PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/ 97)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS♦
JUDUL : COMPUTER APPLICATION IN HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE DESIGN
(ASSESSMENT OF A CULVERT DESIGN IN UTM USING
COMPUTER SIMULATION AND MANUAL CALCULATION)
SESI PENGAJIAN : 2004/2005
Saya : _
_
AZREEN ROSE ASLIE
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hakmilik tesis adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan
dibiayai oleh UTM, hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UTM.
Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian
sahaja.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran di antara institusi
pengajian tinggi.
** Sila tandakan ( √ )
SULIT
TERHAD
√
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan
Malaysia seperti yang termaktub didalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI
1972.)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan.)
TIDAK
TERHAD
Disahkan oleh,
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alamat Tetap : 152-1-2, Villa Flora Condo., Jln
(TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hj. Ahmad Khairi Abd
Burhanuddin Helmi, TTDI, 60000,
W.P. Kuala Lumpur.
Tarikh :
Catatan
22 MAC 2005
Wahab
Nama Penyelia
Tarikh :
22 MAC 2005
* Potong yang tidak berkenaan.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/
organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan
sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
♦ Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara
penyelidikan, atas disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau
Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).
“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion
this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering”
Signature
: .......……………………………………….....
Name of Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hj. Ahmad Khairi Abd Wahab
Date
: 22nd March 2005
COMPUTER APPLICATION IN HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE DESIGN
(ASSSESMENT OF A CULVERT DESIGN IN UTM USING COMPUTER
SIMULATION AND MANUAL CALCULATION)
AZREEN ROSE ASLIE
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MARCH 2005
ii
A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
iii
I declare that this thesis entitled “Computer Application in Hydraulic Structure
Design (Assessment of a Culvert Design in UTM using Computer Simulation and
Manual Computation)” is the result of my own research except as cited in the
references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently
submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
:
………………………………………..
Name
:
Azreen Rose Aslie
Date
:
22nd March 2005
iv
To my beloved mother and father, and my two brothers for their never ending
support and love,
RAHMAH BINTI HJ ISMAIL
ASLIE BIN HJ LAKIM
AZRYAN RONNY ASLIE
MOHD RIZAL ASLIE
To my loving grandparents,
HJH SALMAH SAMAD
ALLAHYARHAM HJ ISMAIL IBRAHIM
ALLAHYARHAM HJ LAKIM DAUD
ALLAHYARHAMAH MEREE SHUIB
To my friends for their companionship,
ROHAYU HJ YUSOF, EMLEY SIRIB, ROSLIZA JUSOH,
FADHILAH ALIAS, FATIMAH SAFRIZA, NURAZWANI,
ROZAINI MD RIBI, AZNAH DAUD, NORAZLEEN OMAR
To family members and others, who have contributed much in the completion of my
works, thank you all and may Allah SWT the most gracious bless us.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With the blessings of Allah SWT, I have completed this thesis for the
requirement of the award of Bachelor of Civil Engineering.
In preparing and completing this thesis, I was in contact with many
academicians. They have contributed towards my understanding and thoughts. In
particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my main thesis supervisor,
Assoc. Prof Dr. Hj. Ahmad Khairi B. Abd Wahab, for his encouragement, guidance,
patience, critics and friendship. I am also very thankful to the other lecturers; Assoc.
Prof. Ir. Ahmad Kamal, En. Kamarul Azlan, Pn. Azmahani, and En Mohd Hidayat,
who had managed to spend some of their time to guide me through my research.
Without their continued support and interest, this thesis would not have been the
same as presented here.
I am also indebted to Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for funding my
Bachelor study. Librarians at Sultanah Zanariah Library, UTM and technicians from
the Hydraulics and Hydrology Department and Survey Unit of Civil Engineering
Faculty at UTM also deserve special thanks for their assistance.
My fellow postgraduate students should also be recognized for their support.
My sincere appreciation also extends to all my colleagues and others who have
provided assistance at various occasions. Their views and tips are useful indeed.
Unfortunately, it is not possible to list all of them in this limited space. Lastly, I am
grateful to all my family members.
vi
ABSTRACT
Computer programs have been widely used in designing and analysing
hydraulic structures. CulvertMaster, as one of many computer programs for
hydraulic structure design, namely the culvert, is one of the latest software
introduced by Haestad Methods Inc. It is easy to use and basically for designing
or analysing culvert structure which comes with many interesting features.
