Pablo Reina­Gonzalez Mr. Kann 1/11/15 APUSH Unit 10 Notes Pages 544­563 ●
●
●
The New Manifest Destiny (pg. 544­548) ○ America was dedicated to land overseas. ■ The US needed more natural resources and raw materials. ■ They needed new markets during the great depression due to the unstable economy at the time. ● Exports became more important to the US. ○ Money from imports had increased from 239 million dollars in 1870, to 1.4 billion in 19000. ■ Americans began to consider colonialism as a way to conquer new markets. ● America was producing more than it could consume. ● The US was looking towards the far east. ● The US applied Darwinism to world affairs, where they considered each nation a separate race. ○ Americans like John Fiske thought that Anglo­Saxons were the superior race and it was their duty to better other people's. ○ Alfred T. Mahan was the most successful advocate for this Hemispheric Hegemony (pg. 548) ○ James G. Blaine led early efforts to expand American influence in Latin America where he thought the US could get its markets from. ● The US created the Pan­American union, which was a weak international organisation in DC. ○ It was a clearing house for distributing information. Hawaii and Samoa (pg. 548­552) ○ The US was considering the use of Hawaii as a harbor for the navy. ■ Pearl Harbor. ■ Mostly because there was already a large American presence in the islands at the time. ● They were taking away authority away from the indigenous people. ○
●
●
King Kamehameha the first helped establish a working relationship between the US and Hawaii. ■ Hawaii benefited from the trade with China. ■ Americans introduced diseases, alcohol and firearms to the natives, which were opposite to the tranquil nature of the Hawaiians. ■ Americans started building sugar plantations all over the island. ● The Hawaiian economy depended on the sugar trade with the US. ○ The US eliminated the privileged position of Hawaiian sugar in international trade which crippled the island’s economy. ○ Americans were negotiating the annexation of Hawaii. ■ The Republicans approved the agreement when they returned to power in 1898. ○ The US started to eye the Samoan islands. ■ They established a naval station in Pago Pago. ■ Germany and the UK had also established authority on the island. ● There was internal conflict bordering on war, but the three countries made peace and divided up the island. ○ Britain got land in other parts of the pacific instead. ○ The US kept the naval station in Pago Pago. Controversy Over Cuba (pg 552­553) ○ The Spanish American War emerged out of events in Cuba and Puerto Rico. ■ These were the only two colonie that Spain had left. ■ Cubans revolted again in 1895 to make the Spaniards leave the island. ● Spanish generals put Cuban citizens in concentration camps where they died by the thousands. ○ The American press exaggerated the events because it benefited them for Spain to be seen through a bad lense. ○ Huge amounts of Cuban immigrants helped stir up support for the Cuban revolutionaries. ■ Mckinley worsened the tensions between Spain, Cuba and the US. ■ The US Maine, an American ship in Cuba blew up and it was reported to be an external explosion caused by a Spanish mine. ● The US was determined to get revenge and “remember the Maine” became a national chant. ● Spain was willing to stop the concentration camps, but refused to negotiate with the rebels. “A Splendid Little War” (pg 553­554) ○ America declared war after Cuba refused to comply with their demands. ○
●
●
●
●
The title of “a splendid little war” was given to the Spanish American war by American soldiers who believed it was so. ■ Only 460 Americans died of wounds while 5,200 died of disease. ■ American soldiers were not prepared, as they had poor uniforms for the caribbean weather, poor medical attention and almost indigestible food. ■ There was also lots of internal conflict, as most of the American soldiers were black and resisted restrictions openly. Seizing the Philippines (pg 554) ○ The US relinquished Spanish control in most places. ■ The war was now concentrated on Acquiring as many of Spain’s possessions as the US could. ○ America absolutely destroyed Spain’s outdated navy throughout the Caribbean. The Battle for Cuba (pg 554­555) ○ The Spanish sent fleets to take Cuba back. ■ They slipped through the American navy and landed in Santiago harbor. ● Their commander, general Cervera, was eventually ordered to evacuate but waited too long and his entire fleet was destroyed by the American navy. ● The war ended with an armistice. ○ The US continued to occupy Manila and Spain gave the US Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico and the United States (pg. 555­557) ○ Puerto Rico was the most vital territory that the US acquired from the war. ○ Most of the native Arawaks had died off from disease and abuse from the Spanish. ○ Puerto Rican uprisings to Spanish rule where beginning in the 1820’s. ■ The most important of them was the Lares Rebellion. ● Spain granted the island a degree of independence. ○ Before this could take effect, the island was occupied by the US. ○ Puerto Rico began to rely on sugar for their economy. ■ We ended up like Hawaii. ○ Puerto Rico kept pushing for both independence and and a closer relationship with the US. ○ Puerto Rico produced so much sugar that it had to import most of it’s food from overseas. The Debate Over the Philippines (pg. 557­558) ○ The debate over the Philippines as heated and intense. ■ It seemed ominous to many Americans. ■ Granting the island independence would be irresponsible, since they were unfit for self government. ○ The Treaty of Paris ended the war in December of 1898. ○ Many Americans opposed its annexation, because they believed i would challenge the sugar industry of the US. ○ Others thought that if they were to be granted American citizenship, that they would end up just like the Indians. ●
●
