Energy in Ireland
Key Statistics 2014
E n e rg y i n I reland
Key Statistics 2014
Report prepared by
Martin Howley, Mary Holland and Dr Denis Dineen
December 2014
© Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland
Reproduction of the contents is permissible provided the source is acknowledged
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
1
Table of Contents
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................3
Ireland – Key Facts..............................................................................................................................4
Energy Flow – Overall 2013.............................................................................................................5
Energy Flow – Transport 2013.......................................................................................................6
Energy Flow – Thermal Uses 2013................................................................................................7
Energy Flow – Electricity Generation 2013...............................................................................8
CO2 Emissions by Mode....................................................................................................................9
Primary Energy and CO2 Emissions per Capita.......................................................................9
Total Primary Energy Requirement by Sector 1990 – 2013............................................. 10
Total Primary Energy Requirement by Fuel 1990 – 2013................................................. 10
Total Primary Energy Requirement by Sector.......................................................................11
Total Primary Energy Requirement by Fuel...........................................................................11
Primary Energy Related CO2 by Sector 1990 – 2013............................................................12
Non-Emissions Trading Energy Related CO2 1990 – 2013.................................................12
Primary Energy Related CO2 by Sector.....................................................................................13
Non-Emissions Trading Scheme Energy Related CO2 ( excl. ETS Industry)................13
Energy Balance 2013....................................................................................................................... 14
Total Final Consumption by Sector 1990 – 2013................................................................. 16
Total Final Consumption by Fuel 1990 – 2013...................................................................... 16
Total Final Consumption by Sector...........................................................................................17
Total Final Consumption by Fuel................................................................................................17
CO2 Emissions per kWh and Efficiency of Electrical Supply 1990 – 2013 .................. 18
Primary Fuel Mix for Electricity Generation 1990 – 2013................................................. 18
Electricity Supply – Efficiency and CO2 Intensity................................................................. 19
Primary Fuel Mix for Electricity Generation.......................................................................... 19
Indigenous Energy Production 1990 – 2013......................................................................... 20
Imported Energy by Fuel 1990 – 2013..................................................................................... 20
Indigenous Production and Import Dependency............................................................. 21
Imported Energy by Fuel.............................................................................................................. 21
Renewable Energy Contribution to GFC 1990 – 2013....................................................... 22
Renewable Energy Contribution to Gross Electricity Consumption.......................... 22
Renewable Energy Contribution to Gross Energy.............................................................. 23
Renewable Electricity Contribution to GEC.......................................................................... 23
Renewable Energy Contribution to Thermal Energy (RES-H)........................................ 24
Renewable Energy as a proportion of (petrol & diesel) Transport (RES-T)............... 24
Progress towards Renewable Energy Targets 2013........................................................... 25
Energy Efficiency in Ireland......................................................................................................... 26
Industry, Transport and Households Energy Efficiency Indices.................................... 27
Private Cars per 1,000 of Population........................................................................................ 28
Specific CO2 Emissions of New Cars 2000 – 2013 (2014 est)............................................ 28
Calorific Values................................................................................................................................. 29
Emission Factors.............................................................................................................................. 29
2
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland
The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland has a mission to play a leading role
in transforming Ireland into a society based on sustainable energy structures,
technologies and practices. To fulfil this mission SEAI aims to provide well-timed
and informed advice to Government, and deliver a range of programmes efficiently
and effectively, while engaging and motivating a wide range of stakeholders and
showing continuing flexibility and innovation in all activities. SEAI’s actions will
help advance Ireland to the vanguard of the global green technology movement,
so that Ireland is recognised as a pioneer in the move to decarbonised energy
systems.
Energy Policy Statistical Support Unit
SEAI has a lead role in developing and maintaining comprehensive national
and sectoral statistics for energy production, transformation and end use. This
data is a vital input in meeting international reporting obligations, for advising
policy makers and informing investment decisions. Based in Cork, EPSSU is SEAI’s
specialist statistics team. Its core functions are to:
•• Collect, process and publish energy statistics to support policy analysis and
development in line with national needs and international obligations;
•• Conduct statistical and economic analyses of energy services sectors and
sustainable energy options;
•• Contribute to the development and promulgation of appropriate
sustainability indicators.
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
3
Introduction
This booklet presents a summary of the key points from a number of Sustainable
Energy Authority of Ireland’s Energy Policy Statistical Support Unit reports. It is
intended to provide a snapshot of key energy and energy related facts and figures
for the period 1990 to 2013 with a particular focus on 2013. The full list of SEAI/
EPSSU reports is available from www.seai.ie/statistics.
This booklet also examines energy trends between 2005 and 2013, using 2005
as a reference year. This acknowledges the policy context, aligning with the
timescales in the EU Effort Sharing Decision 406/2009/EC on greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions, which requires Ireland to achieve a 20% reduction, relative to
2005 levels, by 2020 in GHG emissions for sectors of the economy not covered by
the EU Emissions Trading Directive (i.e. non-ETS GHG emissions).
This booklet is based on data, compiled by SEAI’s Energy Policy Statistical Support
Unit, which is used to generate the annual energy balance and to fulfil Ireland’s
legal obligations under the EU Energy Statistics Regulation and reporting
requirements to the International Energy Agency. The authors are grateful to
the relevant Government Departments and Agencies, energy suppliers and
distributors for the provision of this data.
Energy balance data analysed in this report were frozen on 11th November 2014.
Balance data are updated whenever more accurate information is known. To
obtain the most up-to-date balance figures, please visit the statistics publications
section on the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland’s website.
