Miki Chiyoda
HN US History
Mr. Kann
January 2, 2016
I.
The Chinese Migration ​
437-439
A. Not all Chinese moved to the US
1. Many Chinese moving to Hawaii, Australia, South and Central America,
and the Caribbean.
B. Racism
1. The inflow of Chinese ↑ ↑ after 1848
a) By 1880: Chinese constituted almost one tenth of Californian
population
b) Almost all came as free labourers
(1) 1852: Governor of California called the Chinese one of the
most worthy classes
(2) Chinese were very industrious and successful: white
Americans felt threatened
c) Early 1850 s: ↑ amounts of Chinese immigrants worked in gold
mines, some enjoyed considerable success
(1) 1852: California Legislature began to try to bar Chinese
from gold mining
(a) Foreign miners tax
(i)
also excluded Mexicans
(b) Many other laws were created to decrease Chinese
immigration into the territory
(i)
↓ ↓ In surface mining Grove most Chinese
out
C. Building the Transcontinental Railroad
1. more than 12000 Chinese worked on building the Transcontinental
Railroad
a) 90% of labor force
b) Accepted low wages
c) Organized into work games under Chinese supervisors
2. work was very dangerous
a) Company made few efforts to fix difficult conditions, provided
workers with little to no protection
(1) work went right into the winter
b) 1866: 5000 Chinese railroad workers went on strike
(1) wanted higher wages and shorter days
(2) company isolated the protesters and starved them into
submission
(a) strike failed
Chiyoda 1
3.
II.
1869: the Transcontinental Railroad is complete
​
a) thousands of Chinese out of jobs
(1) flocked to cities
D. Establishment of “​
Chinatowns​
”
1. by 1900: one half of Chinese population in California now lives in urban
areas
a) San Francisco held the largest Chinese community
(1) large communities of Chinese in town → Chinatown
(a) Led by prominent merchants
2. Other Chinese organizations or secret societies
a) “tongs”
(1) some violent criminal organizations
(a) involved in opium trade and prostitution
Anti-Chinese Sentiments​
439=440
A. Anti-Coolie Clubs
1. As Chinese communities ↑ ↑, anti Chinese sentiment became
increasingly strong
a) anti coolie clubs emerged in 1860 and 1870s
(1) look to ban employing Chinese
(2) Boycotted product made with Chinese labor
(3) some clubs attacked Chinese workers
(a) set fire to factories where Chinese worked
(4) 1878: ​
workingmen's party of California​
created
(a) gained a lot of political power in the state because of
its hostility to the Chinese
b) Anger was not only on economic grounds but also in cultural and
racial arguments
(1) ​
Henry George​
: a reformer, critic of capitalism: described
Chinese as product of a civilization that had failed to
progress
(a) remained in barbarism and savagery
(i)
should be excluded
B. Chinese Exclusion Act
1. 1882: Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, banning the Chinese
immigration into the US for 10 years
a) also bard Chinese in the country from becoming citizens
(1) support came from representatives from regions of the
country
(a) reflected the growing fear of unemployment
C. Chinese Resistance
1. Chinese insisted that they were descendants of a great and enlightened
civilization
Chiyoda 2
a)
III.
IV.
they protested saying that white Americans did not protest the
immigration of Italians or Irish or Jews, so why not Chinese?
