HEIFER INTERNATIONAL
SOURCE
DOCUMENT
UPDATED OCTOBER 2014
This document is to serve as:
� A source of consistent stats, definitions, facts and figures regarding hunger, poverty
and Heifer-related information.
� A document that allows you to cite with reliable sources.
� A way to find additional information that may be helpful in your efforts.
This will be the key repository of statistical information for Heifer International.
There are some changes in this October 2014 version of the document.
The left-hand column of the document contains the following notations:
NU
No update. The documentation has not changed for this statistic.
SS-US
Same Statistic-Updated Source.
▲
This statistic and its source have changed.
✚
This statistic has been added and did not appear in previous versions of this document.
If you have new information regarding a specific stat, fact or figure or would like to add
a new piece of information to the document, please fill out the “Source Document” request form.
Definitions of key words and terms and a jargon glossary can be found beginning on Page 46
of this document.
2 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Table of Contents
Heifer Facts and Figures........................................................................................................................................... 4
Heifer Impact Information...................................................................................................................................... 6
Heifer Historical Information................................................................................................................................. 8
Land/Agriculture......................................................................................................................................................... 9
U.S. Nutrition, Spending and Poverty.................................................................................................................11
Global Spending Comparison: Needs vs. Wants............................................................................................ 13
World Population...................................................................................................................................................... 14
Health and Nutrition............................................................................................................................................... 15
Food Waste.................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Global Hunger/Poverty...........................................................................................................................................20
Staple Food..................................................................................................................................................................24
Sanitation....................................................................................................................................................................25
Smallholder Farmers................................................................................................................................................26
Children.......................................................................................................................................................................27
Women.........................................................................................................................................................................28
Infographic: Women and Agriculture............................................................................................................... 31
Refugees and Displaced People...........................................................................................................................32
Water.............................................................................................................................................................................34
Slums............................................................................................................................................................................ 37
Fire/Smoke..................................................................................................................................................................38
Fair Trade.....................................................................................................................................................................39
Education....................................................................................................................................................................40
Animal Facts and Benefits.....................................................................................................................................43
Definitions..................................................................................................................................................................45
Jargon Exchanges....................................................................................................................................................54
World Map Statistics.................................................................................................................................................55
3 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
CLICK ON THE
SECTION TO GO
DIRECTLY TO
THE PAGE.
Heifer Facts and Figures
NU
Heifer currently works in more than
30 countries.
Heifer International
Annual Report 2013
✚
Since 1944, the total number of families
assisted, directly and indirectly, is almost
20.7 million – more than 105.1 million people.
Planning
Monitoring and
Evaluation
✚
In fiscal year 2013, more than 2.1 million
families were assisted within the four program
areas in which Heifer operates.
Heifer International
Annual Report 2013
✚
In fiscal year 2013, the total number of families
assisted directly and indirectly in the four
main areas:
• Africa: 613, 962
• Americas: 271, 563
• Asia/South Pacific: 783, 039
• Central and Eastern Europe: 471,699
• Total: 2,140,263
Heifer International
Annual Report 2013
✚
In fiscal year 2013, 78,426 families received
pass-on gifts. (This figure represents only
those gifts passed on by contract.)
Heifer International
Annual Report 2013
✚
Numbers of families receiving pass-on gifts by
area:
• Africa: 11,683
• Americas: 9,310
• Asia/South Pacific: 40,708
• Central and Eastern Europe: 16,725
• Total: 78,426
Heifer International
Annual Report 2013
4 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
http://www.heifer.org/about-heifer/inside-heifer/financialinformation.html
NU
Made possible through a $50 million grant
from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the
East Africa Dairy Development (EADD) Project
has enabled smallholder farmers in Kenya,
Rwanda and Uganda to participate in East
Africa’s growing dairy industry. In partnership
with International Livestock Research
Institute, TechnoServe, African Breeders
Services Total Cattle Management Limited
and World Agroforestry Centre, the project has
helped 180,000 families increase their income
through dairy development.
Heifer International
Annual Report 2012
NU
Heifer has worked in Africa for more than
30 years, and has country offices in Ghana,
Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania,
Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe; and supports
projects in Ethiopia.
Heifer International
Annual Report 2013
NU
The Americas Program Area includes projects
in the United States, Mexico, Guatemala,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Haiti, Ecuador, Peru and
Bolivia.
Heifer International
Annual Report 2013
NU
The Asia-South Pacific Program Area includes
projects in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China,
India, Nepal, Philippines and Vietnam.
Heifer International
Annual Report 2013
NU
The Central Eastern European Area includes
projects in Armenia, Georgia, Romania and
Ukraine.
Heifer International
Annual Report 2013
NU
76 percent of Heifer’s expenses go toward
international development and education
programs.
Heifer International
Annual Report 2013
5 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
http://hip.heifer.org/media/About_Heifer/Fact_Sheets_
Annual_Reports/Assets/asset_upload_file366_113862.
pdf
Heifer Impact Information
NU
NU
“Due to Heifer International’s expenditure of
about $7 million over six years, about 8,500
Ugandan families are likely to experience
income gains exceeding $8.5 million a year on
an ongoing basis and asset gains of about $17
million.”
Clements, Paul.
(2012).
Researchers have found that among
families involved in Heifer projects in
Uganda, “children are likely to avoid
stunting due to nutritional shortfalls.”
Clements, Paul.
(2012).
Evaluating the Cost Effectiveness of Heifer
International Country Programs. Journal
of Multidisciplinary Evaluation. 8(18)
http://journals.sfu.ca/jmde/index.php/jmde_1/article/
view/341
Evaluating the Cost Effectiveness of Heifer
International Country Programs. Journal
of Multidisciplinary Evaluation. 8(18)
http://journals.sfu.ca/jmde/index.php/jmde_1/article/
view/341
NU
NU
“For each $1 expenditure by country
programs in Albania, Nepal and Uganda,
households can be expected to gain about
$2.35, $1.19 and $1.25 in the respective
country programs on an ongoing basis …”
Clements, Paul.
(2012).
In a study by researchers from Cornell
University, Heifer animal gifts were found
to have “…a favorable effect on recipient
households’ diets, in particular on the
consumption of animal source foods, and on
child nutritional status in those households.”
Pimkina, S.,
Rawlins, R., Barrett,
C.B., Pedersen, S. &
Wydick, B., (2013).
6 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Evaluating the Cost Effectiveness of Heifer
International Country Programs. Journal
of Multidisciplinary Evaluation. 8(18)
http://journals.sfu.ca/jmde/index.php/jmde_1/article/
view/341
Got Milk? The Impact of Heifer
International’s Livestock Donation
Programs in Rwanda.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0306919213001814
NU
“Rwandan households that received a
dairy cow [from Heifer International]
increased monthly dairy consumption
by almost a quart per person.”
Got Milk? The Impact of Heifer
International’s Livestock Donation
Programs in Rwanda.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0306919213001814
NU
In Rwanda, “families that received a
donated meat goat increased monthly meat
consumption by 0.44 pounds per person.”
Pimkina, S.,
Rawlins, R., Barrett,
C.B., Pedersen, S. &
Wydick, B., (2013).
Got Milk? The Impact of Heifer
International’s Livestock Donation
Programs in Rwanda.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0306919213001814
NU
NU
Children under 5 in Rwandan families that
received dairy cows or meat goats from
Heifer International experienced gains in
growth, as compared to children in families
that had not yet received animal gifts.
Pimkina, S.,
Rawlins, R., Barrett,
C.B., Pedersen, S. &
Wydick, B., (2013).
“The most significant impact in terms of
meeting basic needs found in the Ghana
project evaluation related to the contribution
of manure from chicken, sheep and goats,
which replaced chemical fertilisers [sic] that
would otherwise have been purchased.”
Evaluation Center of
Western Michigan
University
7 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Got Milk? The Impact of Heifer
International’s Livestock Donation
Programs in Rwanda.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0306919213001814
Evaluation Center of Western Michigan
University, as cited in the Agriculture
Policy Guide (2012) of the Chronic Poverty
Network.
Retrieved from
http://www.chronicpovertynetwork.org/
resources/2014/6/16/agriculture-policy-guide
Heifer Historical Information
NU
More than 70,000 people visit Heifer Learning Centers every
year.
Confirmed by Shon Rainford, Sr. Director of
Learning Centers 7-2014
NU
Heifer’s animal prices include the cost of purchasing and
transporting quality animals and the training and support
services Heifer provides project partners.
http://hip.heifer.org/
NU
Heifer International bought Heifer Ranch in 1971. It was
originally used as a holding station for livestock preparing to
be shipped to projects overseas. The Ranch transformed into an
educational facility in 1991.
http://hip.heifer.org/
NU
Heifer International was established in 1944.
http://hip.heifer.org/
NU
We currently have projects with the following animals: alpaca,
chickens, donkeys, ducks, fish, geese, goats, heifers, honeybees,
grasscutters, guinea pigs, pigs, horses, llamas, rabbits, sheep,
snails, turkeys, water buffalos, yaks and worms. We also have
tree projects.
