935-1938
• Hitler escalates war against German Jews. 1935-1939
• Mussolini attacks Ethiopia.
1935-1936
• Fascists take over Spain.
1936-1939
• Hitler takes the rump of the Czech state, Danzig, and the Polish Corridor.
March 1939
Two
World Wars
Hitler prepares for war; World War II begins.
Aug.-Sept. •
1939
• War resumes on northern and western fronts.
1940
(1914-1945)
1941 • Germany antagonizes two new enemies.
1942-1945 • Hitler implements his “Final Solution.”
late 1942 • Allies begin to turn back the fascist tide.
1943
Research &
Education
Association
• Wartime conferences commence.
1944
• Britain and Soviet Union meet in the Moscow ministerial conference.
1945
• The Allies meet at Yalta and Potsdam.
1945
• The Cold War starts in Germany.
AP
European
HISTORY
Cold War,
Unification,
and the
Decolonized
World
(1945-2001)
• France establishes the Fourth Republic.
1945-1946
1945
• The Labour Party wins in Britain.
• Christian Democrats rise to power—and stay 1945
on
there—throughout the Continent.
1945-1999
• European countries divest themselves of their overseas colonies.
• Communist threat sparks crisis over Greece and Turkey.
1947
1948-1949
• The Truman administration implements the Marshall Plan as the economic arm to its political-military doctrine.
• Currency crisis in the German zones leads to the Berlin airlift.
1949 • The two Germanies are established.
1950 • Six countries form the European Coal and Steel Community.
1949-1953 • The Soviet Union acquires atomic weapons.
1954-1955
Research &
Education
Association
1956
• West Germany remilitarizes.
• Unrest occurs in Poland, Hungary, and the Suez Canal zone.
• Nikita Khrushchev delivers his secret speech at the Twentieth Party Congress.
AP
European
HISTORY
Cold War, Unification,
and the
Decolonized
World
(1945-2001)
Community (EEC).
• The Soviets launch the Sputnik satellite.
1957
• The Soviet government forbids author Boris Pasternak 1958
from attending the Nobel awards ceremony.
• A series of crises tip the Cold War toward the brink of
nuclear war.
• In Berlin, Paris, and elsewhere, radicalized university student riot. 1960-1962
1968
1973
• Prague Spring occurs.
• The Common Market expands by three new members.
1975 • Thirty-five nations sign the Helsinki Accords.
1982-1985 • The EEC expands to twelve nations.
1992-1993
Research &
Education
Association
• Treaty of Rome establishes the European Economic • The Maastricht Treaty creates the European Union (EU).