To obtain the most up-to-date balance figures, visit the statistics publications
section of the SEAI website (www.seai.ie/Energy-Data-Portal/Energy%20
Data%20Publications/). A new Data Portal on this website links to interactive
energy statistics, forecasts and other data developed by SEAI.
An energy data service is also available at http://www.seai.ie/statistics; follow the
links for Energy Statistics Databank. This service is hosted by the Central Statistics
Office with data provided by SEAI.
4
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Ireland – Key Facts
•• The estimated population of Ireland in 2011 was 4.593 million persons (CSO).
•• Gross domestic product in Ireland in 2013 was €174,791m in current prices
(CSO).
•• Ireland’s economy grew by 0.2% in 2013. Primary energy demand fell by 1.2%
to 13.3 Mtoe and energy-related CO2 emissions decreased by 3.8% to 35 Mt.
•• Energy-related CO2 emissions in 2013 were 17% above 1990 levels.
•• Since 2007, Ireland’s economy has contracted by 6.7%, reaching 2005/2006
levels in 2013. Energy demand has fallen by 18% to 1999 levels and associated
CO2 emissions have fallen by 22% to 1997 levels.
•• Ireland’s import dependence in 2013 was 89%, down from a peak of 90% in
2006 but up from the 85% recorded in 2012.
•• Electricity generated from renewable energy (normalised) reached 20.9% of
gross electricity consumption (RES-E) in 2013. Ireland’s target for 2020 is 40%.
•• Renewable energy contribution to thermal energy (RES-H) was 5.7% in 2013.
Ireland’s RES-H target for 2020 is 12%.
•• Renewable energy in transport (RES-T) reached 2.8% in 2012, or 4.9% when
weightings are applied to biofuels from waste and second generation
biofuels. Ireland’s target for 2020 is 10%.
•• In 2013, renewable energy grew by 6.9% to 911 ktoe, representing 7.8% of
Ireland’s gross final energy use. Ireland’s target under the EU Renewable
Energy Directive is to achieve a 16% renewable energy penetration by 2020.
•• Energy-related CO2 emissions in 2013 in sectors not included in EU emissions
trading (non-ETS) were 20% below 2005 levels. Ireland’s target is to achieve a
20% reduction in total non-ETS GHG emissions by 2020.
•• The average specific emissions from new passenger cars purchased in Ireland
in 2013 were 120.9 g CO2/km, down from 164 g CO2/km in 2007. This has already
met the target of 130 g CO2/km set by the EU Directive (443/2009) for 2015.
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
5
Energy Flow – Overall 2013
Oil
6,262 ktoe
Hydro
50 ktoe
Biomass, Other Renewables Natural Gas
Oil Refining
& Wastes 528 ktoe
own use /loss 65 ktoe 64 ktoe
Electricity Imports
Electricity
(net) 182 ktoe
Transformation
Briquetting
& Transmission
16 ktoe
Losses 2,266 ktoe
Total Primary Energy
Requirement 13,332 ktoe
Wind 391 ktoe
Natural Gas
3,865 ktoe
Coal 1,324 ktoe
Peat 723 ktoe
Total Fina
l Consum
10,825 kt
ption
oe
Agriculture &
Fisheries 249 ktoe
Transport 4,279 ktoe
Residential 2,763 ktoe
Industry 2,235 ktoe
Services 1,300 ktoe
Note: Some statistical differences exist between inputs and outputs
The above sankey diagram shows the energy balance for Ireland in 2013 as a flow
diagram. This illustrates clearly the significance of each of the fuel inputs as well
as showing how much energy is lost in transformation.
The main points are as follows:
•• Overall primary energy use fell by 1.2% in 2013. The only energy sources that
showed growth in 2013 were oil, renewables, wastes and electricity imports.
•• Oil continues to be the dominant energy source, increasing from a share of
47% in 1990 to a peak of 60% in 1999, but falling to 47% in 2013. Consumption
of oil, in absolute terms, increased by 0.3% in 2013 to 6,262 ktoe.
•• Natural gas use fell in 2013 by 3.7% to 3,872 ktoe and its share of TPER was
29%. Over the period 2005 – 2013, natural gas use has increased by 11% (1.4%
per annum).
•• Coal use fell by 11.3% and its share fell back to 9.9% in 2013 from 11.3% in 2012.
Over the eight years 2005 – 2013, coal demand fell by 30% (4.3% per annum).
•• Peat use fell by 9.8% and its share of overall energy use was 5.4% in 2013.
•• Total renewable energy increased by 6.9% during 2012 to 911 ktoe. Hydro
production fell by 28% in 2013 compared with 2012. Wind energy increased
by 13.2%, biomass by 8.3% and other renewables by 5.9%. The overall share of
renewables in primary energy stood at 6.8% in 2013.
•• Electricity imports (net) increased by 413% to 182 ktoe in 2013 as a result of the
interconnector to the UK coming on stream.
6
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Energy Flow – Transport 2013
Kerosene
610 ktoe
Biofuels
102 ktoe
Diesel
2,385 ktoe
Electricity Generation &
Refining Losses
48 ktoe
Fuel Tourism
250 ktoe
Unspecified
430 ktoe
Transpor
t Final
Consum
ption 4,27
9 ktoe
Road
(Private Car)
1,842 ktoe
Petrol
1,207 ktoe
Electricity Fuel
Inputs 9 ktoe
LPG
1 ktoe
Rail
42 ktoe
Navigation
57 ktoe
Public
Passenger
151 ktoe
Note: Some statistical differences exist between inputs and outputs
Aviation
Road Freight 607 ktoe
581 ktoe
Light Goods Vehicle
319 ktoe
Ireland’s transport sector energy balance for 2013 is presented above as an energy
flow diagram.