*find animal list by country at this site
http://hip.heifer.org/media/Initiatives_Projects/asset_upload_
file153_7419.pdf
p. 1-4
NU
Heifer Farm is a 270-acre farm in Rutland, MA, that was
originally used as a livestock holding facility and shipping
facility.
www.heifer.org
NU
Currently, Learning Centers include Heifer Village in Little
Rock, AR, Heifer Ranch in Perryville, AR, and Heifer Farm in
Rutland, MA. Also, Howell Nature Center in Howell, MI, and
Shepherd’s Spring Outdoor Ministry, just outside of Washington,
D.C., operate Heifer Global Villages, which offer limited Heifer
programming.
www.heifer.org
8 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Land/Agriculture
NU
The surface of the Earth is approximately
70.9 percent water and 29.1 percent land.
CIA-The World
Factbook
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/xx.html
NU
The arable land humans can use is 10.57
percent of the total land.
CIA-The World
Factbook
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/xx.html
More than 1.5 billion acres of the globe's land
surface (about 12 percent) is used for crop
production.
FAO Statistical
yearbook 2012
http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2490e/i2490e01a.pdf
Potentially accessible agricultural land is very
unevenly distributed between regions and
countries. Some 90 percent is situated in Latin
America and sub-Saharan Africa, and half is
concentrated in just seven countries (Brazil,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola,
Sudan, Argentina, Colombia and Bolivia). At
the other extreme, there is virtually no spare
land available for agricultural expansion in
South Asia, the Near East and North Africa.
FAO Statistical
Yearbook 2012
http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2490e/i2490e01a.pdf
3.1 billion people, or 45 percent of all humanity,
live in rural areas. Of them, roughly 2.5 billion
derive their livelihoods from agriculture.
FAO Statistical
Yearbook 2012
http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2490e/i2490e01a.pdf
NU
Approximately two-thirds of the world’s
agricultural value added is generated in
developing countries, and in many of them the
agricultural sector contributes as much as 30
percent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
and is a source of employment for two-thirds
of the labor force.
9 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2490e/i2490e01a.pdf
NU
About 1 billion people worldwide depend on
livestock, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa
and south Asia. In these regions, livestock
provides up to 40 percent of agricultural gross
domestic product.
FAO-Food and
Agriculture
Organization,
Committee on
Agriculture (COAG)
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/home/en/news_
archive/2012_COAG.html
NU
GDP growth generated in agriculture has
large benefits for the poor and is at least twice
as effective in reducing poverty as growth
generated by other sectors.
World Bank,
World Development
Report 2008, Part 1
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDRS/
Resources/477365-1327599046334/
8394679-1327606607122/WDR08_02_ch01.pdf
10 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
U.S. Nutrition, Spending and Poverty
▲
The poverty rate in 2012 for children under
age 18 was 21.8 percent. This is more than
1 in 5.
Current Population
Survey (CPS), 2013 Annual
Social and Economic
Supplement (ASEC)
https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/
incpovhlth/2012/highlights.html
✚
The 2012 poverty rate was 2.5 percentage
points higher than in 2007, the year before
the most recent recession.
Current Population
Survey (CPS), 2013 Annual
Social and Economic
Supplement (ASEC)
https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/
incpovhlth/2012/highlights.html
NU
Ten states plus the District of Columbia
had child poverty rates of 25 percent or
higher (Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, South
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and West
Virginia).
Child Poverty in the
United States 2009 and
2010 – US Census
http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/acsbr10-05.
pdf
NU
Today, more than 80 percent of U.S.
residents live in metropolitan areas.
PRB Reports on America:
"First Results From the
2010 Census"
Population Reference
Bureau
http://www.prb.org/pdf11/reports-on-america-2010census.pdf
NU
In 2010, the United States' primary energy
consumption was nearly 19 percent of
world total primary energy consumption.
U.S. Energy Information
Administration
http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=87&t=1
NU
Nonrenewable fossil fuels made up
more than four-fifths of U.S. energy
consumption in 2012.
U.S. Energy Information
Administration, Annual
energy review
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=9210
11 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
NU
In 2011, total energy use per person (or per
capita consumption) in the U.S. was 312
million British thermal units (Btu). The
world per capita consumption of energy in
2010 was 74 million Btu.
U.S. Energy Information
Administration
http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=85&t=1
NU
An estimated 68 percent of U.S. adults are
overweight or obese, leading to an annual
loss of 300,000 lives. In 2008 overweight
and obesity led to $147 billion in related
medical spending.
CDC
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
http://www.cdc.gov/CommunitiesPutting
PreventiontoWork/program/obesity.htm
▲
U.S. household consumption was more
than $11.1 trillion in 2012, approximately
3.5 times that of China.
World Bank-World
Development Indicators
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD
▲
In 2012, 85.5 percent of U.S. households
were food secure throughout the year.
The remaining 14.5 percent (17.6 million
households) were food insecure.
USDA Economic Research
Briefing – Food Security
in the United States
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economicresearch-report/err155/report-summary.aspx#.
U73B7ZRdUeg
NU
Average daily caloric intake in the U.S.
• Men: 2656
• Women: 1811
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus11.pdf#072
One third of these calories for men and
women come from fat.
16 percent of these calories come from
protein.
12 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Global Spending Comparison:
Needs vs. Wants
NU
The U.S. spent $11.8 billion on bottled water in 2012.
http://www.bevnet.com/news/2013/u-s-bottled-water-sales-totaled-11-8billion-in-2012
NU
In 2012, U.S. consumers spent $53.33 million on
pet care.
American Pet Products Association,
$11.3 billion is needed to provide improved sanitiation to
173 million people per year worldwide.
http://www.unwater.org/wwd10/downloads/WWD2010_LOWRES_
BROCHURE_EN.pdf
The World Bank estimates that $40-60 billion a year is
needed to achieve the Millenium Development Goals
by 2015, including: education, water and sanitation,
reproductive health, and basic health and nutrition for all.
http://www.americanpetproducts.org/press_industrytrends.asp
http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/mdgassessment.pdf
NU
In December 2012, video game sales for the month were
estimated at $3.21 billion.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/ericsavitz/2013/01/11/totally-pwned-2012u-s-video-game-retail-sales-tumble-22/
13 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
66 million primary school-age children attend classes
hungry across the developing world, with 23 million in
Africa alone. WFP calculates that $3.2 billion is needed per
year to reach all 66 million hungry school-age children
World Population
▲
Life Expectancy in more developed countries
(75 for males and 82 for females)
PRB- Population
Reference Bureau-2013
Population Data Sheet
http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-population-datasheet_eng.pdf
▲
Life Expectancy in least developed countries
(59 for males and 62 for females)
PRB- Population
Reference Bureau-2013
Population Data Sheet
http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-population-datasheet_eng.pdf
▲
Global population rose to 7.137 billion in 2013,
with nearly all of that growth in the world's
developing countries.
PRB- Population
Reference Bureau-2013
Population Data Sheet
http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-population-datasheet_eng.pdf
▲
Africa's population is projected to double to 2.4
billion by 2050.
PRB- Population
Reference Bureau-2013
Population Data Sheet
http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-population-datasheet_eng.pdf
▲
The most populous country in the world is
China, with 1,357 million people.
PRB- Population
Reference Bureau-2013
Population Data Sheet
http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-population-datasheet_eng.pdf
PRB- Population
Reference Bureau-2013
Population Data Sheet
http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-population-datasheet_eng.pdf
India is the 2nd most populous, with 1,277
million.
The United States is the 3rd most populous,
with 316 million.
▲
World Population Numbers:
• World: 7.137 billion
• Africa: 1.1 billion
• North America: 352 million
• Latin America/Carribean: 606 million
• Asia: 4.302 billion
• Europe: 740 million
14 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Health and Nutrition
NU
Between 4 and 5 billion people suffer from iron
deficiency worldwide.
UNICEF-iron
& vitamin A
deficiency
http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_iodine.html
NU
Women and young children are most
vulnerable to iron deficiency: 50 percent
of pregnant women and 40-50 percent of
children under 5 in developing countries are
iron deficient.
UNICEF-iron
and vitamin A
deficiency
http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_iodine.html
▲
An estimated 250 million preschool children
are vitamin A deficient, worldwide. It is
likely that, in regions and countries with
high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency, a
substantial proportion of pregnant women is
vitamin A deficient.
World Health
Organization (WHO)
http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/vad/en/
NU
Iodine deficiency, the world’s single greatest
cause of preventable mental retardation, is
especially damaging during the early stages of
pregnancy and in early childhood.
UNICEF – Statistics
by Area - Iodine
deficiency
http://www.childinfo.org/idd.html
▲
In 2012, nearly 34 million newborns were
unprotected from the lifelong consequences
of brain damage associated with iodine
deficiency of their mothers during pregnancy.
South Asia has the highest number of
unprotected newborns, with more than 10
million infants at risk from iodine deficiency
in 2012.
UNICEF – Statistics
by Area - Iodine
deficiency –
Current status
http://www.childinfo.org/idd_status.html
See more at: http://data.unicef.org/nutrition/
iodine#sthash.yM1eM1L1.dpuf
15 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
▲
UNICEF estimates that globally, 76 percent of
all households consumed adequately iodized
salt in 2012.
UNICEF – Statistics
by Area - Iodine
deficiency – current
status
See more at: http://data.unicef.org/nutrition/
iodine#sthash.yM1eM1L1.dpuf
US
Around two billion people worldwide suffer
from anemia, most commonly iron-deficiency
anemia, a major cause of maternal deaths and
of cognitive deficits in young children.