However, the program was developed with fixed USA standard culvert sizes,
thus producing restriction to site specific demands. A research on the
applicability of the program was conducted and an assessment was done to study
the efficiency of a culvert located in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai. The
data collected was used as inputs into the software and also computed manually
based on the Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia (MASMA)
standard. The discharge data for input in the program was obtained from a
channel flowing into the culvert, based on worst case scenario. The result of both
computations by computer program and manually show little differences, thus
recommends the program to be applicable for local hydraulic structure designs
without much rectification. It was identified that the culvert in study can carry a
maximum discharge of 36.5m3/s. However, the discharge flowing during worst
case scenario assumed was 33.83m3/s. As a result, the culvert will not fail and
cause flood at the surrounding area during heavy rainstorms.
vii
ABSTRAK
Program komputer telah banyak digunakan dalam mereka dan menganalisis
struktur hidraulik. CulvertMaster, sebagai salah satu daripada pelbagai program
komputer, khususnya dalam merekabentuk pembentung, merupakan salah satu
program baru yang diperkenalkan oleh Haestad Methods. Program ini sangat mudah
digunakan dan disertai dengan pelbagai ciri-ciri menarik. Walaubagaimanapun,
program ini telah direka dengan saiz piawai pembentung di USA, seterusnya
membatasi penggunaanya dalam keperluan khusus di tapak. Satu kajian tentang
kesesuaian penggunaan program tersebut telah dijalankan serta sebuah pembentung
terletak
dalam
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia,
Skudai
telah
dianalisis
kecekapannya. Data-data yang dikumpul telah digunakan sebagai input dalam
program dan juga dalam kiraan manual berdasarkan piawaian Manual Saliran Mesra
Alam Malaysia (MASMA). Kadaralir yang digunakan sebagai input dalam program
diperoleh dari sungai yang mengalir ke pembentung dengan andaian kes paling
kritikal. Hasil daripada kedua-dua kiraan daripada program dan kiraan manual
menunjukkan perbezaan yang tidak ketara. Maka program ini disarankan boleh
digunakan dalam merekabentuk stuktur hidraulik tempatan tanpa banyak
pembetulan. Pembentung yang dikaji dikenalpasti boleh menampung kadaralir
maksimum sebanyak 36.5m3/s.
Walau bagaimanapun, hasil daripada kajian
menunjukkan bahawa kadaralir pada kes paling kritikal adalah sebanyak 33.83m3/s.
Maka didapati bahawa pembentung tidak akan gagal dan menyebabkan berlakunya
banjir di kawasan sekitar semasa hujan ribut.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
Thesis Status Declaration
-
Declaration by Supervisor
-
Title Page
i
Statement of Award for the Thesis
ii
Declaration
iii
Dedication
iv
Acknowledgement
v
Abstracts
vi
Table of Contents
viii
List of Tables
xi
List of Figures
xii
List of Symbols
xiii
List of Appendices
xiv
List of Abbreviations
xv
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Problem Statement
2
1.3 Objectives
3
1.4 Research Background
3
1.4 Scope of Study
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview of Culvert
5
2.2 Culvert Location
6
ix
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
2.2.1 Alignment
6
2.2.2 Slope
7
2.2.3 Elevation
8
2.3 Culvert Selection
8
2.4 Types of Culvert
8
2.5 Culvert Hydraulics
9
2.5.1 Inlet Control
10
2.5.1.1 Unsubmerged
11
2.5.1.2 Submerged
12
2.5.2 Outlet Control
13
2.5.2.1 Friction Losses
15
2.5.2.2 Entrance Minor Loss
16
2.5.2.3 Exit Minor Loss
16
2.5.2.4 Gradually Varied Flow Analysis
17
2.6 Culvert Invert Structures
17
2.7 Culvert End Treatments
18
2.8 Computer Program-CulvertMaster
19
2.9 Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia
19
(MASMA)
3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Case Study
21
3.1.1 Site Background
21
3.1.2 Site Investigation
22
3.2 Data Collection
23
3.2.1 Culvert Observation
24
3.2.2 Maximum Allowable Headwater
25
3.2.3 Tailwater Elevation
26
3.2.4 Discharge Flowing into Culvert
26
3.2.4.1 Cross Sectional Area
27
3.2.4.2 Channel Slope
27
3.2.4.3 Manning’s n
28
3.2.4.4 Justification of Manning’s n
30
x
CHAPTER
TITLE
3.2.4.5 Table of Computed Discharge
3.2.4.6 Plotted Rating Curve
3.2.5 Outlet Velocity
4
PAGE
31
31
33
3.3 Computer Program Simulation
33
3.4 MASMA Guideline
41
3.4.1 Control at Inlet
41
3.4.2 Control at Outlet
41
3.4.3 Design Procedure
46
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Comparison of Computer Simulation and Manual
Computation
4.1.1 Quick Culvert Calculator (CulvertMaster)
52
4.1.2 Manual Computation
53
4.1.3 Comparison of Result
55
4.2 Culvert Capacity Assessment
5
51
56
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Discussion
59
5.2 Conclusion
61
REFERENCES
62
APPENDICES
Appendix A
63
Appendix B
65
Appendix C
68
Appendix D
72
Appendix E
79
Appendix F
89
Appendix G
102
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
3.1
TITLE
Computed average discharge for maximum water
PAGE
31
elevation, Qmajor
3.2
Water surface elevation vs. discharge
4.1
Computed headwater elevation for water elevation
at channel
4.2
4.3
32
53
Comparison table of computer simulation and
manual computation
55
Computed headwater elevation of culvert in study
57
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Culvert Shapes
9
3.1
Location of Culvert
23
3.2
Inlet Section
24
3.3
Outlet Section
25
3.4
Channel Slope
28