The main points are as follows:
•• Transport energy demand, which was responsible for a third of total energy
use in Ireland, grew by 2.9% in 2013. Over half of all transport energy consists
of diesel (55%).
•• Biofuels in use transport in 2013 amounted to 102 ktoe.
•• Renewable energy in transport (RES-T) reached 2.8% in 2013, or 4.9% when
weightings are applied to biofuels from waste and second generation
biofuels. Ireland’s target was 3% by 2010 and is 10% by 2020.
•• Petrol consumption in transport was at 1.2 Mtoe in 2013, a fall of 5.8% on the
previous year.
•• Diesel consumption in transport was 2.4 Mtoe in 2013, an increase of 6.4% on
the previous year. Diesel consumption grew by 251% between 1990 and 2013.
•• Road transport accounted for 68% of transport final energy consumption in
2013 (84%) if unspecified and fuel tourism is included).
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
7
Energy Flow – Thermal Uses 2013
Renewables
256 ktoe
Wastes
35 ktoe
Natural Gas
1,660 ktoe
Coal
355 ktoe
Peat
234 ktoe
Own Use/Refining loss
64 ktoe
Residential
2,079 ktoe
Total Final
Energy 4,469 ktoe
Total Primary
Energy 4,533 ktoe
Oil
1,993 ktoe
Agriculture
201 ktoe
Note: Some statistical differences and rounding errors exist between inputs and outputs.
Services
753 ktoe
Industry
1,436 ktoe
The above presents Ireland’s thermal energy balance for 2013 as an energy flow
diagram. Thermal energy here is defined as energy used for space, process and
water heating and also for cooking etc. It is calculated as the residual energy
requirement when energy use from transport and electricity generation are
subtracted from the total.
The main points are as follows:
•• Energy use for thermal purposes accounted for 34% of total primary energy
supply in 2013 and 41% of final energy demand.
•• Oil is the dominant fuel accounting for 44% of fuel inputs in 2013.
•• Renewable energy contribution to thermal energy (RES-H) was 5.7% in 2013.
Ireland’s target for 2010 was 5%.
•• On the right of it can be seen that the residential sector accounts for the
largest share of final thermal energy usage (47%) in 2013, followed by industry
(32%), services (17%) and agriculture (4%).
•• Final energy use in buildings, the bulk of which is thermal energy, increased
by 0.1% in 2013 and accounted for 38% of final demand. When corrected for
weather, there was a 1.2% increase in 2013.
8
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Energy Flow – Electricity Generation 2013
Electricity
Imports
182 ktoe
Wind
Landfill Gas, Biomass,
391 ktoe Hydro Biogas & Wastes 141 ktoe Own Use / Transmission Loss
50 ktoe
262 ktoe
Electricity Transformation
Loss 2,004 ktoe
Natural Gas
2,098 ktoe
Coal
970 ktoe
Primary En
er
Input 4,38 gy
2 ktoe
Fuel Oil
33 ktoe
Transform
atio
and Transm n, Own Use
ission Loss
2,266 ktoe
es
Final Cons
um
2,081 ktoe ption
Industry 799 ktoe
Gasoil
&
Peat
Residential 684 ktoe
507 ktoe Refinery Gas Transport
Services 547 ktoe
10 ktoe
Agriculture
4 ktoe
48 ktoe
Note: Some statistical differences and rounding errors exist between inputs and outputs
The above shows graphically the flow of energy in electricity generation for 2013.
•• Primary fuel inputs on the left totalled 4,382 ktoe, 33% of total primary energy
supply in 2013.
•• Consumption of electricity by final consumers accounted for less than one
fifth (19%) of total final energy demand.
•• The relative size of the useful final electricity consumption to the energy lost
in transformation and transmission is striking. These losses represent 52% of
the energy inputs.
•• Natural gas was the dominant fuel in 2013 responsible for 48% of total primary
input to electricity generation, followed by coal, accounting for 22% of the
fuel mix.
•• In 2013, renewables accounted for 12.7% of the energy inputs to generate
electricity with wind contributing 8.9% of total inputs. Wind generation grew
by 13.2% in 2013.
•• The industry sector accounts for the largest share of electricity usage (38%) in
2013, followed by residential (33%) and services (26%), and agriculture (2.3%).
•• Energy inputs to electricity generation fell by 5.2% in 2013 while at the same
time final consumption of electricity increased by 0.2%.
•• Electricity imports grew by 413% in 2013 to 182 ktoe. This was as a direct result
of the East West Interconnector being operational for the full year.
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
9
CO2 Emissions by Mode
18
16
Transport
Electricity
Thermal
14
Mt CO2
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
•• From 1990 to 2013, total energy-related CO2 emissions increased by 16% (0.7%
per annum on average). Transport recorded the largest increase at 109%
(3.2% per annum) over the period. Transport share of energy-related CO2
emissions was 35% in 2013.
Primary Energy and CO2 Emissions per Capita
14
50
45
Primary Energy per Capita
(MWh/capita)
40
tonnes CO₂/capita
30
8
25
6
20
15
4
10
tonnes CO2/capita
10
35
MWh/capita
12
2
5
0
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
•• Over the period 1990 to 2013 primary energy per capita increased by 7.3%
to 34 MWh while energy-related CO2 emissions per capita fell by 9.4% to 7.9
tonnes. This reflects the switch from the use of solid fuels to oil, gas and
renewable energy.