World Health
Organization
http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ida/en/
✚
In developing countries, half of all pregnant
women and about 40 percent of preschool
children are believed to be anemic.
World Health
Organization
http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ida/en/
▲
In 2012, there were 35.3 million [32.2
million–38.8 million] people living with HIV.
Of those, 3.3 million [3.0 million–3.7 million]
were children under 15.
UNAIDS Global
Report Fact Sheet
2013
http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/
documents/epidemiology/2013/gr2013/20130923_
FactSheet_Global_en.pdf
✚
$18.9 billion was available from all sources for
the AIDS response in 2012.
The estimated annual need by 2015 is $22-24
billion.
UNAIDS Global
Report Fact Sheet
2013
http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/
documents/epidemiology/2013/gr2013/20130923_
FactSheet_Global_en.pdf
NU
Globally, 17.8 million children have lost one or
both parents to AIDS.
UNAIDS- 2013 AIDS
by the Numbers
http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/
documents/unaidspublication/2013/JC2571_AIDS_by_
the_numbers_en.pdf
✚
There were 1.6 (1.4–1.9) million AIDS deaths in
2012, down from 2.3 (2.1–2.6) million in 2005.
UNAIDS Global
Report Fact Sheet
2013
http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/
documents/epidemiology/2013/gr2013/20130923_
FactSheet_Global_en.pdf
▲
Sub-Saharan Africa is home 25 million people
living with HIV, and 2.9 million of them are
children.
UNAIDS Global
Report Fact Sheet
2013
http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/
documents/epidemiology/2013/gr2013/20130923_
FactSheet_Global_en.pdf
16 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
UNAIDS Global
Report Fact Sheet
2013
http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/
documents/epidemiology/2013/gr2013/20130923_
FactSheet_Global_en.pdf
Women represent 49 percent of all adults living
with HIV.
UNAIDS: Women
Out Loud 2012
http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/
documents/unaidspublication/2012/20121211_
Women_Out_Loud_en.pdf
▲
In 2013, 289,000 women died during and
following pregnancy and childbirth. That is
approximately 792 women a day.
NU
99 percent of all deaths in childbirth or
pregnancy occur in developing countries.
US
Worldwide, maternal deaths have decreased
by 45 percent since 1990.
NU
Grams of protein needed each day:
• Children age 1-3: 13
• Children 4-8: 19
• Children 9-13: 34
• Girls age 14-18: 46
• Boys age 14-18: 52
• Women 19+: 46
• Men 19+: 56
Two cups of cow’s milk per day appears
sufficient to maintain healthy vitamin D and
iron stores for most children.
WHO Maternal
mortality
Fact sheet N°348
May 2014
WHO
Maternal mortality
Fact sheet N°348
May 2014
United Nations
Millennium
Development Goals
update
Centers for Disease
Control and
Prevention
▲
3.9 million people are living with HIV in
south and Southeast Asia.
East Asia has 880,000 people living with HIV.
NU
17 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/maternal.shtml
http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/everyone/basics/protein.html
Pediatrics Vol. 131 No. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/131/1/e144
1 January 1, 2013
pp. e144 -e151
(doi: 10.1542/
peds.2012-1793)
Food Waste
▲
In 2012 alone, more than 36 million
tons of food waste were generated,
with only five percent diverted
from landfills and incinerators for
composting.
EPA- Environmental
Protection Agency
(updated March 10, 2014)
http://www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/foodwaste/
✚
Landfills are a major source of humanrelated methane in the United States,
accounting for more than 20 percent
of all methane emissions.
EPA
http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery/
✚
In the United States, 31 percent—or
133 billion pounds—of the 430 billion
pounds of the available food supply at
the retail and consumer levels in 2010
went uneaten. The estimated value of
this food loss was $161.6 billion using
retail prices.
The Estimated Amount, Value,
and Calories of Postharvest
Food Losses at the Retail and
Consumer Levels in the United
States by Jean C. Buzby,
Hodan Farah Wells, and Jeffrey
Hyman
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib-economicinformation-bulletin/eib121.aspx
USDA Economic Information
Bulletin No. (EIB-121) 39 pp,
February 2014
18 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
✚
The calories associated with food loss
due to waste in the US: 141 trillion in
2010, or 1,249 calories per capita per
day.
The Estimated Amount, Value,
and Calories of Postharvest
Food Losses at the Retail and
Consumer Levels in the United
States by Jean C. Buzby,
Hodan Farah Wells, and Jeffrey
Hyman
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib-economicinformation-bulletin/eib121.aspx
USDA Economic Information
Bulletin No. (EIB-121) 39 pp,
February
NU
In 2010, the bill for dumping food into
landfills was more than $2 billion.
EPA
http://www.usda.gov/oce/foodwaste/index.htm#asic.htm
✚
On average, Americans recycled and
composted 1.51 pounds out of our
individual waste generation rate of
4.38 pounds per person per day.
EPA- Environmental
Protection Agency
http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2012_
msw_fs.pdf
Paper and paperboard account for more
than 27 percent and yard trimmings
and food waste account for another
28 percent. Plastics comprise about 13
percent; metals make up 9 percent; and
rubber, leather, and textiles account
for almost 9 percent. Wood follows at
over 6 percent and glass at almost 5
percent. Other miscellaneous wastes
make up approximately 3 percent of
the municipal solid waste generated in
2012.
EPA- Environmental
Protection Agency
http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2012_
msw_fs.pdf
2012 Municipal Solid Waste
Characterization Report
WASTE infographic:
▲
19 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
2012 Municipal Solid Waste
Characterization Report
http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/
infographic/index.htm
Global Hunger/Poverty
SSUS
Food and
Agriculture
Organization
of the United
Nations- State of
Food Insecurity
in the World 2014
report
http://www.fao.org/hunger/en/
The vast majority of hungry people – 791
million – live in developing countries, where
the prevalence of undernourishment is now
estimated at 13.5 percent.
Food and
Agriculture
Organization
of the United
Nations- State of
Food Insecurity
in the World 2014
report
http://www.fao.org/hunger/en/
NU
Hunger is the world’s No. 1 health risk. It kills
more than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis
combined.
World Food
Programme
http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats
SSUS
One in nine people will go to bed hungry
tonight.
Food and
Agriculture
Organization
of the United
Nations
http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/
World Food
Programme
http://www.wfp.org/hunger/faqs
▲
NU
805 million people are estimated to be
chronically undernourished in 2012-2014.
There are more hungry people in the world
than the combined populations of the United
States, Canada and the European Union.
20 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/
http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats
http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/
http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3458e/i3458e.pdf
Asia has the largest number of hungry people
(over 500 million) but Sub-Saharan Africa
has the highest prevalence (24.8 percent of
population).
Food and
Agriculture
Organization
of the United
Nations- State of
Food Insecurity
in the World 2014
report
http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/
In 2012, an estimated 17 percent (approximately
1 in 6), or 97 million children under 5 years of
age in developing countries were underweight
(low weight-for-age according to the WHO
child growth standards).
World Health
Organization
Global health Observatory, WHO, 2012
✚
Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45 percent)
of deaths in children under five - 3.1 million
children each year.
World Health
Organization,
Levels and Trends
in Child Mortality
2013
http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/
levels_trends_child_mortality_2013.pdf
SSUS
One in four of the world's children is stunted.
UNICEF
State of the World’s Children 2012
▲
SSUS
NU
NU
UNICEF-WHOWORLD BANK
http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats
http://www.who.int/gho/mdg/poverty_hunger/underweight_
text/en/index.html
http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats
http://www.unicef.org/sowc2014/numbers
UNICEF-WHOWORLD BANK
SEE: definitions, stunting
Between 2000 and 2012, stunting prevalence
declined from 33 percent to 25 percent, and
the estimated number of children affected
by stunting declined from 197 million to 162
million.
UNICEF-WHOWORLD BANK
Joint UNICEF – WHO – The World Bank Child
Malnutrition Database:Estimates for 2012
Globally, 51 million under 5-year-olds were
wasted and 17 million were severely wasted
in 2012.
UNICEF-WHOWORLD BANK
21 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme_2012_summary_
note_v2.pdf?ua=1
Joint UNICEF – WHO – The World Bank Child
Malnutrition Database:Estimates for 2012
http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme_2012_summary_
note_v2.pdf?ua=1
NU
NU
NU
NU
Globally, wasting and severe wasting
prevalence in 2012 were estimated at almost
8 percent and just less than 3 percent
respectively.
UNICEF-WHOWORLD BANK
In 2012, approximately 71 percent of all
severely wasted children lived in Asia and
28 percent in Africa, with similar figures for
wasted children at 69 percent and 28 percent
respectively.
UNICEF-WHOWORLD BANK
Between 1990 and 2012 underweight
prevalence decreased from 25 percent to 15
percent, which remains insufficient to meet
the Millennium Development Goal of halving
the 1990 prevalence by 2015.
UNICEF-WHOWORLD BANK
In 2012, 67 percent of all underweight children
lived in Asia and 29 percent in Africa.
UNICEF-WHOWORLD BANK
Joint UNICEF – WHO – The World Bank Child
Malnutrition Database:Estimates for 2012
http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme_2012_summary_
note_v2.pdf?ua=1
Joint UNICEF – WHO – The World Bank Child
Malnutrition Database:Estimates for 2012
http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme_2012_summary_
note_v2.pdf?ua=1
Joint UNICEF – WHO – The World Bank Child
Malnutrition Database:Estimates for 2012
http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme_2012_summary_
note_v2.pdf?ua=1
Joint UNICEF – WHO – The World Bank Child
Malnutrition Database:Estimates for 2012
http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme_2012_summary_
note_v2.pdf?ua=1
NU
Globally, 44 million children under 5 years old
were overweight in 2012.