3.5
Rating Curve of Discharge vs Water Elevation
32
3.6
Welcome to CulvertMaster Dialog
34
3.7
File Menu
35
3.8
Project Setup Wizard-enter Project Title
36
3.9
Rainfall Equation
36
3.10
Rainfall Table
37
3.11
Project Setup Wizard
37
3.12
System International selection
38
3.13
Quick Culvert Calculator selection
39
3.14
Culvert Calculator
40
4.1
Headwater Elevation for 5.79m3/s discharge
52
4.2
Comparison of computer simulation and manual
Computation
55
4.3
Performance curve of culvert in study
56
4.4
Report of computed headwater elevation for
maximum discharge
57
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
A
-
Area of flow
D
-
Culvert height
g
-
Acceleration due to gravity, 9.80m/s2
hc
-
Critical depth
H
-
Energy head
He
-
Entrance head loss
Hf
-
Friction head loss
Hv
-
Velocity head
HWi
-
Inlet control headwater
HWo
-
Outlet control headwater
Ke
-
Entrance loss coefficient
L
-
Length of culvert
n
-
Manning’s roughness
P
-
Wetted perimeter
Q
-
Discharge
R
-
Hydraulic radius, (R = A/P)
S
-
Slope
TW
-
Tailwater depth
V
-
Velocity
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Types of Culvert
63
B
Flow Profiles for Culvert
65
C
Invert Structures
68
D
Table of Coefficients
72
E
Stream Cross Section, Discharge from
Channel
F
Design Flowchart, Design Form, Charts,
and Nomographs
G
79
89
Manual Computations for Headwater
Elevation
102
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CMP
-
Corrugated Metal Pipe
DID
-
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia
HGL
-
Hydarulic Grade Line
MASMA
-
Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia
PCA
-
Portland Cement Association
US
-
United States
USHFWA
-
The US Federal Highway Administration
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
Many computer programs have been developed nowadays to assist engineers in
the designing of hydraulic structures. The programs make the designing process easier
and less time consuming thus by some means reduce cost of production. The purposes
of creating these programs are to increase efficiency, better flexibility, and moreover,
giving freedom to try and create many of new and different kinds of hydraulic structures.
There are many a list of computer programs that can be used by professionals
and as for culvert design, the HEC-RAS, HY8 Culvert Analysis Design, Waterflow –
Hydraulic Design of Culverts and etc. Apparently, these programs may vary according
to each certain hydraulic design procedures. However, the application of the computer
program does not ensure that the modeling of the hydraulic structure to be functioning
perfectly in real practice. It is only a virtual tool to help on the basic design and sketch
of the structure. Hence, all computer computations must be checked with manual
computation as such done with a calculator.
2
1.2
Problem Statement
Computer programs that are available today are made by foreign countries such
as The United States or Australia. It is understandable that these programs are based on
their design standards, for example the CulvertMaster was developed with fixed
standard culvert sizes. It does not allow user to define the culvert sizes, thus, producing
restriction to site specific demands.
The site restriction affects the efficiency of the hydraulic structure. Every
hydraulic structure must be site specific. Unfortunately, these are the constraints that are
not provided comprehensively in the computer programs.
The calculations for Haestad Method software i.e. CulvertMaster could produce
different result from manual computation due to certain limitation such as the fixed
culvert sizes available. Hence, there should be a guideline to coordinate the computer
program application with the site specification which also covers the Urban Stormwater
Management Manual for Malaysia (MASMA) guideline.
3
1.3
Objectives
The following are the objectives of the research:
•
To conduct a research on computer applications in hydraulic structure.
•
To obtain the field data of a local hydraulic structure to be analyzed using the
computer program and determine whether the structure is over designed or under
designed.
At the end of this study, these objectives will help in understanding the use of the
computer program, CulvertMaster, particularly in culvert design and analyzing the
behavior of the structure which is the main concern of this study.
1.4
Research Background
The result from this research might assist engineers in using the CulvertMaster to
attain the appropriate design for a culvert according to MASMA with some
recommendations. The application of the program could help save time and cost in
either designing a new culvert or maintaining an existing culvert. By applying the
computer program, the efficiency and the condition of the culvert can be analyzed and
predicted. Thus, further steps can be taken whether to maintain the culvert or to upgrade
it.
4
1.5
Scope of Study
The study covers the use of Haestad Methods: CulvertMaster in designing and
analyzing a culvert. Information and data related to the research are collected for the
analysis. A culvert in Universiti of Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, was selected for the
study to get a sample data. The data was used in the MASMA manual calculation and as
an input to the computer program, and the behaviors of the culvert was then analyzed.
Discussion is done after the analysis and the best design for the culvert could be
suggested based on the results obtained.