10
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Total Primary Energy Requirement by Sector 1990 – 2013
16
14
12
Agriculture
Commercial/Public Services
Residential
Transport
Industry
Mtoe
10
8
6
4
2
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
•• Over the period 1990 – 2013 primary energy increased by 40% while the
economy grew by 159%. Since 2005, primary energy decreased by 16% to
1999 levels while the economy returned to 2006 levels.
•• In 2013 Ireland’s primary energy requirement fell by 1.2% to 13.3 Mtoe.
Total Primary Energy Requirement by Fuel 1990 – 2013
16
14
12
10
Mtoe
Net Electricity Import/Export
Renewables
Natural Gas
Oil
Peat
Coal
8
6
4
2
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
•• Coal peat and gas use fell by 11.3%, 9.8% and 3.9% respectively while
renewables grew by 6.9%. Electricity imports grew by 413%, from a small
base, to 182 ktoe
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
11
Total Primary Energy Requirement by Sector
Total Primary Energy Requirement (ktoe)
1990 2000 2005
2010
2011 2012
Shares %
2013 1990 2013
Industry
2,524 3,768 3,608 3,264 3,157 3,196 3,142
26.8
23.7
Transport
2,054 4,161 5,179 4,660 4,457 4,204 4,326
21.8
32.7
Residential
2,995 3,522 3,920 4,239 3,660 3,610 3,552
31.8
26.8
Services
1,504 2,228 2,641 2,268 1,974 2,009 1,923
16.0
14.5
3.5
2.3
Agri/Fishery
Total
331
409
421
333
315
311
279
9,497 13,780 15,828 14,755 13,814 13,496 13,332
•• Transport primary energy use fell for the first time during 2008, by 4.6%, as a
result of the economic downturn. Transport energy use continued to fall until
2012 by 27% cumulatively since the start of the recession in 2008. Transport
primary energy grew by 2.9% in 2013 compared with 2012.
•• Industry primary energy use fell by 1.7% in 2013. Industry’s share of primary
energy was 24% in 2013.
•• Overall, primary energy use in buildings increased by 22% since 1990 and in
2013 it fell by 2.6%.
Total Primary Energy Requirement by Fuel
Total Primary Energy Requirement (ktoe)
Shares %
1990
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
Coal
2,085
1,815
1,886
1,241
1,238
1,493 1,324
Peat
1,377
803
786
791
761
Oil
4,422
7,859
9,130
7,294
6,789
Natural Gas 1,446
802
2013 1990 2013
723
22.0
9.9
14.5
5.4
6,246 6,262
46.6
47.0
4,023 3,872
3,059
3,477
4,692
4,125
15.2
29.0
168
235
373
688
845
853
911
1.8
6.8
Wastes
-
-
-
9
14
44
58
-
0.4
Elect. Imp.
0
8
176
40
42
36
182
0.0
1.4
Renewables
Total
9,497 13,780 15,828 14,755 13,814 13,496 13,332
•• Oil continues to be the dominant energy source. The share of oil in primary
energy in 2013 was 47%. Consumption of oil, in absolute terms, increased by
0.3% in 2013 following reduced use in the previous five years.
12
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Primary Energy Related CO2 by Sector 1990 – 2013
Agriculture
50
Services
Residential
40
Transport
Industry
Mt CO2
30
20
10
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
•• Energy-related CO2 emissions in 2013 were 17% higher than 1990 levels.
•• Energy-related CO2 emissions (excluding aviation) fell by 3.8% in 2013
compared with 2012.
Non-Emissions Trading Energy Related CO2 1990 – 2013
30
30000
25
25000
20
20000
Mt CO2
2020 Target: 20% below 2005 level
15
15000
10
10000
5
5000
0
Industry non-ETS (2005 on)
Agriculture
Services
Residential
Transport
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
0
1990
Target
•• Non-Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) sectors (including non-ETS industry)
energy-related CO2 emissions fell by 1.4% per annum between 2005 and 2010,
fell by 4.7% per annum between 2010 and 2013 and fell by 0.2% in 2013.
13
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Primary Energy Related CO2 by Sector
Energy-related CO2 Emissions (ktCO2)
1990
2000
Shares %
2005 2010 2011 2012 2013
1990 2013
Industry
7,899 11,378 10,519 8,730 8,236 8,401 7,948
25.8
21.9
Transport
6,043 12,335 15,293 13,567 13,030 12,331 12,609 19.8
34.7
Residential 10,764 11,156 11,843 12,125 10,476 10,355 9,956
35.2
27.4
Services
4,817
6,748
7,764 6,058 5,242 5,386 4,897
15.8
13.5
Agriculture 1,046
1,261
1,271
3.4
2.4
977
925
918
804
•• The most significant area of growth overall since 1990 was in the transport
sector, where CO2 emissions in 2013 were 109% higher than those in 1990
(3.2% average annual growth rate). Transport emissions in 2013 grew by 2.3%.
Non-Emissions Trading Scheme Energy Related CO2 ( excl.
ETS Industry)
Energy-related CO2 Emissions (ktCO2)
Transport
1990
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
6,029
12,315
15,256
13,542
13,008
12,307
12,589
Residential
7,052
6,243
7,070
7,594
6,422
6,055
6,229
Services
Industry (excl
ETS industry)
Agriculture
2,311
2,440
2,385
2,259
2,060
2,062
1,912
:
:
1,602
1,132
864
724
442
660
822
862
681
652
622
542
Total
16,053
21,820
27,318
25,285
23,069
21,839
21,789
•• Non-ETS emissions are now 20% below 2005 levels. Under EU Decision
406/2009/EC there is a requirement on Ireland to achieve a 20% reduction in
total non-ETS emissions on 2005 levels by 2020.
