AP United States History
Mr. M. Pecot
Bailey, Chapter 27: Empire and Expansion, 1890-1909
I.
America in World Affairs
a) Roots of Imperialism
1.
Yellow Press
2.
Imperialist Voices
Rev. Josiah Strong
Theodore Roosevelt
Henry Cabot Lodge
Alfred Thayer Mayhan – The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783
3.
Competition with foreign nations
b) Global Interaction – New Internationalism in US policy
1.
James G. Blaine “Big Sister” Policy
Pan-American Conference, 1889
2.
Frequent conflicts indicate a new, aggressive mood
US v. Germany in the Samoan Islands (1889)
US v. Italy following lynching of 11 Italians in New Orleans in 1891 (TR calls them “dagoes”
US v. Chile in 1892 over death of two American sailors in Valparaiso
US v. Canada in 1893 over seal-hunting rights off of Alaska
3.
Venezuelan Boundary Dispute, 1895-96
Discovery of gold leads to dispute b/w British Guiana and Venezuela
US declares Britain in violation of Monroe Doctrine
Richard Olney (Sec State) and Cleveland send a commission to arbitrate a new boundary.
Threaten war w/ Britain if arbitration not agreed to.
Probs with Germany and the Boers in South America lead Brit to seek peaceful resolution.
“Patting the Eagles Head”
II. Road to Empire
a) The Hawaiian Islands
1.
History of US interaction
2.
McKinley Tariff
3.
Planter Revolt – Samuel Dole v. Queen Liliuokalani
4.
Grover Cleveland rejects annexation
b) The Cuban Insurrection, 1895
1.
Insurrectos adopt scorched earth policy – US property threatened
2.
General Valeriano Weyler
Butcher Weyler
Reconcentration
3.
Yellow Press
William Randolph Hearst
4.
DeLome Letter
5.
Maine Explosion, 1898
USS Maine
260 soldiers killed
Cause?
III. Spanish American War
a) Decision to Go to War
1.
McKinley’s Dilemna
Wants Spain out, but not an independent Cuba
Political pressure (TR, jingoists, upcoming election)
2.
War Message
3.
Teller Amendment
b) Dewey in the Phillipines
1.
TR (assistant secretary of the navy) orders attack
2.
Attack on Manila Bay – 400 Spaniards killed, no Ams
Relevance to Cuba?
What next?
3.
Land invasion in the Phillipines
Germany appears ready to threaten Phillipines…
Emilio Aguinaldo
c) The Cuban Campaign
1.
Initial problems – logistics, supplies, wool uniforms
2.
TR’s “Rough Riders”
Kettle and Santiago Hill propel TR in to glory
Satirized by Peter Dunne’s “Mr Dooley”
IV. The New American Empire
a) Treaty of Paris, 1898
1.
US gains: Guam, PR
2.
Phillipines
McKinley’s Dilemma…
b) Anti-Imperialists v. Imperialists
1.
Anti
William James
William Graham Sumner
Thomas “Czar” Reed
Anti-Imperialist League
Mark Twain
Major Arguments:
2.
Pro
TR
Henry Cabot Lodge
Appeals …
c) Post War Policies
1.
Foraker Act, 1900
2.
Insular Cases, 1901
3.
Cuba
Col. William Gorgas and Malaria
Platt Amendment
Guantanamo Bay
d) Long Term Consequence of the Sp-Am War
1.
Am more respected by European nations
2.
New military spirit (jingoism)
John Phillip Sousa
Growing desire for big navy, war college
3.
Heals N-S rift
4.
US is a far eastern power…conflict brewing with Japan.
V. The Phillipine Insurrection, 1899-1901
a) Emilio Aguinaldo
leader of the rebellion for Filipino self-determination
captured in 1901, ends the formal rebellion, but sporadic fighting continues
b) Anti-Imperialist protests
an easier conflict to protest: it is longer, more costly, and involves more scandal; 600,000
Filipinos die in the 2 year conflict
a local war to free Cuba has now turned into a distant war to prevent the Filipinos from
having liberty
"atrocity tales" abound
c) Atrocities in the PI
vicious fighting on both sides; outgunned rebels (or freedom fighters?) resort to guerilla
warfare
American atrocities include the "water cure" & "reconcentration camps"
d) The Phillipine Commission - 1899
established in 1899 by President McKinley to make recommendations on how to govern the
conquered islanders
William H. Taft - head of the PC, adopts a goodwilled, but highly paternalistic attitude
toward the Filipinos ("little brown brothers") - serves as Governor General of the Phillipines
policy of "benevolent assimilation" - schools, roads, sanitation, public health, economic tie
VI. American interestes in China
a) European nations carving out spheres of influence in China
1.
China, weakened from defeat by Japan in 1894-95 (in which Formosa was annexed and Korea occupied), was
being dominated by European powers, esp. Russia and Germany
2.
European powers were extorting "permanent leases" on major ports along the China coast
3.
American interests protected by the "Open Door Policy" in 1899
John Hay issues the "Open Door Note" to the major powers
Euro nations must respect Chinese rights and fair competition (i.e., free trade) within their
"spheres of influence"
b) The Boxer Rebellion, 1900
1.