Migration from the East​
440-441
A. The Homestead Act
1. 1862: The Homestead Act: permitted settlers to buy 160 acres for small fee
if they occupied the land for 5 years and improved it
a) intended as progressive measure
b) would give free farm to any American who needed one
c) help create new markets and new outpost of Agriculture for the
nation's economy
2. The Homestead Act rested on many misconceptions
a) Government had not realized that 160 acres was too small for
grazing and grain farming
B. Government Assistance
1. Congress increased homestead allotments
a) ​
the timber culture Act of 1873
(1) Permitted homesteaders grants of 160 additional acres if 40
acres of trees on the land
b) The desert land Act of 1877
(1) provided those who wanted land goodbye 640 acres at
$1.25 an acre given that the irrigated their holdings within 3
years
c) The timber and stone act of 1876
(1) applied to land not suited for crops: Authorized sales at
$2.50 an acre
The Castle Kingdom​
444 to 447
A. Changing Economy
1. one important element of the far west and its changing economy was cattle
ranching
a) open range gave a huge plot of land on the Great Plains where
cattle razors could bring their herds free of charge
b) railroads gave birth to range cattle industry by giving it access to
the markets
B. Mexican Origins
1. Western cattle industry was Mexican and Texan by ancestry
a) Mexicans had developed techniques and equipment that the
Cowboys of the Great Plains later used
(1) branding devices oh, roundups, roping, and the gear of the
herders: saddles, leather chaps, Spurs etc
2. Texas's cattle were descended from those imported from Spain, biggest
cattle industry
a) at the end of the Civil War, about 5 million cattle Roma Texas
Chiyoda 3
V.
C. Chisholm Trail
1. Market facilities grew in Abilene, Kansas on the Kansas Pacific Railroad,
reigned as the rail head of cattle Kingdom
a) 1867 to 1871: cattlemen drove about 1.5 million up the Chisholm
Trail to Abilene
b) By mid 1870 s: agricultural development in western Kansas was
deteriorating the open range land call in at the same time supply of
animals was ↑
2. Most of the Cowboys in the early years were veterans of the Confederate
Army
D. Competition with Farmers
1. A settlement of the plains ↑ new forms of competition arose
a) Sheep breeders from Cali and oregon brought the sheep on to the
range in competition for grass
(1) Farmers build fences around their claims, blocked trails and
broke up the open range
(a) series of range wars broke out
2. there was not enough grass to sustain so many herds and farmers, in 1885 1886 and 1886 - 1887: to severe winters, searing summer between them,
scorched the plains
a) grass was /x/
E. Gender Roles
1. Cattle industry was mostly male in his early years with few women
involved in ranching and driving
a) ranching became more sedentary there for the presence of women
↑
b) by 1890: more than 250,000 women owned ranches / farms
(1) this also led to the opportunity for women to include
themselves in politics
F. Political Gains for Women
1. Women won the vote earlier in the West than they did in the rest of the
US
a) in Utah, Mormons gave women suffrage an effort to throw out any
sort of criticism of the practice of polygamy
(1) in other places women won the vote by persuading men
that they were a help in bringing a moral voice into politics
(2) Because many believe that women were virtuous and
generous more than men were, they were thought to bring
those special qualities into society
The Western Landscape​
447
A. “​
Rocky Mountain School​
”
1. Albert Bierstadt and Thomas Moran​
: best known painters of the Rocky
Mountain School
Chiyoda 4
a)
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
celebrated the new West with large paintings that were taken on
tour around the Eastern and Midwestern states
(1) attracted many people who were eager to see the vision of
the Great West
(a) the interest in the paintings of the west inspired
tourism
(i)
1880s and 1890s: railroads extended further
into region, Resort Hotels spring up, many
people came to visit
The Cowboy Culture​447
A. Myth of the Cowboy
1. 19th century Americans romanticize the figure of the cowboy
a) transform him from the low paid worker which he actually was,
into the powerful and heroic figure
(1) many Americans didn't really think about the sad parts of a
cowboy's life: loneliness, physical discomforts, very few
opportunities for advancement
(a) forms of literature created in romanticizing the
cowboy and his life
The Idea of the Frontier​
​
447 to 4:48
A. Romantic Image of the West
1. the image of uncharted territory comforted and inspired people who
wanted a new life
a) The last of the inside of the land was being absorbed into the nation
civilization therefore exercising a stronger polos the image
B. Frederic Remington
1. painter and sculptor
2. romanticized the West and its image as an alternative to settled civilization
in the east Uline portrayed cowboy is natural aristocrat
Frederick Jackson Turner​
452
A. Turner’s Frontier Thesis
1. 1893: Turner is 33, historian, wrote “ the significance of the frontier in
American history” : he argued that the end of the “frontier” marked the
end of one of the most important democratizing forces in American life
a) This was inaccurate. The West was never a frontier like he thought
it was
(1) he thought it was an empty uncivilized land awaiting
settlement
The Loss of Utopia​
452
A. Psychological Loss
1. many Americans accepted the losing of that myth that the US was an
empty open land.