UNICEF-WHOWORLD BANK
Joint UNICEF – WHO – The World Bank Child
Malnutrition Database: Estimates for 2012
http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme_2012_summary_
note_v2.pdf?ua=1
NU
Between 2000 and 2012 overweight prevalence
increased from 5 percent to 7 percent and the
global burden increased from 32 million to
44 million. The rise in overweight prevalence
is reflected in all regions, while the burden is
increasing in Africa, Asia and the developed
countries, but stagnating in Latin America and
Oceania.
22 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
UNICEF-WHOWORLD BANK
Joint UNICEF – WHO – The World Bank Child
Malnutrition Database:Estimates for 2012
http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme_2012_summary_
note_v2.pdf?ua=1
NU
In 2012, overweight prevalence was highest
in Southern Africa (18 percent), Central Asia
(12 percent) and Southern America (7 percent).
UNICEF-WHOWORLD BANK
NU
International poverty line=average daily
consumption of $1.25 or less a day at 2005
international prices.
World Bank
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY
NU
1.2 billion people live in extreme poverty- at or
less than 1.25/day.
World Bank
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview
That's 20.6 percent of world population.
Joint UNICEF – WHO – The World Bank Child
Malnutrition Database:Estimates for 2012
http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme_2012_summary_
note_v2.pdf?ua=1
World
Development
Indicators 2013,
page 2, 35
NU
Globally, the number of workers living below
the $1.25-a-day poverty line has dropped by
294 million since 2001.
United Nations
Millennium
Development
Goals update
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/poverty.shtml
NU
1.18 billion people live on $1.25-$2 per day.
World Bank
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview
NU
40.7 percent of the world population, or 2.4
billion people, live on less than $2 per day.
World Bank
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview
23 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Staple Food
Production of the world’s top staple foods (in tons)
Maize
Africa
Rice
Wheat
Potatoes
Soybeans
Cassava
Sweet
Potatoes
Sorghum
Yams
Plantain
7,1707,219
29,246,323
24,344,046
29,019,178
1,970,128
155,388,934
18,853,955
22,907,086
59,913,762
31,758,268
Asia
298,579,703
720,074,241
350,381,469
192,500,886
32,620,871
84,526,831
91,574,438
11,675,064
215,747
1,715,476
Europe
119,679,330
4,823,581
249,111,835
143,521,335
6,389,819
63,501
1,019,520
2,048
North
America
357,817,637
9,250,453
87,826,323
25,938,167
96,361,740
1,348,368
6,004,400
South
America
101,171,226
29,569,304
29,805,275
17,345,805
149,954,297
35,609,209
1,531,595
8,425,299
765,909
7,032,632
World
973,848,215
796,706,848
776,115,660
412,685,815
287,610,516
278,007,067
114,926,964
59,743,079
62,405,946
42,881,460
(World total includes production in additional areas outside the continents above) Source: FAOSTAT
▲
In the coming decades, production of basic
staple foods needs to increase by 60 percent if it
is to meet expected demand growth.
FAO State of Food
and Agriculture 2013
http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3301e/i3301e.pdf
NU
50 percent of the world's cereal (grain)
production is in Asia.
FAOSTAT
http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html
NU
Rice is the predominant staple food for 17
FAO- p.1
countries in Asia and the Pacific, nine countries
in North and South America and eight
countries in Africa.
http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/f-sheet/factsheet3.pdf
NU
Rice provides 20 percent of the world’s dietary
energy supply.
FAO- p.1
http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/f-sheet/factsheet3.pdf
NU
Rice is central to food security in the world. It is
the main source of calorie intake for about half
of the world's population.
FAO
http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5650e/y5650e05.htm
24 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Sanitation
▲
2.5 billion people lack improved sanitation.
More than one third of the global population
– some 2.5 billion people—do not use an
improved sanitation facility, and of these, 1
billion people still practice open defecation.
WHO/UNICEF joint
monitoring report
2014: Progress on
drinking water and
sanitation
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/
publications/2014/jmp-report/en/
▲
64 percent of the global population use toilets
and other improved sanitation facilities.
WHO/UNICEF joint
monitoring report
2014: Progress on
drinking water and
sanitation
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/
publications/2014/jmp-report/en/
By 2015, 67 percent will have access to
improved sanitation facilities (the MDG target
is 75 percent).
▲
Since 1990 almost 2 billion people gained
access to improved sanitation and 77 countries
have met the MDG target.
WHO/UNICEF joint
monitoring report
2014: Progress on
drinking water and
sanitation
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/
publications/2014/jmp-report/en/
NU
Access to sanitation, good hygiene and safe
water could save 1.5 million children a year.
UNWater Fact Sheet:
Sanitation 2013
http://www.unwater.org/downloads/sanitation.pdf
25 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Smallholder Farmers
NU
Four-fifths of the developing world’s food is
produced on about half a billion small farms.
FAO, Save and Grow
(Rome, 2011), chapter 1,
www.fao.org/ag/save-and-grow/en/1/index.html
✚
Smallholders manage over 80 percent of the
world’s estimated 500 million small farms
and provide more than 80 percent of the food
consumed in a large part of the developing
world, contributing significantly to poverty
reduction and food security.
International Fund for
Agricultural Development
Report on smallholders,
food security and the
environment
http://www.ifad.org/climate/resources/
smallholders_report.pdf
NU
About 1 billion people worldwide depend on
livestock, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa
and south Asia. In these countries, livestock
provides up to 40 percent of agricultural gross
domestic product.
FAO-Food and Agriculture
Organization, Committee
on Agriculture (COAG)
2012
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/home/en/news_
archive/2012_COAG.html
NU
Farmers face two stark realities over the next
four decades: They must produce 70 percent
more food by 2050 to feed a growing, more
urbanized population, and they must do
so facing the likelihood that arable land in
developing countries will increase by no more
than 12 percent.
IFAD
The current world population of 7
billion is projected to reach 9.3 billion
by 2050 and 10.1 billion by 2100.
See 2010 Revision of World Population
Prospects. United Nations Department
of Economic and Social Affairs (2010).
Estimate of arable land comes from
Bruinsma (2009), as cited in IFAD’s
Rural Poverty Report 2011.
✚
Approximately 2.5 billion people live directly
from agricultural production systems, either
as full- or part-time farmers, or as members
of farming households that support farming
activities.
26 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
International Fund for
Agricultural Development
Report on smallholders,
food security and the
environment
http://www.ifad.org/climate/resources/
smallholders_report.pdf
Children
▲
6.6 million children worldwide died before
their 5th birthdays in 2011.
UNICEF- Levels & Trends
in Child Mortality 2013
http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/
documents/levels_trends_child_mortality_2013/en/
▲
Pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria together
killed roughly 2.2 million children under age
5 in 2012, accounting for a third of all under-5
deaths.
2013 Levels and Trends
in Child mortality (joint
UNICEF/WHO study)
http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/
documents/levels_trends_child_mortality_2013/en/
▲
UNICEF estimates that around 150 million
children aged 5 to 14 in developing countries
are involved in child labor. This represents
about 15 percent of all children in this age
range.
UNICEF- Statistics by
Area: Child Protection
http://data.unicef.org/child-protection/child-labour
▲
18,000 children die each day.
UNICEF- Levels & Trends
in Child Mortality 2013
http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/
documents/levels_trends_child_mortality_2013/en/
▲
The leading causes of death among children
under age 5 include pneumonia (17 percent
of all under-5 deaths), preterm birth
complications (15 percent), complications
during birth (10 percent); diarrhea (9 percent)
and malaria (7 percent).
UNICEF- Levels & Trends
in Child Mortality 2013
http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/
documents/levels_trends_child_mortality_2013/en/
▲
Globally, about 45 percent of under-5
deaths are attributable to undernutrition.
UNICEF- Levels & Trends
in Child Mortality 2013
http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/
documents/levels_trends_child_mortality_2013/en/
▲
Around two-thirds of neonatal deaths occur
in just 10 countries, with India accounting for
more than a quarter and Nigeria for a tenth.
UNICEF- Levels & Trends
in Child Mortality 2013
http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/
documents/levels_trends_child_mortality_2013/en/
NU
Access to sanitation, good hygiene and safe
water could save 1.5 million children a year.
UNWater Fact Sheet:
Sanitation 2013
http://www.unwater.org/downloads/sanitation.pdf
27 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Women
774 million adults (15 years and older)
still cannot read or write – two-thirds of
them (493 million) are women. Among
youth, 123 million are illiterate, of which
76 million are female.
UNESCO
http://www.uis.unesco.org/literacy/Pages/datarelease-map-2013.aspx
One in three girls in developing countries
is married before reaching her 18th
birthday.
World Bank Gender at
Work: A Companion to the
2013 World Development
Report on Jobs
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/gender/
publication/gender-at-work-companion-report-toworld-development-report-2013-jobs
More than one in three women has
experienced either physical or sexual
violence by a partner or non-partner.