14
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Energy Balance 2013
2013
Units = ktoe
Indigenous Production
Imports
Exports
Marine Bunkers
Stock Change
Primary Energy Req’ment
Transformation Input
Transformation Output
Exchanges & Transfers
Own use & losses
Total Final Consumption
Industry
Non-Energy Mining
Food and beverages
Textiles and textile products
Wood and wood products
Pulp, paper, etc.
Chemicals
Rubber and plastic products
Other non-metallic minerals
Basic metals & fabr. metals
Machinery and equip. n.e.c.
Electrical & optical equip.
Transport equipment
Other manufacturing
Transport
Road Freight
Light Goods Vehicle (LGV)
Road Private Car
Public Passenger Services
Rail
Domestic Aviation
International Aviation
Fuel Tourism
Navigation
Unspecified
Residential
Services
Agricultural
Fisheries
Statistical Difference
COAL PEAT
0
1,496
10
0
-162
1,324
970
24
0
355
82
21
61
273
22
1,292
9
-560
723
639
106
16
218
1
1
218
-44
OIL
7,973
1,212
143
-73
6,262
2,943
2,932
-26
64
6,145
546
34
137
3
3
3
29
10
141
96
6
42
5
39
4,173
562
309
1,791
147
38
3
603
243
57
418
918
307
177
24
-14
Kerosene Fueloil Gasoline
1,313
5
0
24
1,333
111
1,390
78
2
46
1
1
11
7
8
606
2
603
706
54
181
901
18
-2
-739
33
917
2
148
138
2
29
1
1
7
5
88
5
10
-1
672
13
-5
654
563
1,198
1,198
918
20
1
109
150
19
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Gasoil/
Diesel
Other
Oil
GAS
2,077
0
125
-4
1,948
4
1,179
-4
3,143
125
30
28
1
2
1
8
3
39
3
3
2
1
5
2,368
562
309
872
127
38
134
57
268
161
289
177
24
-24
2,879
31
-11
2,837
2,650
140
-24
64
265
204
33
3
6
90
6
2
40
4
20
1
1
51
9
-26
151
3,717
-3
3,865
2,155
65
1,633
620
10
90
1
2
3
56
4
15
321
5
106
2
6
0
606
407
13
RENEELEC
WABLES
798
114
-2
911
118
41
-440
358
153
28
100
25
102
18
10
50
5
7
12
64
38
-5
216
33
182
68
1,806
440
262
2,081
799
57
170
10
34
19
145
35
51
64
20
99
17
78
4
4
684
547
48
17
TOTAL
2,299
13,516
1,264
143
-723
13,332
6,918
4,891
-2
407
10,825
2,235
102
447
14
139
25
230
49
327
480
31
247
23
122
4,279
581
319
1,842
151
42
3
603
250
57
430
2,763
1,300
225
24
24
Units = ktoe
15
2013
Indigenous Production
Imports
Exports
Marine Bunkers
Stock Change
Primary Energy Req’ment
Transformation Input
Transformation Output
Exchanges & Transfers
Own use & losses
Total Final Consumption
Industry
Non-Energy Mining
Food and beverages
Textiles and textile products
Wood and wood products
Pulp, paper, etc.
Chemicals
Rubber and plastic products
Other non-metallic mineral
Basic metals and fabricated
Machinery & equip. n.e.c.
Electrical & optical equip.
Transport equipment
Other manufacturing
Transport
Road Freight
Light Goods Vehicle (LGV)
Road Private Car
Public Passenger Services
Rail
Domestic Aviation
International Aviation
Fuel Tourism
Navigation
Unspecified
Residential
Services
Agricultural
Fisheries
Statistical Difference
16
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Total Final Consumption by Sector 1990 – 2013
14
12
10
Agriculture
Commercial/Public Services
Residential
Transport
Industry
Mtoe
8
6
4
2
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
•• Ireland’s TFC in 2013 was 10.8 Mtoe, 1.1% higher than in 2012 and 49% above
1990 levels.
•• Final energy use in transport grew in 2013 by 2.5% and industry final energy
grew by 1.2%. These sectors’ energy use is closely coupled with economic
growth.
•• Residential final energy use grew by 1.3% in 2013 and services final energy
fell by 2.4%.
Total Final Consumption by Fuel 1990 – 2013
14
Wastes
Renewables
12
Electricity
Natural Gas
10
8
Mtoe
Oil
Peat
Coal
6
4
2
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
17
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Total Final Consumption by Sector
Total Final Consumption (ktoe)
1990
2008
2009
2010
2011
Shares %
2012
2013 1990 2013
Industry
1,720 2,503 2,198 2,261 2,230 2,208 2,234
23.7
20.6
Transport
2,019 5,444 4,863 4,597 4,422 4,172 4,279
27.8
39.5
Residential
2,258 3,149 3,086 3,270 2,841 2,726 2,763
31.2
25.5
Services
1,001 1,751 1,530 1,472 1,339 1,332 1,300
13.8
12.0
3.5
2.3
Agri./Fish.
Total
252
358
314
294
281
273
249
7,249 13,207 11,991 11,894 11,113 10,712 10,825
•• Energy use in transport grew in 2013 by 2.5% to 4.3 Mtoe.
•• Final energy use in the residential sector grew by 1.3% in 2013 to 2.8 Mtoe.