A nationalist group, the "Boxers" resist foreign influence - "kill foreign devils"
over 200 missionaries, merchants, and other whites in China murdered
2.
rebellion suppressed by a 18,0000-man multi-national force of Japanese, Russian, British, French, German and
American (about 2,500) forces
3.
Hay issues a 2nd Open Door note in response to the Rebellion
expresses the American position that Chinese territorial integrity must be safeguarded in
addition to the commercial integrity -- in other words, European powers mustn't use the
rebellion as a means of acquiring more territory in China
VII. Theodore Roosevelt Enters National Politics
a) The Election of 1900
1.
William McKinley - a shoo-in for a second term
GOP platform: prosperity, the gold standard, and overseas expansion
2.
Theodore Roosevelt selected as VP
the hero of San Juan Hill had been elected NY governor immediately after the war
NY's city bosses found him hard to handle and arranged for his "promotion" to VP nominee
in order to get him out of NY politics
3.
William Jennings Bryan - nominated by the Democrats
forces the Dem Party to adopt a free silver plank, but the "paramount" issue in 1900 was
overseas imperialism
b) Republican Victory in 1900
1.
GOP wins by a much larger margin than they did in 1896
2.
Factors contributing to the GOP victory
TR's energetic campaigning neutralizes WJB's cyclonic style
GOP makes "Bryanism" the issue: argue that the Dems will adopt Bryan's "wild-eyed"
financial principles if he is elected and destroy the current prosperity
Imperialism - a leading issue for two years, had grown stale -- it seemed a foregone
conclusion.
c) TR assumes the Presidency, 1901
1.
William McKinley assassinated in Buffalo, NY, by an anarchist; TR summoned while climbing Mt. Marcy in
the Adirondacks
TR, at 42, was (and still is) the youngest man ever to serve as President.
2.
TR's style
NY blue-blood; a Harvard graduate; Phi Beta Kappa; had published 30 vols of work,
including 2 histories: The War of 1812, and The Winning of the West, by the time he was 24.
a firm believer in "the strenous life"
believed in a vigorous foreign policy as well; he was an ardent champion of military
preparedness; "big stick" philosophy
Charismatic and cosmopolitan
utilizes the "bully pulpit" of the White House to preach his ideals
just left of center (not a liberal or a reactionary) -- his politics involve compromise and the
practice of Rooseveltian politics proved less radical than his presentation of it.
A master politician and a believer in direct-action.
VIII.
TR's Foreign Policy
a) A Man, A Plan, A Canal: Panama
1.
The Spanish American war had clearly illustrated the need for a Central American canal
The lesson of the USS Oregon
new holdings in the Pacific and the Caribbean only augment this need
2.
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)
Between the US and Great Britain; overides the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) a previous
British prohibition against American control over a Central American canal
removes an important diplomatic obstacle to the US building and fortifying such a route
3.
Selecting Panama
Nicaragua = a longer route, but easier (less locks)
Phillipe Bunau-Varilla – representative of French canal company (the New Panama Canal
Co)…attempted canal at Panama (Columbian territory)
Price dropped from $104 million to $40 million; letter writing campaign; volcanic activity in
Nicaragua
4.
The Panamanian Revolt, Nov. 1903
Colombian Gov’t rejects US offer for right to lease canal zone ($10 million + $250k/yr)
Banua-Varilla helps incite a riot; US Navy blocks Colombian military from aiding
TR recognizes Panama 3 days later, and a canal treaty is signed 15 days later.
5.
The Canal
Zone = 10 miles wide
Construction 1904-1914
$400 million
TR visits in 1906…first US president to leave US while in office
b) The Roosevelt Corollary
1.
Latin/South American Republics in debt to Europeans
Germany navy bombards Venezuela in 1903 to punish for delinquency
2.
TR fears Germany or Brit will gain foothold through debt collection
3.
Roosevelt Corollary: “preventative intervention”
1905: US takes over management of tariff collection in the DR
“Bad Neighbor” policy – the Caribbean = a Yankee Lake
c) Russia v. Japan
1.
Russian encroachment into Manchuria @ Port Arthur
2.
Japan attacks, takes the advantage
3.
Portsmouth, NH Peace Talks (1905)
Japan must give up claims to all of Sakhalin Island; no cash indemnity
Japan feels it received the short end of the stick…bad blood.
TR wins the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906
d) Problems with Japan
1.
The “Yellow Peril” in Ca
New wave of Japanese immigration
Never more than 3% of the Ca population, but discriminated against
2.
California and the Gentleman’s Agreement, 1907
San Francisco school board segregates Japanese, Chinese, and Korean children
TR brings SF board to the White House…convinces them to the repeal the order, in exchange
Japan voluntarily limits immigration of workers to Ca.
Gentlemen’s Agreement
3.
Great White Fleet dispatched
TR wants to show US strength…
Sends fleet on a world tour…
Reception in Japan…
Root-Takihira Agreement, 1908