World Bank Gender at
Work: A Companion to the
2013 World Development
Report on Jobs
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/gender/
publication/gender-at-work-companion-report-toworld-development-report-2013-jobs
Across developing countries, 46 percent of
men have an account at a formal financial
institution, whereas only 37 percent of
women have an account.
World Bank Gender at
Work: A Companion to the
2013 World Development
Report on Jobs
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/gender/
publication/gender-at-work-companion-report-toworld-development-report-2013-jobs
NU
Women spend twice as much time as men
on unpaid domestic work.
World Bank Gender at
Work: A Companion to the
2013 World Development
Report on Jobs
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/gender/
publication/gender-at-work-companion-report-toworld-development-report-2013-jobs
NU
When paid and unpaid work hours are
totaled, women’s work hours are longer
than men’s in all regions of the world.
UN-The World’s Women
Report 2010
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/
Worldswomen/WW_full%20report_color.pdf
✚
Women’s labor force participation
decreased from 57 percent in 1990 to 55
percent in 2012.
World Bank Gender at
Work: A Companion to the
2013 World Development
Report on Jobs
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/gender/
publication/gender-at-work-companion-report-toworld-development-report-2013-jobs
▲
28 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
NU
In a majority of countries, women’s wages
represent between 70 percent and
90 percent of men’s wages.
World Bank Gender at
Work: A Companion to the
2013 World Development
Report on Jobs
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/gender/
publication/gender-at-work-companion-report-toworld-development-report-2013-jobs
Women are only half as likely as men to
have full-time wage jobs for an employer.
World Bank Gender at
Work: A Companion to the
2013 World Development
Report on Jobs
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/gender/
publication/gender-at-work-companion-report-toworld-development-report-2013-jobs
NU
21.4 percent of seats in national
parliaments were held by women in 2014.
Fast Facts on Gender 2014
http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/
corporate/fast-facts/english/FF-Gender-Equalityand-UNDP.pdf
✚
In only five of the 114 countries for which
data are available have women reached
or surpassed gender parity with men in
such occupations as legislators, senior
officials and managers. These countries
are Colombia, Fiji, Jamaica, Lesotho and
the Philippines.
World Bank Gender at
Work: A Companion to the
2013 World Development
Report on Jobs
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/gender/
publication/gender-at-work-companion-report-toworld-development-report-2013-jobs
NU
Women constitute the majority of HIVpositive adults in sub-Saharan Africa,
North Africa and the Middle East.
UN-The World’s Women
Report 2010
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/
Worldswomen/WW_full%20report_color.pdf
NU
Women comprise, on average, 43
percent of the agricultural labor force in
developing countries, ranging from 20
percent in Latin America to 50 percent in
Eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
FAO-The State of Food
and Agriculture 2010
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e.pdf
NU
Women now represent 40 percent of the
global labor force and 43 percent of the
world’s agricultural labor force.
World Bank-World
Development Report 2012
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/
Resources/7778105-1299699968583/77862101315936245355/Main-Message-English.pdf
29 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
NU
If women had the same access to
productive resources as men, they could
increase yields on their farms by 20 to 30
percent. This could raise total agricultural
output in developing countries by 2.5 to
4 percent, which could in turn reduce the
number of hungry people in the world by
12 to 17 percent.
FAO-The State of Food
and Agriculture 2010
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e.pdf
NU
If women were given the same resources
as men, more than 150 million people
would have enough food to eat.
FAO-The State of Food
and Agriculture 2010
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e00.
htm
NU
In most countries the share of female
smallholders who can access credit is 5 to
10 percentage points lower than for male
smallholders.
FAO-The State of Food
and Agriculture 2010
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e.pdf
NU
Female farmers are just as efficient as male
farmers but they produce less because
they control less land, use fewer inputs
and have less access to important services
such as extension advice.
FAO-The State of Food
and Agriculture 2010
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e.pdf
NU
When women control additional income,
they spend more of it than men do on
food, health, clothing and education for
their children.
FAO-The State of Food
and Agriculture 2010
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e.pdf
NU
Indoor smoke is responsible for half a
million of the 1.3 million annual deaths
due to chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) among women worldwide.
In comparison, only about 12 percent of
COPD deaths among men each year are
related to indoor smoke.
WHO-Ten Facts on
Women’s Health
http://www.who.int/gender/documents/10facts_
womens_health_en.pdf
30 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
NU
Women account for 50 percent of people
living with HIV. In sub-Saharan Africa,
women constitute 60 percent of people
living with HIV.
WHO
Gender Inequalities
and HIV
http://www.who.int/gender/hiv_aids/en/
✚
Globally, adolescent girls and young
women (15-24 years) are twice as likely
to be at risk of HIV infection compared
to boys and young men in the same age
group. This higher risk of HIV is associated
with unsafe and often unwanted and
forced sexual activity.
WHO
Women’s health Fact sheet
N°334 Updated September
2013
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs334/
en/
✚
For women aged 15-44 years, HIV/AIDS is
the leading cause of death worldwide, with
unsafe sex being the main risk factor in
developing countries. Biological factors,
lack of access to information and health
services, economic vulnerability and
unequal power in sexual relations expose
women, particularly young women, to HIV
infection.
WHO
Women’s health Fact sheet
N°334 Updated September
2013
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs334/
en/
US
Every day 800 women die from
preventable causes related to pregnancy
and childbirth.
WHO
Maternal mortality Fact
sheet N°348
Updated May 2014
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/
en/
Infographic: Women and Agriculture
http://www.farmingfirst.org/women_infographic/
31 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Refugees and Displaced People
▲
By the end of 2013, 51.2 million individuals
were forcibly displaced worldwide as a result
of persecution, conflict, generalized violence
or human rights violations. This includes
16.7 million refugees; 33.3 million internally
displaced persons (IDPs) and close to 1.2
million asylum seekers.
UNHCR Global Trends
Report 2013
http://www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html
✚
During 2013, conflict and persecution forced
an average of 32,200 individuals per day
to leave their homes and seek protection
elsewhere, either within the borders of their
own country or in other countries. This
compares to 23,400 in 2012 and 14,200 in 2011.
UNHCR Global Trends
Report 2013
http://www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html
▲
Developing countries hosted 86 percent of
the world’s refugees, compared to 70 percent
10 years ago. This is the highest value in
more than two decades. The least developed
countries were providing asylum to 2.8 million
refugees by the end of 2013.
UNHCR Global Trends
Report 2013
http://www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html
▲
Pakistan was host to the largest number of
refugees worldwide (1.6 million), followed by
the Islamic Republic of Iran (857,400), Lebanon
(856,500), Jordan (641,900) and Turkey
(609,900).
UNHCR Global Trends
Report 2013
http://www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html
▲
More than half (53 percent) of all refugees
worldwide came from just three countries:
Afghanistan (2.56 million), the Syrian Arab
Republic (2.47 million) and Somalia (1.12
million).
UNHCR Global Trends
Report 2013
http://www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html
32 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
▲
Children younger than 18 constituted 50
percent of the refugee population in 2013, the
highest figure in a decade.
UNHCR Global Trends
Report 2013
http://www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html
▲
Women and girls accounted for 49 percent of
the refugee population in 2013.
UNHCR Global Trends
Report 2013
http://www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html
▲
The United States of America received 66,200
refugees for resettlement in 2013.
UNHCR Global Trends
Report 2013
http://www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html
▲
Close to 1.1 million individuals submitted
applications for asylum or refugee status in
2013.
UNHCR Global Trends
Report 2013
http://www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html
▲
Available data (covering 13 million people)
revealed that IDPs, returned IDPs and returned
refugees tended to gather in rural areas in 2011,
while refugees and asylum seekers gravitated
toward urban areas.
UNHCR Global Trends
Report 2011
http://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2011
33 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Water
▲
768 million still lacked safe drinking water
in 2012.
UN Water: World Water
Development Report 2014
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/
images/0022/002257/225741E.pdf
▲
Between 1990 and 2012, 2.3 billion people
gained access to improved drinking water
sources.
WHO/UNICEF Joint
Monitoring Programme for
Water Supply and Sanitation:
Progress on sanitation
and drinking-water - 2014
update
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/
112727/1/9789241507240_eng.pdf?ua=1
NU
The poorest households pay as much as 10
times more for water as wealthy households.
UNDP Human Development
Report- 2006- p.22
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR06complete.pdf
In 2012, 89 percent of the world’s population,
or 6.1 billion people, used improved drinking
water sources, exceeding the MDG target (88
percent).
WHO/UNICEF Joint
Monitoring Programme for
Water Supply and Sanitation:
Progress on sanitation
and drinking-water - 2014
update
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/
10665/112727/1/9789241507240_eng.
pdf?ua=1
NU
For the 25 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, it is
estimated that women spend at least 16 million
hours each day collecting water (based on the
most conservative assumption of one round
trip for water per day).
United Nations Millenium
Development Goals Report
2012
http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/
Static/Products/Progress2012/English2012.
pdf
NU
In the last 20 years, more than 2 billion people
have gained access to clean drinking water.
United Nations Millennium
Development Goals update
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.
shtml
NU
All food we eat requires water to grow: 1 apple
=18.5 gallons; 1 steak (5.3 ounces)=535 gallons;
100g of vegetables (approx. ½ cup)= 5.3 gallons;
1 slice of bread=10.6 gallons.