Chiyoda 5
a)
X.
creating a sense of opportunities foreclosed and a loss of ability to
control your own destiny
(1) you miss that the West had the potential to be the virtual
Garden of Eden was lost
(a) where a person can begin a life anew
(b) where the ideals of democracy would be restored
White Tribal Policies​453-454
A. “​
Concentration Policy​
”
1. Early 1850s : idea of establishing one enclave→ No Reservations policy: this
was known as concentration
a) 1851: each tribe assigned its own reservation confirmed by treaties
negotiated with unauthorized representatives chosen by white
people
(1) many benefits for white people, little for Indians
2. 1867: bloody conflict Booker and Congress establishes and Indian Peace
Commission
a) ​
Indian Peace Commission​
is composed of soldiers and civilians,
reason is to recommend a new and what they hope to be permanent
Indian policy
(1) Commission suggested replacing concentration policy
with a plan to place all of the Plains Indians into 2 large
reservations, one in Indian Territory and the other the
Dakotas
(a) many meetings with the tribes
(b) many government agents arrived and tricked
representatives of the Arapaho Cheyenne and Sioux
and other tribes into agreeing to the treaties
B. Poorly Administered Reservations
1. White management of Indian matters was given to the​
Bureau of Indian
Affairs​
, a department responsible for distributing land, making payments,
and watching over the shipment of supplies
a) the agents were off and Men of dishonesty and / or unprepared for
their responsibilities
2. 1850s: white people had been killing Buffalo at a high rate to give food
and supplies to the migrants traveling to the gold rush in California
a) Then after the Civil War white demand for buffalo hides ↑ ↑
(1) large hunting parties were sent out and the population of
the Buffalo plummeted
C. Decimation of the Buffalo
1. Not only does the hunting threaten the Buffalo but the changes in their
surroundings around them as well
a) the reduction to their lands, areas and their virtual disappearance
b) By 1875 Southern heard was almost extinct
Chiyoda 6
XI.
The Indian Wars​454-455
A. Indian Resistance
1. fighting between whites and Indians from the 1850s to the 1880s
a) Indian warriors attacked wagon trains, stagecoaches, and ranches
in retaliation
(1) as the US became more and more involved the Indians
focus their tax more on white soldiers
B. Sand Creek Massacre
1. fighting flared up in eastern Colorado
a) apostle and Cheyenne coming into conflict with the light minors
who are settling in region
2. 1 Arapaho and Cheyenne band under Black Kettle camped near Fort Lyon
on Sand Creek under invitation: November 1864
a) Colonel Jay. M. Rivington was encouraged by the army
commander and led a volunteer militia consisting of unemployed
miners to the unsuspecting camp and murdered 133 people, 105
women and children
(1) Black Kettle escaped
(a) 1868: 4 years later, he and his Cheyennes were
caught on the Ouachita River near Texas border and
were slaughtered
C. “Indian Hunting”
1. Not only do the US military threaten the tribes but also vigilantes who
engaged and became known as Indian hunting also threatened and harmed
Indians
a) Indian hunting: in California, tracking down and killing Indians
became a sport
(1) those who did not involve in the killing offered rewards for
those who did
(a) bounty hunters scallops their victims as proof that
they did their heinous deed
b) many white people became determined in the elimination of the
tribes
(1) in California, civilians killed almost 5,000 Indians between
1850 and 1880
(a) civilians reduced Indian population of California
from 150,000 - 30,000
2. Lands in Dakota Territory we're guaranteed to the tribes 1867, the peace
was then broken by whities, mostly miners
a) Indian resistance spikes with great strength
(1) the Sioux left, bands of warriors gathered in Montana under
Crazy Horse ​
and ​
Sitting Bull
D. Little Bighorn
Chiyoda 7
1. George A. Cluster led 3 army columns to round up the band of Indian
warriors
a) the ​
Battle of Little Bighorn​
in southern Montana, 1876: tribal
warriors surprised Custer and 264 members of his regiment and kill