Governing the Colonies (pg. 558­559) ○ The Philippines passed a constitution that did not mention the US. ■ The US passed the Platt amendment in response in 1901. ○ The American war in the Philippines 4,300 Americans troops died out of a hefty 200,000. ○ Emilio Aguinaldo led the revolt. ○ The rebels had horribly harsh tactics. ■ American tactics became systematically brutal in response. ● The guerrillas were captured and executed. ○ A spirit of brutality grew among the soldiers. ○ When the fighting stopped in the Philippines, the US granted the island a higher level of autonomy and built schools and bridges and supported their economy and structure in general. The Open Door (pg. 560­561) ○ Now that the US had control over the philippines, they set their on China. ■ Other countries were carving China up amongst themselves. ● Many Americans feared being cut out entirely of China. ○ Established the open door policy in China, which was a way to protect American interest in the country. ■ No country would receive special advantages in the region. ● The US could trade freely with China. ● Russia rejected the open door policy. ● Other powers supposedly agreed, but only if the other allied countries did as well. ○ The Boxer rebellion rose against the flood of foreigners. ■ They were a martial arts rebellion. ●
●
●
●
●
Crash Course 25 Capitalism: In 1890s more people were returning to farms because they started to be profitable again. Over 1m land claims were made under the Homestead act of the 1890s, and Texas and Oklahoma gained about 2 million people. The need for agriculture was expanding because of the size of cities. Cities needed food. ○ In1880, 20% of the population lived in cities. By 1920, 68% lived in cities. ○ In 1900, there were about 2m people living in Manhattan, (23 miles) ■ Irish people came because of the potato famine and worked in mostly unskilled laborer jobs. The Germans who used to be farmers were farmers in the US, and skilled artisans started their own businesses. There were so many that the lower east side was known as little Germany. Many Germans also became Brewers. The Immigration Restriction League was founded in Boston in 1894 and they tried to limit the number of immigrants. ○ Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: there were 105,000 Chinese people United States, San Francisco refused to educate Asians until the state made them, and then they made ●
segregated schools. Chinese people faced lots of discrimination, and were killed by vigilantes sometimes. ○ Between 1901 and 1914, there were 13 million immigrants that came to the United States. ■ Immigrants also didn’t just come from Europe. ● Many of the immigrants who came lived in tenements, which were badly kept buildings on the Lower West Side. ■ With new elevated railways it became easier for people to live outside of the city and still commute to work. Before, the rich and the poor had to live in close proximity if they both had to work in the city. Suburbs arose, and they widened the divide between rich and poor. Crashcourse 29: ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Progressivism: ​
a broad philosophy based on the Idea of Progress, which asserts that advancement in science, technology, economic development, and social organization are vital to improve the human condition. Teddy Roosevelt was very engaged in both domestic and foreign policy. Square Deal: To separate good corporations from those who just want to make money. ○ Roosevelt thought the government was responsible for breaking up bad companies and monopolies. He used the Sherman Act to prosecute bad trusts. The Hepburn Act of 1906: gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to regulate railroad rates and examine company books.Roosevelt was a conservationist. He wanted to preserve the environment. Millions of acres were set aside for new, national parks . William Howard Taft didn’t see big business as bad unless the corporations were against other businesses. ○ He supported the 16th amendment, to pass an income tax. ○ Roosevelt founded his own Progressive Party called the Bull Moose Party. Wilson’s program was called “New Freedom” restore market competition and provided laws to prevent trusts and promote small business. Roosevelt’s New Freedom was a program he called New Nationalism he government intervention to stop big businesses from exploiting their power. New Nationalism included heavy taxes on personal and corporate fortunes and greater federal regulation of industries. So, the Bull Moose Party called for: ○ Women’s suffrage Federal regulation ○ National labor and health legislation for women and children ○ Eight hour days and a living wage for all workers ○ National systems of health insurance ○ Pensions, and unemployment money Woodrow Wilson became president because Taft and Roosevelt Split the vote. Income tax was only paid by the top 5% Clayton Act of 1914, exempted unions from antitrust laws. Also made it easier for them to strike Keating­Owen Act, outlawed child labor (in manufacturing) Adamson Act: eight hour workday for railroad workers The Federal Reserve System in 1913, gave the government more control over banks. ○
●
●
●
●
Progressive presidents were very concerned about big business as a threat to freedom in the United States, ○ Teddy Roosevelt especially was much more active in international diplomacy than other presidents before him. ■ He won Nobel Peace prize, for helping to negotiate the treaty that ended the Russo Japanese War in 1905. ● He also helped with the panama canal. ■ Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. This meant American troops would ensure that Latin American countries were stable for American investments. ■ Taft said loans and economic investment were the best way to spread American influence this was known as Dollar Diplomacy. Wilson was an isolationist. He thought the best show our greatness was through exports. Still, Wilson intervened in Latin America more than any other U.S. President. Wilson sent 10,000 troops into northern Mexico to chase after bandit Pancho Villa. Villa had killed 17 Americans in New Mexico, so he wanted to find him. Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson expanded power of the federal government both at home and abroad.