UNWater: Water for Food
http://www.unwater.org/downloads/water_for_
food.pdf
34 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
NU
70 percent of global water withdrawals are for
agriculture, 20 percent are for industry.
UNWater: Water for Food
http://www.unwater.org/downloads/water_for_
food.pdf
✚
Irrigated agriculture represents 20 percent of
total cultivated land but contributes 40 percent
of food produced worldwide.
IFAD: Water and Food
Security factsheet
http://www.ifad.org/english/water/pub/water_
food.pdf
NU
The average water use for an individual in
the United States is 152 gallons. By contrast,
average use in Mozambique is less than 2.6
gallons.
UNDP Human Development
Report- 2006- p.34
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR06complete.pdf
NU
The 100 liter a day minimum international
norm for a family of five weighs some 100
kilograms.
UNDP Human Development
Report- 2006- p.34
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR06complete.pdf
NU
The 25 billion liters of mineral water consumed
annually by US households exceeds the
entire clean water consumption of the 2.7
million people in Senegal lacking access to an
improved water source.
UNDP Human Development
Report- 2006 p.35
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR06complete.pdf
NU
By 2025, 1.8 billion people will be living in
countries or regions with absolute water
scarcity, and two-thirds of the world’s
population could be living under conditions
of water stress.
World Bank- World
Development Indicators2010 (p. 152)
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/
default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/04/
27/000333037_20100427005935/Rendered/
PDF/542510PUB0WDI0101Official0
Use0Only1.pdf
✚
Investment in water supply yields an average
economic return of $4.4 to $1.
United Nations
Development Program
http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/
ourwork/environmentandenergy/focus_areas/
water_and_ocean_governance/water-supplyand-sanitation/
Investment in sanitation yields an average
economic return of $9.1 to $1.
NU
The amount of water locked up in ice and snow
is about 1.7 percent of water on Earth.
USGS- Where is the earth’s
water located
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.
html
NU
The majority of total freshwater on Earth, about
69 percent, is held in ice caps and glaciers.
USGS- Where is the earth’s
water located
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.
html
35 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
NU
About 30 percent of freshwater is stored
underground.
USGS- Where is the earth’s
water located
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.
html
NU
Freshwater makes up 3 percent of total water
on Earth.
USGS- Where is the earth’s
water located
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.
html
NU
It is estimated that 97 percent of the world’s
water supply is stored in oceans.
USGS- Where is the earth’s
water located
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.
html
NU
Of all the freshwater on Earth, only about 0.3
percent is contained in rivers and lakes—yet
rivers and lakes are not only the water we are
most familiar with, they are also where most of
the water we use in our everyday lives exists.
USGS- Where is the earth’s
water located
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.
html
NU
99 percent of all water (oceans, seas, ice, most
saline water and atmospheric water) is not
available for our uses.
USGS- Where is the earth’s
water located
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.
html
NU
Water we use in our homes comes from either
a ground water source, such as a well, or from
a surface water source, such a river or lake.
In 2005, about 258 million of the 301 million
people in the United States got their home
water delivered by a public supplier.
USGS- Water Q & A
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/qahome.html
NU
Each person in the United States uses about
80 to 100 gallons of water per day.
USGS- Water Q & A
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/qahome.html
NU
The largest use of household water goes to
flush the toilet, and after that, to take showers
and baths.
USGS- Water Q & A
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/qahome.html
NU
The UN suggests that each person needs five
to 13 gallons of safe freshwater a day to ensure
their basic needs for drinking, cooking and
cleaning.
UN Water – Drinking Water
and Sanitation
http://www.unwater.org/statistics_san.html
36 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Slums
NU
About half of the globe’s population live in
towns and cities.
UNFPA- p.6
http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2007/presskit/pdf/sowp2007_
eng.pdf
NU
Urban population will grow to 4.9 billion by
2030.
UNFPA- p.6
http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2007/presskit/pdf/sowp2007_
eng.pdf
NU
The world’s rural population is expected to
decrease by some 28 million between 2005
and 2030.
UNFPA- p.6
http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2007/presskit/pdf/sowp2007_
eng.pdf
NU
More than 90 percent of slum dwellers today
are in the developing world. South Asia has the
largest share, followed by eastern Asia, subSaharan Africa and Latin America. China and
India together have 37 percent of the world’s
slums.
UNFPA- p.16
http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2007/presskit/pdf/sowp2007_
eng.pdf
NU
Sharing three toilets and one shower with
250 households in a community is not at all
unusual in cities of sub-Saharan Africa.
UNFPA- (P.17)
http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2007/presskit/pdf/sowp2007_
eng.pdf
NU
1 out of every 3 city dwellers lives in urban
slums.
UNFPA (P.16)
http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2007/presskit/pdf/sowp2007_
eng.pdf
NU
Approximately 828 million urban residents
live in slum conditions (33 percent of urban
residents).
UNFPA 2011 (P.86)
http://foweb.unfpa.org/SWP2011/reports/ENSWOP2011-FINAL.pdf
NU
Despite being the least urbanized region in
the world, sub-Saharan Africa has an urban
population that is already as big as North
America’s population. 72 percent of the urban
population of Sub-Saharan Africa lives under
slum conditions.
UNFPA- p.11
http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2007/presskit/pdf/sowp2007_
eng.pdf
37 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Fire/Smoke
✚
4.3 million people a year die prematurely
from illness attributable to the household air
pollution caused by the inefficient use of solid
fuels (2012 data).
WHO Fact sheet,
Indoor Air Pollution and
Health Fact sheet N°292
Updated March 2014
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/
en/
Among these deaths:
• 12 percent are due to pneumonia
• 34 percent from stroke
• 26 percent from ischaemic heart disease
• 22 percent from chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)
• 6 percent from lung cancer
▲
Around 3 billion people cook and heat their
homes using open fires and simple stoves
burning biomass (wood, animal dung and crop
waste) and coal.
WHO Fact sheet,
Indoor Air Pollution and
HealthFact sheet N°292
Updated March 2014
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/
en/
NU
Nearly 50 percent of pneumonia deaths among
children under 5 are due to particulate matter
inhaled from indoor air pollution.
WHO Fact sheet,
Indoor Air Pollution and
Health Fact sheet N°292
Updated March 2014
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/
en/
38 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Fair Trade
NU
Top Fair trade products: coffee, bananas, tea,
cocoa, cotton, sugar
FLO- Fair Trade Labeling
Organization International
p.2
http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_
upload/content/2009/resources/2011-10_
Fairtrade_At_a_Glance-EN.pdf
NU
Top ten 2012 coffee producers (in numerical
order): Brazil, Vietnam, Indonesia, Ethiopia,
Colombia, India, Mexico, Honduras, Peru,
Guatemala, Uganda
ICO- International Coffee
Organization
http://dev.ico.org/prices/po.htm
39 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Education
NU
One extra year of schooling increases an
individual’s earnings by up to 10 percent.
Education For All Global
Monitoring Report 2011,
UNESCO Quoted from:
Psacharopoulos, G. and
Patrinos, H. A. 2004.
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/
images/0019/001902/190214e.pdf
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/
images/0019/001907/190743e.pdf
Returns to investment in
education: a further update.
Education Economics, Vol.
12, No. 2, pp. 111–34.
NU
171 million people could be lifted out of
poverty if all students in low-income countries
left school with basic reading skills. That's the
equivalent to a 12 percent cut in world poverty.
NU
Ninety percent of children with disabilities in
developing countries do not attend school.
UNICEF
http://www.unicef.org/explore_3893.html
▲
55 percent of the children currently not in
primary school are girls. The gender gap is
even bigger in some countries of the world,
and is often even bigger in secondary schools.
UNESCOEducation for All
Global Monitoring Report
2013/14
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/
images/0022/002256/225654e.pdf
✚
In 2011, 57 million children were not in school.
http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/
Documents/fs-25-out-of-school-children-en.
pdf
✚
Of the 57 million out-of-school children of
primary age, almost one-half (49 percent)
will probably never enter school. A further 23
percent have attended school but dropped out,
and the remaining 28 percent are expected to
enter school in the future.
http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/
Documents/fs-25-out-of-school-children-en.
pdf
40 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/
images/0019/001902/190214e.pdf
✚
Around half the world’s out-of-school
population lives in conflict-affected countries,
up from 42 percent in 2008. Of the 28.5 million
elementary-school-aged children out of school
in conflict-affected countries, 95 percent live
in low and lower middle income countries.
Girls, who make up 55 percent of the total, are
the worst affected.
UNESCO Education for All
Global Monitoring Report
2013/14
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/
images/0022/002256/225654e.pdf
NU
Women’s literacy: more than half (64 percent)
of the 793 million adults in the world who
cannot read or write are women.
UNESCO
http://www.uis.unesco.org/literacy/Pages/
Literacy-adult-youth-2011.aspx
NU
More girls than ever are attending school, and
there are now 95 literate girls for every 100
literate boys.
United Nations, Millennium
Development Goals update
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
education.shtml
NU
In developing regions overall, the gender
parity index (or GPI), defined as girls’ school
enrollment ratio in relation to boys’ enrollment
ratio at each level of education is close to or
in the range of 0.97 and 1.03, the accepted
measure for parity.
United Nations, Millennium
Development Goals Report
2013
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/
report-2013/mdg-report-2013-english.pdf
✚
The return to a year of secondary education
for girls correlates to a 25 percent increase in
wages later in life.