Total Final Consumption by Fuel
Total Final Consumption (ktoe)
Shares %
1990 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1990 2013
Coal
843
422
379
367
328
328
355
11.6
Peat
757
280
273
254
242
215
218
10.4
2.0
54.5
56.8
Oil
3,952 8,389 7,393 7,162 6,554 6,094 6,145
3.3
Natural Gas
570
7.9
15.1
Renewables
108
255
291
321
327
329
357
1.5
3.3
-
-
13
9
14
25
35
-
0.3
14.1
19.2
Wastes
1,567 1,468 1,596 1,509 1,641 1,633
Electricity
1,021 2,294 2,173 2,186 2,139 2,078 2,081
Total
7,249 13,207 11,991 11,894 11,113 10,712 10,825
•• Final consumption of oil grew by 0.8% in 2013 to 6.1 Mtoe and its share of final
energy consumption was 57%, down from 60% in 2010.
•• Final consumption of coal increased by 8.2% in 2013 to 355 ktoe.
•• Final consumption of renewables grew by 8.6% in 2013 to 357 ktoe.
•• Energy from non-renewable waste increased by 37% from a low base to 35
ktoe.
18
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
CO2 Emissions per kWh and Efficiency of Electrical Supply
1990 – 2013
50%
1.0
0.9
45%
0.8
kg CO2/kWh
40%
0.7
35%
0.6
0.5
Electricity CO₂ per kWh
30%
Efficiency of Electricity Supply (%)
25%
0.4
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
•• The efficiency of electricity supply increased to 48.3% in 2013 from 46% in
2013 while emissions from electricity generation fell to 469 g CO2/kWh.
Primary Fuel Mix for Electricity Generation 1990 – 2013
6
5
4
Electricity (net imports)
Renewables
Natural Gas
Gasoil
Fuel Oil
Peat
Coal
3
Mtoe
2
1
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
•• Natural gas remains the dominant fuel in electricity generation with its share
at 48% in 2013, down from 55% in 2011.
•• In 2013 there was a fall in all fossil fuel used for electricity generation falling
by 10.5% in total. Electricity generated from wind increased by 13.2% in 2013.
19
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Electricity Supply – Efficiency and CO2 Intensity
Electricity Supply
Increase %
Per annum
‘90-’13
33.2% 44.8% 45.5% 44.5% 47.3% 45.6% 48.3% 45.4
1.6
1990 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 ‘90-’13
Efficiency
Intensity
(g CO2/kWh)
896
547
522
530
489
529
469
-47.7
-2.8
•• During 2013 the efficiency increased to 48.3% due increased wind (+13.2%, or
46 ktoe) and electricity imports (+413%, or 147 ktoe) on the system.
Primary Fuel Mix for Electricity Generation
Fuels used in electricity generation (ktoe)
Shares %
1990
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Coal
1,245
991
775
868
913
1,160
970
40.2
22.1
Peat
604
578
567
491
480
557
507
19.5
11.6
Oil
343
355
214
137
55
56
43
11.1
1.0
Natural Gas
843
27.2
47.9
Renewables
60
341
393
368
516
527
558
1.9
12.7
Wastes
-
0
0
0
0
18
23
-
0.5
Electricity
Imports
0
39
66
40
42
36
182
0.0
4.2
Total
2013 1990 2013
2,811 2,759 3,025 2,498 2,269 2,098
3,094 5,115 4,774 4,929 4,505 4,623 4,382
•• Coal and peat both reduced their share in the electricity fuel mix from a
combined 37% of fuel inputs in 2012 to 34% in 2013.
•• Wind contribution to electricity generation grew by 13.2% in 2013. The
contribution from hydro fell by 28% as a result of there being less rainfall in
2013 compared with 2012. Other renewables in the form of landfill gas, biogas
and biomass made up the remainder of the contribution at 2.7% of fuel inputs.
In 2013 there was a 6% increase in overall renewables contribution to the
electricity fuel mix.
20
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Indigenous Energy Production 1990 – 2013
Mtoe
4.5
4.0
Renewables
3.5
Coal
3.0
Peat
Gas
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
•• Production of indigenous gas decreased by 92% over the period since 1990.
•• Indigenous production of energy peaked in 1995 at 4.1 Mtoe and there was a
44% reduction since.
Imported Energy by Fuel 1990 – 2013
16
14
12
Electricity
Gas
Oil
Coal
Import Dependency
10
Mtoe
100%
80%
60%
8
40%
6
4
20%
2
0%
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
•• The decrease in indigenous production has coincided with the increase in
imported energy. Over the period 1990 to 2013 there was an 73% increase
of total net imports with a 31% increase in net imports of oil and as a result
Ireland’s overall import dependency was 89% in 2013.
21
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Indigenous Production and Import Dependency
Indigenous Production (ktoe)
Shares %
1990 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1990
Coal
Peat
16
-
1,411 650
Natural Gas 1,877 354
Renewables
Wastes
Total
-
-
-
-
560
981
760
2013
0.4
-
315 1,292
40.7
56.2
255
234
171
183
151
54.1
6.6
168
552
627
607
756
775
798
4.8
34.7
-
0
13
9
14
44
58
-
2.5
3,471 1,557 1,456 1,832 1,701 1,317 2,299
% Import Dependency
Increase %
Per annum
1990 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 ‘90 - ‘13
‘90-’13
Import
Dependency
69.4
90.5
88.8
87.2
89.3
84.8
89.1
20.7
1.2
•• In 2013, overall indigenous energy production increased by 74% primarily due
to the bumper harvest of peat.
•• Peat production was up by 310% compared with 2012. Gas production fell by
17.6% while renewable energy production increased by 3%
Imported Energy by Fuel
Net Imported Energy (ktoe)
Shares %
1990 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1990 2013
Coal
Peat Briq.
