J.C.C.
Types
Short
Long
Flat
Irregular
THE HUMAN BONES
Function
Facilitate movement; transfer forces
Support, Strength, Levers
Muscle attachment & Protection
Articulation & Attachment
CELL PHYSIOLOGY
Cell membrane = Phospholipid
Hydrophilic (Polar)
Hydrophobic (Non-Polar)
Sodium (Na+) / Potassium (K+) Pump
Examples
Carpals, Tarsals
Legs, Arms
Skull, Ribs
Vertebrae, Face
Types
OsteoBLAST
OsteoCYTE
OsteoCLAST
Ossification
FORMATION OF TISSUE BONES
Function
Bone building cells
Hardened, mature bone
Assists in reabsorption (removal) or breakdown of bone tissue
Process by which bone hardens due to calcified tissue
CELLULAR TRANSPORT
PASSIVE Transport
ACTIVE Transport
Characteristics
Characteristics
•Use of Cytoplasm (Cytosol)
•Use of Mitochondria
•No ATP
•Yes ATP
•With Gradient
•Against Gradient
(High -> Low Concentration)
(Low -> High Concentration)
Types
•Simple Diffusion (i.e. Gas)
•Solutes (i.e. Dialysis)
•Water (i.e. Osmosis)
•Facilitated Diffusion
(i.e. Protein Carrier/Channel)
Types
•Primary – Directly moving
molecules
(i.e. Na+/K+ Pump)
•Secondary – Indirectly
affecting movement
* Co-Transport
* Counter Transport
* Macromolecules (Vessicle)
INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION
GAP JUNCTIONS (Direct)
* Short distance cell to cell
CHEMICAL MESSENGER (Indirect)
* Long distance cell to cell
Types (signals happen between....)
* Paracrines – Two cells
(i.e. Histamine)
* Neurotransmitters – Nerve & Tissue
(i.e. ACh, Glycine, Seratonin)
* Hormones – Endocrine cells
(i.e. Insulin, Estrogen, Thyroxin)
Active Secondary Transports
Co-Transport: Two molecules move
in the same direction
Glucose
(Mitochondria Aided)
Na+ (Cytosol Aided)
Counter-Transport: Two molecules
move in opposite direction
H+ (Mitochondria Aided)
Na+ (Cytosol Aided)
Macromollecules (vessicles)
ENDOcytosis - “INTO” cells
EXOcytosis - “OUT” of cells
J.C.C.
CHEMICAL PROPERITES OF THE CELL
ENDOCRINE
Characteristics
•Hormone secretion
•Enters the blood stream
•Happens in long durations
Transport Types
T
HydrophilicHhormones
Peptides,
P catecholamines
Dissolve
D in plasma
Hydrophobic
H hormones
Steriods,
S thyroid hormones
Bound to carrier proteins
NERVOUS
Characteristics
•Neurotransmitters
•Transmit signal
Neuron via long axons
Cells via synapse
Happens in short durations
HOMEOSTASIS
POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
Create change in one direction from a set point
“More gets us more, less gets us less”
Types
Stimulus
Sensor
Integrating
Center
Effectors
ORDER OF PROGRESSION OF HOMEOSTASIS
Function
Change in a regulated variable
detects change from a set point (receptor)
Receives input from receptor; determines needed change
Receives signal from integrating center;
Changes function to bring back to normal physiological range
HOMEOSTASIS
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
Minimize change from a set point
“More get us less, less gets us more”