UNICEF Girls Education and
Gender equality
http://www.unicef.org/education/
bege_70640.html
✚
There are various barriers to girls’ education
throughout the world: school fees; strong
cultural norms favoring boys’ education when
a family has limited resources; inadequate
sanitation facilities in schools such as lack
of private and separate latrines; and negative
classroom environments, where girls may face
violence, exploitation or corporal punishment.
Additionally, schools often lack sufficient
numbers of female teachers.
41 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
NU
Youth literacy: Nearly 90 percent of the
world’s 127 million illiterate youth live in
south Asia (65 million) and sub-Saharan Africa
(47 million).
Unicef, Progress for
Children 2012
http://www.unicef.org/publications/
files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._10_
EN_04232012.pdf
http://www.unicef.org/publications/
files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._10_
EN_04232012.pdf
In the least developed countries, a quarter of
young men aged 15 to 24 and a third of young
women aged 15 to 24 are illiterate.
NU
Globally, 60 percent of eligible children are
enrolled in secondary school. In sub-Saharan
Africa and the least developed countries, fewer
than one-third are enrolled.
Unicef, Progress for
Children 2012
NU
Some 90 percent of eligible children are
enrolled in primary school worldwide, despite
challenges in some countries and regions.
The State of the World’s
Children 2012: Children in
an urban world, p 91
NU
For every 10 children who start school:
In Sub-Saharan Africa, 4 drop out.
In south and west Asia, 3 drop out.
2012 Unesco General
Education Digest
42 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Pages/
global-education-digest.aspx
Animal Facts and Benefits
NU
NU
A dairy cow produces about
6 gallons of milk per day.
Milk provides protein for
undernourished children.
Purdue University Animal Sciences
http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/faen/dairy%20facts.html
Univ. Illinois Animal Science
Lactation Biology class ANSC438
Univ. Illinois Animal Science Lactation
Biology class ANSC438
National Dairy Council
http://classes.ansci.illinois.edu/ansc438/
Milkcompsynth/milkcomp_protein.html
National Dairy Council
http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/
SiteCollectionDocuments/education_materials/wic/
MILKsUniqueNutrientPackage.pdf
NU
NU
Milk’s vitamins help eyesight
and bone strength.
One year’s growth of sheep
fleece is about 8 pounds of
wool.
Univ. Illinois Animal Science
Lactation Biology class ANSC438
http://classes.ansci.illinois.edu/ansc438/
Milkcompsynth/milkcomp_protein.html
National Dairy Council
http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/
SiteCollectionDocuments/education_materials/wic/
MILKsUniqueNutrientPackage.pdf
Oklahoma Ag in the classroom
http://oklahoma4h.okstate.edu/aitc/lessons/extras/facts/
wool.html
http://www.sheep101.info/wool.html
NU
Lamb meat is high in vitamins
and minerals.
43 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Purdue University Animal Sciences
(course ANSC442)
http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/semprojs/
marketing/lamb.htm
University of Wollongong, Australia
http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.
cgi?article=1053&context=hbspapers
NU
More than 95 percent of water
buffalo are found in Asia.
NU
Pigs quit eating when they’re
full.
44 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Borghese, A., Mazzi, M. (2005).
Buffalo Population and Strategies in
the World. Pages 1–39 in Borghese,
A. (ed.) Buffalo Production and
Research. REU Technical Series 67.
Inter-regional Cooperative Research
Network on Buffalo, FAO Regional
Office for Europe, Rome.
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ah847e/ah847e.pdf
http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G2306
Definitions
Advocacy
The act or process of supporting a cause or proposal
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/advocacy
Heifer’s goal for advocacy: to focus on changing policies, practices and systems in support of limited resource farmers in
countries where Heifer works; to consider the US government activities that have impact on the world and global issues
such as food security, climate change, land and livestock management; to achieve one voice with local and national
governments, inter-governmental agencies that impact large numbers of consumers with a special focus on local food
systems, equity in women and men leadership, and livestock/land systems for limited resource farmers.
From annual Advocacy Report- Terry Wollen
*Heifer is still in the process of definining advocacy’s role in the organization.
Agroecology
An ecological approach to agriculture that views agricultural areas as ecosystems and is concerned with the ecological
impact of agricultural practices
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/agroecology
Heifer’s definition of agroecology: socially, economically and ecologically sustainable agricultural production achieved
through the management of natural resources to provide food and other products to restore and regenerate environmental
functions and ecosystem integrity that protect the biosphere; where agriculture & the environment work together
From Heifer Agroecology Brochure- Agroecology Council
Animal Well-being
Heifer’s definition of animal well-being: for animals to experience a good quality of life; this means that we provide proper
housing, management, nutrition, disease prevention and treatment, responsible care, humane handling and slaughter in
exchange for production and companionship.
From Heifer Agroecology Brochure- Agroecology Council
Animal Husbandry
The branch of agriculture concerned with the production and care of domestic animals
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/animal%20husbandry
45 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Appropriate Technology
Technology which is suited to the local environment, usually involving skills or materials which are easily available locally.
In many parts of world, devices to help the local population cultivate the land can be made out of simple pipes or pieces of
metal. Expensive tractors may not only be unsuitable for the terrain involved, but also use fuel which costs more than the
crops produced.
http://www.economics-dictionary.com/definition/appropriate-technology.html
Biodegradable
Capable of being broken down
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/biodegradable
Biodiversity
Biological diversity in an environment as indicated by numbers of different species of plants & animals
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biodiversity
Community Supported Agriculture
CSA- consists of a community of individuals who pledge support to a farm operation so that the farmland becomes either
legally or spiritually the community’s farm, with the growers & consumers providing mutual support and sharing the risks
and benefits of food production. Members or 'share-holders’ of the farm pledge in advance to cover the anticipated costs of
the farm operation.
http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/csa/csa.shtml
Cornerstones
A set of essential principles that Heifer abides by
The 12 cornerstones are: Passing on the Gift, Accountability, Sharing & Caring, Sustainability & self-reliance, Improved
animal management, Nutrition & income, Genuine need & justice, Gender & family focus, Improving the environment, Full
participation, Training & education, Spirituality
http://hip.heifer.org/About_Heifer/Cornerstones/Index.aspx
Cottage Industry
An industry whose labor force consists of family units or individuals working at home with their own equipment
a small and often informally organized industry
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139800/cottage-industry
Ecosystem
The complexity of a community of organisms and its environment functioning as an ecological unit
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ecosystem
46 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Enterprise Development
A very small enterprise owned and operated by poor people, usually in the informal sector. Usually involves 10 or fewer
workers, including the microentrepreneur and any unpaid family workers.
http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/200/updates/iu2-0802.pdf
(enterprise = a project or undertaking that is especially difficult, complicated or risky; a systematic purposeful activity
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/enterprise)
Environmental Degradation
The reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives, and needs. Potential effects
are varied and may contribute to an increase in vulnerability and the frequency and intensity of natural hazards. Some
examples: land degradation, deforestation, desertification, wildland fires, loss of biodiversity, land, water and air pollution,
climate change, sea level rise and ozone depletion.
http://www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm
Fair Trade
A movement whose goal is to help producers in developing countries to get a fair price for their products so as to reduce
poverty, provide for the ethical treatment of workers & farmers, and promote environmentally sustainable practices absolute
poverty
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fair%20trade
Food Desert
An area in the United States with limited access to affordable and nutritious food, particularly such an area composed of
predominantly lower income neighborhoods and communities
http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/ia/rbcs_2008_Farm_Bill_Conference_Report.pdftitle IV – 7527 (p.395)
Food Mile
The distance between the place where food is grown or made and the place where it is eaten
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/food-miles
Food Security
• High food security – No reported indications of food-access problems or limitations
• Marginal food security – One or two reported indications—typically of anxiety over food sufficiency or shortage of food
in the house. Little or no indication of changes in diets or food intake
• Low food security – Reports of reduced quality, variety, or desirability of diet. Little or no indication of reduced food
intake
• Very low food security – Reports of multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/FoodSecurity/labels.htm
47 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Food sovereignty
Food sovereignty is the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and
sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems.
http://www.foodsovereignty.org/Aboutus/WhatisIPC.aspx
Food System
A food system includes the who, what, where, when and why of our food, from farm to fork. Food systems encompass
the many interconnected steps that go into planning, producing, storing, processing, transporting, marketing, retailing,
preparing and eating food.
http://www.wkkf.org/what-we-support/healthy-kids/food-and-community.aspx
Gender
The behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with one sex
(VS sex which is the biological/natural differences between men and women: sex roles are universal.)
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gender
Heifer definition of gender: the social relations between men and women. It refers to the relationship between men and
women, boys and girls, and how this is socially constructed. Gender roles are dynamic and change over time.
From Annual Advocacy Report- Terry Wollen
Gender equity
Heifer definition of gender equity: the process of being fair and just to women and men in the distribution of benefits
and responsibilities. The concept recognizes that women and men have different roles, needs and power and that these
differences should be identified and addressed in a manner that rectifies the imbalances between the two sexes. Gender
equity is fundamental part of social equity and is an essential building block of sustainable development. Gender equity can
lead to gender equality.
From Annual Advocacy Report- Terry Wollen
Green Building
Practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout
a building's life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. This
practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability and comfort.