Oil
1,992 1,608 1,302
-4
-10
-5
966
-10
1,415 1,338 1,485
-9
-9
-9
4,912 9,221 7,947 7,712 7,209 6,494 6,761
28.9
10.7
-0.1
-0.1
71.2
61.2
Natural Gas
-
0.0
27.7
Electricity
-
39
66
40
42
36
182
0.0
0.3
Renewables
-
42
59
82
83
80
114
0.0
0.3
Total
4,174 4,037 4,487 3,963 3,846 3,717
6,899 15,074 13,406 13,276 12,703 11,784 12,252
•• Net imported energy increased by 4.0% in 2013.
22
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Renewable Energy Contribution to GFC 1990 – 2013
8.0%
7.0%
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
Solar
Geothermal
Liquid Biofuels
Biomass
Biogas
Landfill Gas
Wind (normalised)
Hydro (normalised)
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0%
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
The target for Ireland in the European Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) is
16% share of renewable energy in the final consumption by 2020.
•• The share in 2013 was 7.8%, up from 7.3% in 2013.
Renewable Energy Contribution to Gross Electricity Consumption
20%
15%
Biomass
Biogas
Landfill Gas
Wind (normalised)
Hydro (normalised)
10%
5%
0%
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
•• The contribution from renewable energy to gross electrical consumption
(normalised) in 2013 was 20.9% (19.5% in 2012). The White Paper target for
2010 was 15%.
•• Installed capacity of wind generation was 1,941 MW as of the end of 2013.
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
23
Renewable Energy Contribution to Gross Energy
Renewable Contribution to Gross Energy (ktoe)
Shares %
1990 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1990 2013
Hydro
60
83
78
52
61
69
50
35.7
5.5
Wind
0
207
254
242
377
345
391
0.0
42.9
Solid Biomass 105
176
193
211
213
257
279
62.9
30.6
Landfill Gas
-
39
42
44
44
43
37
-
4.0
Biogas
2
10
13
14
14
13
11
1.4
1.3
Biofuels
-
56
78
93
100
85
99
-
10.9
Solar
-
3
5
7
9
10
11
-
1.2
Geothermal
-
22
24
26
28
30
33
-
3.6
Total
168
597
686
688
845
853
911
Share of GFC
2.3%
4.1%
5.1%
5.7%
6.6%
7.3%
7.8%
Note that solid biomass refers to wood, wood wastes and other wastes (such as tallow).
•• Solid biomass accounted for the largest share of renewable energy until 2008
when wind energy exceeded it becoming the dominant renewable energy
source.
Renewable Electricity Contribution to GEC
Renewables electricity generated (GWh)
Shares %
1990 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1990 2013
Hydro*
753
Wind*
-
Solid Biomass
-
33
65
111
137
248
299
-
5.3
Landfill Gas
-
159
169
184
181
175
158
-
2.8
17
17
22
21
21
24
-
0.4
Biogas
-
968
902
599
707
802
578
2,410 2,955 2,815 4,380 4,010 4,542
Total
753
Share of GEC
5.3% 11.1% 13.7% 14.9% 17.6% 19.6% 20.9%
100.0 10.3
-
81.1
3,587 4,108 3,731 5,425 5,256 5,601
*Hydro and wind normalised for climatic variations
•• The total renewable contribution to Ireland’s gross electricity consumption
increased by 831% over the period 1990 to 2013.
24
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Renewable Energy Contribution to Thermal Energy
(RES-H)
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0%
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Biomass
Biogas
Solar
Geothermal
•• Between 2000 and 2013 RES-H grew from 2.4 % to 5.7%.
Renewable Energy as a proportion of (petrol & diesel)
Transport (RES-T)
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0%
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Biofuels Share (%)
Weighted Biofuels Share (%)
•• In absolute terms, biofuels in transport increased from 1 ktoe in 2005 (0.03%)
to 102 ktoe in 2013 (2.8%). When double certification is taken into account the
share of biofuels in transport was 4.9% in 2013.
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
25
Progress towards Renewable Energy Targets 2013
Biomass, Other
Renewables & Wastes Wind
391 ktoe Hydro
528 ktoe
50 ktoe
Electricity Imports (net)
182 ktoe
Briquetting
16 ktoe
RE = 6.8% of TPER
Total Primary Energy Requirement
13,332 ktoe
Oil
6,262ktoe
Natural Gas
3,865 ktoe
Coal
1,324 ktoe
Peat
723 ktoe
Note: Some statistical differences exist between inputs and outputs.
RES-E Normalised wind and hydro.
RES-T adjusted to account for double certificates
Natural Gas own
use / loss 65 ktoe
Oil Refining
64 ktoe Electricity
Transformation
2,004 ktoe
Aviation
603 ktoe
RE Directive
= 7.8% of GFC
Total Fin
al Consum
10,825 kto
ption
e
RES-T
4.9%
RES-H
5.7%
RES-E
20.9%
Gross Electricity
2,399 ktoe
Transport
(excl. Aviation)
3,675 ktoe
Thermal
4,465 ktoe
•• Renewable energy accounted for 6.8% of total primary energy requirement in
2013. Total renewable energy amounted to 911 ktoe in 2013.
•• Electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) represented 20.9%
(normalised) of gross electricity consumption in 2013 or 482 ktoe (5,601 GWh)
in absolute terms.
•• 5.7% of energy used for thermal purposes came from renewable energy in
2013. This was 255 ktoe in absolute terms.
•• 2.8% of petrol and diesel use in transport came from renewable energy
sources or 102 ktoe in absolute terms in 2013. When weightings are applied to
biofuels from waste and second generation biofuels the renewable transport
is 4.9%.