them
2. the Indians had rounded up 2500 warriors but did not have the political
organization or supplies to keep those troops in united
a) the power of the Sioux was broken
(1) Crazy Horse and sitting Bull accepted defeat and went to
live life on reservations
(a) both were killed by reservation police after being
tricked into a last show of resistance
E. Chief Joseph
1. Idaho, 1877: the Nez Perce manage to live until late 1870s and disturbed
by white people, without signing the treaty with US
a) but the government forced them onto a reservation, angering
some young Indians who were drunk and angry and for white
settlers perished
(1) the leader of the band was Chief Joseph who persuaded his
followers to flee from the expected retribution
(a) American troops pursued and attacked them but
were driven off in a battle at White Bird Canyon
(i)
The Nez Perce scattered and became part of
remarkable chase
(a) Joseph moved with 200 men and 350
women children and elders and tried
to reach Canada, to take refuge with
the Sioux
(i)
pursued by four columns of
American soldiers the Indians
covered 1321 miles in 75 days
continuously evading the
army
(ii)
They were caught just short
of the Canadian border, some
escaping, some not. Joseph
and most of his followers gave
up
F. “Ghost Dance”
1. Wovoka: paiute prophet who inspired the spiritual awakening that began
in Nevada and spread to the plains
a) Emphasize the coming of the Messiah, The Ghost Dance: many
believed it was genuinely mystical
Chiyoda 8
XII.
XIII.
G. ​
Wounded Knee
1. December 29th, 1890: 7th cavalry attempted to round up a group of about
350 Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota
a) fighting broke out, 40 white + 200 Indian people died
The Dawes Act​457
A. Assimilation
1. Even before the Wounded Knee tragedy, federal government had tried to
destroy the tribal structure that had been the cornerstone of Indian culture
2. The​
Dawes severalty act of 1887​
aka the ​
Dawes Act
a) provided the gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land
b) adult owners were given us citizenship but cannot gain full title to
their property for 25 years
c) this act applied to most of Western tribes
Farming on the Plains​458 - 459
A. Key Role of the Railroad
1. Railroads helped spur agricultural settlement in the plains, railroad
companies promoting settlement so they could provide themselves with
customers and to increase the value of their land holdings]
2. companies set rates really low for settlers so anyone could afford the trip
west
3. sold a lot of their land at low prices and gave liberal credit to prospective
settlers
B. Barbed Wire
1. Farmers had to protect their land from the herds of open range cattlemen
a) but traditional wood or stone fences we really expensive and
ineffective as barriers to cattle
(1) 1873: ​
Joseph H Glidden and I. L. Ellwood​
Created barbed
wire which revolutionized fencing\
C. Drought
1. water was a finite resource and much of the land west of Mississippi was
desert
a) the growth of the West depended heavily on irrigation, receiving
water from other sources than rainfall
(1) Some farmers bill 12 and some planted drought-resistant
crops
(2) only large-scale irrigation projects could really save
endangered farms on the plains, using money that the state
or federal government had or were prepared to spend
D. Hard Times for Farmers
1. In the years of early 1800s, land values were rising the new farmers we're
fine with obtaining extensive credit believing that they would soon be able
to retire their debts
Chiyoda 9
a)
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
But crop prices started to fall and production was becoming more
expensive
(1) many farmers could not pay their debts and were forced to
leave their farm
(a) white settlers move back east, turning once
flourishing communities into ghost towns
Commercial Agriculture​459
A. Commercial Farmers
1. Commercial farmers were not self-sufficient, making no effort to become
so
a) they specialize in cash crops which they sold to national markets
b) they did not make their own household supplies or grown food but
bought from stores
2. Between 1865 and 1900: agriculture became international business