Green building is also known as a sustainable or high performance building.
http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/about.htm
Heifer
A young female cow who has not had a calf
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/heifer
48 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Human Development Index
(HDI) as a measure of development or underdevelopment of nations combining three dimensions:
Life expectancy at birth, education, and standard of living,
http://go.worldbank.org/N2N84RDV00
Hunger
A craving or urgent need for food or a specific nutrient; An uneasy sensation occasioned by lack of food;
A weakened condition brought about by prolonged lack of food
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hunger
Improved Sanitation
An improved sanitation facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact.
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmp2012/fast_facts/en/index.html
Improved Water
An improved drinking-water source is one that by the nature of its construction adequately protects the source from
outside contamination, in particular from fecal matter.
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmp2012/fast_facts/en/index.html
Heifer Learning Center-A site that provides curriculum based, hands on education agriculture and global education
Focused on Heifer International’s development model in order to engage and compel participants to take measurable
actions in support of Heifer’s mission.
Malnutrition
The state of being poorly nourished – is not merely a result of too little food, but of a combination of factors:
insufficient protein, energy and micronutrients, frequent infections or disease, poor care and feeding practices,
inadequate health services and unsafe water and sanitation.
http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_bigpicture.html
Microcredit
Also called microbanking or microfinance, a means of extending credit, usually in the form of small loans with no collateral,
to nontraditional borrowers such as the poor in rural or undeveloped areas; approach was institutionalized in 1976 by
Muhammad Yunus
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1076284/microcredit
NGO
Nongovernmental organization; a voluntary group of individuals or organizations, usually not affiliated with any
government, that is formed to provide services or to advocate a public policy
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/759090/nongovernmental-organization
49 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Nutrition
The process of eating the right kind of food so you can grow properly and be healthy
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/nutrition
Organic Farming
Farming without the use of artificial chemicals
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/organic
Passing on the Gift
Embodies Heifer's philosophy of practical sharing and caring. Every family who receives an animal signs a contract to pass
on the first female offspring to another family in need, and also agrees to pass on to others the training and skills that they
have acquired. Many groups also choose to "pass back" an additional animal, or a portion of sales income, to support their
project.
http://hip.heifer.org/About_Heifer/Cornerstones/Passing_on_the_Gift.aspx
Poverty
Level of income is very low according to governmental standards
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poverty
The State of Being Poor
When a person or group of persons do not have the proper income to pay for basic food, clothing and shelter
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/poverty
Private Consumption
The consumption of final goods by the household; family expenditure, final consumption of households
http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/private+consumption?cx=partner-pub-0939450753529744%3Av0qd01-tdlq&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF8&q=private+consumption&sa=Search#906
Refugee
Someone who has been forced to leave a country because of war or for religious or political reasons
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/refugee
Relief Work
The provision of assistance or intervention during or immediately after a disaster to meet the life preservation and basic
subsistence needs of those people affected. It can be of an immediate, short-term, or protracted duration.
http://www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm
50 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
Social Entrepreneur
Individuals with innovative solutions to society’s most pressing social problems. They are ambitious and persistent,
tackling major social issues and offering new ideas for wide-scale change.
They find what is not working and solve the problem by changing the system, spreading the solution, and persuading
entire societies to take new leaps.
http://www.ashoka.org/social_entrepreneur
Slum
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) defines a slum household as one that lacks one or more
of the following:
• Access to improved water – An adequate quantity of water that is affordable and available without excessive physical
effort and time
• Access to improved sanitation – Access to an excreta disposal system, either in the form of a private toilet or a public toilet
shared with a reasonable number of people
• Security of tenure – Evidence or documentation that can be used as proof of secure tenure status or for protection from
forced evictions
• Durability of housing – Permanent and adequate structure in a non-hazardous location, protecting its inhabitants from
the extremes of climatic conditions such as rain, heat, cold or humidity
• Sufficient living area – Not more than three people sharing the same room
Standard of Living
The amount of wealth, comfort & possessions that a person or group has
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/standard%20of%20living
Staple Foods
Food or foods that a person eats most often
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/staple%20diet
Stunting, Stunted
Chronic malnutrition, or stunting, is another form of growth failure. Chronic malnutrition occurs over time, unlike acute
malnutrition.
A child who is stunted or chronically malnourished often appears to be normally proportioned but is actually shorter than
normal for his/her age. Stunting starts before birth and is caused by poor maternal nutrition, poor feeding practices, poor
food quality as well as frequent infections which can slow down growth.
http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/training/2.3/20.html
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Sustainable
Able to be used without being completely used up or destroyed
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/sustainable
Sustainable Development
Meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains
within it two key concepts: the concept of "needs", in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding
priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the
environment's ability to meet present and the future needs.
Sustainable development is based on socio-cultural development, political stability and decorum, economic growth
and ecosystem protection, which all relate to disaster risk reduction.
http://www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm
Sustainable Farming/Agriculture
Farming with methods that do not completely use up or destroy natural resouces
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/sustainable
Underweight
Underweight is measured by comparing the weight-for-age of a child with a reference population of well-nourished
and healthy children.
Urbanization
The process of transition from a rural to a more urban society.
http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2007/presskit/pdf/sowp2007_eng.pdf
Urban Agriculture
Growing of plants and the raising of animals within and around cities.
The most striking feature of urban agriculture, which distinguishes it from rural agriculture, is that it is integrated into the
urban economic and ecological system: urban agriculture is embedded in—and interacting with—the urban ecosystem.
Such linkages include the use of urban residents as laborers, use of typical urban resources (like organic waste as compost
and urban wastewater for irrigation), direct links with urban consumers, direct impacts on urban ecology (positive and
negative), being part of the urban food system, competing for land with other urban functions, being influenced by urban
policies and plans, etc. Urban agriculture is not a relict of the past that will fade away (urban agriculture increases when the
city grows) nor brought to the city by rural immigrants that will loose their rural habits over time. It is an integral part of the
urban system.
http://www.ruaf.org/node/512
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Value Added Product
Increased value of a good by further processing. Value-added products include soybean meal and oil, frozen vegetables for
retail consumption, and processed meats.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodConsumption/Glossary.htm#Valueadded
Wasting
Wasting is an indicator of acute malnutrition that reflects a recent and severe process that has led to substantial weight loss.
This is usually the result of starvation and/or disease.
Watersheds
A line of hills or mountains from which rivers drain; a ridge between two rivers; area of land that includes a particular river
or lake and all the rivers, streams etc. that flow into it
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/watershed
Water Scarcity
There are two ways to define water scarcity. Physical water scarcity means lack of natural resources to meet the human
demand. Economic water scarcity means inadequate management of the natural resources, resulting in poor/insufficient
means to provide water in an accessible manner.
Water Stress
There are several indicators of water resource stress, including the amount of water available per person and the ratio of
volume of water withdrawn to volume of water potentially available. When withdrawals are greater than 20 percent of total
renewable resources, water stress often is a limiting factor on development (Falkenmark and Lindh, 1976). Withdrawals of 40
percent or more represent high stress.
Wetland
An area of land (such as a marsh or swamp) that is covered with shallow water
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/wetland
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Jargon Exchanges
Instead of:
Say:
Inputs
Sustainable development
Gifts of animals, seeds, equipment and training
Long-lasting change
Building social capital
Encouraging collaboration between individuals and between individuals
and community entities
Finding buyers
Extra processing for greater profits
Training in skills that lead to self-reliance
Small-scale farmers
Hunger
Able to meet their basic needs
Farmers’ group; women’s group
Equality of the sexes
Values training
Training
Areas where healthy food is hard to find
Growing food in an Earth-friendly, sustainable way
The rights of people to produce their own food
Farming that lets a farmer grow enough food for his or her family
Grazing and raising livestock
“Franchise” or “spinoff,” and explain
Heifer Village learning center in Little Rock
small businesses that often rely on micro-loans for financing
Change, such as more income or better diet
Number of families helped
Tools appropriate for the circumstances; usually requiring less
sophisticated maintenance
Market linkages
Value chain development
Values-Based Holistic Community Development
Smallholder farmers
Food insecurity
Sustainable livelihoods
Self-help group
Gender equity
Cornerstones training
Capacity Building
Food deserts
Agroecology
Food sovereignty
Subsistence agriculture
Pastoralist
LSE
Murphy Keller Education Center
Microenterprise
Impact
Scale
Appropriate Technology
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World Map Activity Statistics
Private Consumption of Goods and Services
Population
▲ World
▲ United States
▲
Continent
7,187,820,185
Percentage of Consumption
Coins Allocated
32%
25%
31%
8%
2%
2%
32
25
31
8
2
2
North America
Asia
Europe
Latin America
Africa
Oceania
318,737,402,049, 580
Source: US Census Bureau Population Clock Aug 25, 2014
http://www.census.gov/popclock/
World Population Chart
*According to the United Nations
Percentage of the
World’s Population*
15
Numbers Representing the Appropriate Percentage
For a Group of These Sizes
20
25
30
40
50
▲
Asia
60%
9
12
15
18
24
29
▲
Africa
16%
2
3
4
5
6
8
Europe
10%
2
2
2
3
4
5
Latin America
9%
1
2
2
3
3
5
North America
5%
1
1
2
2
2
2
Oceania
0.5% of the world’s population, which is insignificant for this activity
http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/trends/concise-report2014.shtml
55 | HEIFER SOURCE DOCUMENT
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