•• Gross final consumption (Directive 2009/28/EC) of renewables in 2013
amounted to 858 ktoe (wind and hydro normalised) and represented 7.8% of
gross final consumption.
26
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Energy Efficiency in Ireland
100
95
91
90
Index 1995 = 100
88
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
Overall Energy Efficiency Index (Observed)
Overall Energy Efficiency Index (Technical)
50
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
Energy efficiency is defined as a ratio between an output of performance, service,
goods or energy and an input of energy. Essentially improvements in energy
efficiency enable achievement of the same result with less energy or achieving
an improved performance with the same energy. For a more detailed discussion
on energy efficiency in Ireland see the SEAI’s Energy Efficiency in Ireland 2009
Report1. The energy-efficiency indicators presented in this report are updated
to 2011 figures.
Two efficiency indicators for Ireland are presented for the period 1995 to 2013.
•• The observed index shows that between 1995 and 2013 there was an 9%
decrease, which indicates a 9% improvement in energy efficiency.
•• To separate out the influence of behavioural factors, a technical index is
calculated and used to better assess the technical energy-efficiency progress.
Technical efficiency improved by 12% from 1995 to 2013.
Technical efficiency gains arise from the use of more energy-efficient technologies
whereas behavioural gains are the result of how technologies are used. The
difference between the observed and technical indicators is the influence of
behavioural effects, i.e. Ireland would have achieved the greater improvement in
energy efficiency but for the increases in energy usage due to behaviour. It is
important to note that behavioural effects can also be beneficial – for example,
the purchase of more efficient technologies or improvements in insulation.
1 Available from www.seai.ie.
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
27
Industry, Transport and Households Energy Efficiency
Indices
130
120
Index 1995 = 100
110
100
90
80
70
Industry
60
Transport
Households
50
40
1995
2000
2005
2010
•• The industry intensity at constant structure deteriorated by 30% between
1995 and 2013.
•• The transport observed ODEX fell by 24% over the period 1995 – 2013.
•• The residential observed ODEX decreased by 40% over the period, indicating
an improvement in energy efficiency.
As the ODEX is a “top-down” energy efficiency indicator it provides a measurement
for gross energy efficiency savings but cannot be linked directly to specific energy
efficiency measures or programmes. In industry an index of intensity at constant
structure is the preferred measure of energy efficiency in Ireland.
28
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
Private Cars per 1,000 of Population
Private Cars Per 1,000 Population:
EU 27 Average (2010) = 477
UK (2010)
= 458
Source: Eurostat & DG TREN
600
500
Cars Per 1,000
400
312
335
324 327
300
249
237 242
227
349
262
364
275
382
292
403
310
417
323
436 445
339 348
459
469
479
379
360 370
494
402
391
528
507
420
539 539
529 521 525 524 533
430 429
420 411 413 411 416
200
100
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
Ireland cars per 1,000 Population
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Ireland cars per 1,000 Adults
•• Private car numbers grew by 1.5% in 2013 following a cumulative 1% between
2009 and 2012. This resulted in an increase in car density to 533 cars per 1000
adults, compared to an EU-27 average of 551 and a UK average of 578 (both
in 2007).
Specific CO2 Emissions of New Cars 2000 – 2013 (2014 est)
180
170
167.9
166.1
166.1 167.7 167.2 166.7
161.7
160
150
CO2 g/km
140
130
164.0
158.2
144.0
132.8
128.0
125.1
120.9
120
119.1
110
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
•• The average specific emissions from new passenger cars purchased in Ireland
in 2013 were 121 g CO2/km, down from 164 g CO2/km in 2007. This has already
met the target of 130 g CO2/km set by the EU Decision (443/2009) for 2015.
Energy in Ireland KEY STATISTICS
29
Calorific Values
Fuel
Crude Oil
Gasoline (petrol)
Kerosene
Jet Kerosene
Gasoil / Diesel
Residual Fuel Oil (heavy oil)
Milled Peat
Sod Peat
Peat Briquettes
Coal
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Petroleum Coke
Electricity
Net Calorific Value toe/t Net Calorific Value MJ/t
1.0226
42,814
1.0650
44,589
1.0556
44,196
1.0533
44,100
1.0344
43,308
0.9849
41,236
0.1860
7,787
0.3130
13,105
0.4430
18,548
0.6650
27,842
1.1263
47,156
0.7663
32,084
Conversion Factor
Conversion Factor
86 toe/GWh
3.6 TJ/GWh
Emission Factors
Motor Spirit (Gasoline)
Jet Kerosene
Other Kerosene
Gas/Diesel Oil
Residual Oil
LPG
Naphta
Petroleum Coke
Coal
Milled Peat
Sod Peat
Peat Briquettes
Natural Gas
Electricity (2013)
t CO2/TJ (NCV)
g CO2/kWh (NCV)
70.0
71.4
71.4
73.3
76.0
63.7
73.3
92.9
94.6
116.7
104.0
98.9
56.9
130.2
251.9
257.0
257.0
263.9
273.6
229.3
264.0
334.5
340. 6
420.0
374.4
355.9
204.7
468.9
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland
Energy Policy Statistical Support Unit
Building 2100
Cork Airport Business Park
Co. Cork
Ireland
t +353 1 808 2100
f +353 1 808 2066
e epssu@seai.ie
w www.seai.ie
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland
Wilton Park House
Wilton Place
Dublin 2
Ireland
t +353 1 808 2100
f +353 1 808 2002
e info@seai.ie
w www.seai.ie
@seai_ie
The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland is partly financed
by Ireland’s EU Structural Funds Programme co-funded
by the Irish Government and the European Union