a) Farm output ↑ ↑
(1) not only in the US but also in Brazil, Argentina, Canada,
Australia, New Zealand, Russia and many other places
B. Consequences of Overproduction
1. beginning in the 1880s: overproduction led to a dip in prices for many
agricultural goods, creating the great economic distress for more than six
million American farm families
2. by the 1890s: 27% of the farms in the country or mortgaged
a) 1910: 33%
b) 1880: 25% of all farms operated by tenants
c) 1910: proportion had grown↑ 37%
Farmer’s Grievances​459 - 460
A. Farmer’s Grievances
1. the farmers first grievances against railroads, railroads charged higher
freight rates for farm goods than anything else
2. Farmers resented institutions controlling credit aka banks, loan companies,
insurance corporations
a) sources of credit feel so farmers had to take loans on whatever
terms they can get
(1) interest rates for crazy: they could be from 10 to 25%
3. The prices at farmers received for the product versus the prices they paid for
goods was angering
a) The farmer could plant a large crap at the moment when the prices
were high, but find out that at harvest time the prices had declined
The Agrarian Malaise​
460 - 461
A. Isolation
1. Economic difficulties produced many social resentments
a) farm families were virtually cut off from other families
Chiyoda 10
b)
XVII.
XVIII.
many farmers lacked good education for their children Access to
medical facilities for cultural activities
2. it was really lonely to live on a farm especially during the winter or hard
Seasons
Crash Course 25
A. Frederick Jackson Turner’s lecture was the root of the idea of the “western frontier”
1. this mythology: magnet for restless men who lit out for the uncorrupted
untamed territories to start again
B. By 1850: lots of violence against native americans
1. whities targeting buffalo to starve out native american
C. 1890: ghost dance: white guys would leave and the buffalo would return
D. 1871: ended treaty system: treated native americans as if they were nations
E. The Bureau of Indian Affairs made a policy:
1. made a boarding school that forced kids to be removed from their families
and teaching them how to be civilised
a) “kill the indian, save the man”
Crash Course 29
A. some thought that the rise of a strong national gov’t was seen as an alt to people’s
lives being controlled by ever growing corporations
B. Roosevelt was very involved in domestic and foreign policy, set the political agenda
for the country
1. Square Deal
a) distinguished corporation that provided useful products and services
at a fair price from bad corporations.
C. National parks created
D. Roosevelt didn't like Taft, challenging him in the next republican candidacy
E. New Freedom (Wilson)
1. reinvigorate democracy by restoring market competition and prevent big
business from dominating gov’t
a) included:
(1) STRONGER anti-trust laws and policies to encourage small
businesses
F. Answer to New Freedom:
1. New Nationalism (Roosevelt)
a) Roosevelt wanted to use gov’t intervention to stop big corporation’s
abuses
b) included:
(1) heavy taxes on personal and corporate fortunes
(2) greater federal; regulation of industries
G. Bull Moose Party platform called for:]
1. women’s suffrage
2. Federal regulation
3. labour and health legislation
Chiyoda 11
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
4. 8 hour days and living wage
5. social insurance for health, unemployment and old age
Wilson was elected
Clayton Act: exempted unions from antitrust laws and made it easier for them to
strike
Keating-Owen Act: outlawed child labour in manufacturing
Adamson Act: mandated 8 hour workday for railroad workers
progressionism flourished
Building of the Panama Canal
1. U.S sent a gunboat to ensure that the Colombian army couldn’t stop the
building and operation of the canal
a) signed a treaty
(1) gave sovereignty over the canal zone
(a) given up in 2000
2. Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
a) saying that US would defend independent Latin American states
from European intervention
Woodrow Wilson sent troops into Mexico to stop the inflow of weapons to the
dictator
Chiyoda 12