Academica Science Journal
Geographica Series
No. (1) 1 – 2012
ISSN: 2285 – 8075
TOURISM AS A DEVELOPMENTAL PHENOMENON
Jovica MOJIĆ,
University of Niš, Faculty of Economics, Trg kralja Aleksandra 11, Niš, Serbia.
Abstract: The objectives of this study were to explore tourism as one of the fastest
growing segments of the tourism industry, and to be more involved in their development
strategies, as a means of economic diversification, employment growth and higher
standards of living. The idea is that tourist destinations are essentially present as an
institutional framework for tourism development design concept. Materials and methods
relevant methods and techniques in the monitoring of the literature. Research findings are
described in the capacity of certain features, presented in direct relation to the
engagement of the identified and selected resource base for tourism development.
Explored the concept and classification of tourism resources, tourism resources
evaluation, internal and external factors evaluation, the concept of creating a tourist
destination with the elements and types of tourist destinations, tourist destinations and
development of tourism products and destinations. Contribution to research is reflected in
application importance and its results can be incorporated into the official tourism
development strategy.
Keywords: tourism, tourism resources, tourism development
INTRODUCTION
Tourism is a phenomenon in the twentieth century has assumed global dimensions. Almost no country in the
world to a greater or lesser extent, does not develop foreign and domestic tourism. Its main feature is a
massive, ie, a relatively large number of participants tourist trip [2, pg.15].
The first association at the mention of the term tourism is the movement of people in order to meet certain
needs. This phenomenon, which is present in all areas, but in size and has different effects [19, pg.194]. The
basis of tourism, therefore lies in the biological nature of man, which is reflected through his movement in
space.
The roots of tourism, can be said to date back to pre-history of human society. At the beginning people were
moving in a disorganized search for food or beg expelled hazards, so getting to know new places [12, pg.10].
Over time, these movements have become more organized, which is confirmed in his works of prominent
thinkers of Greece and Rome in ancient times, and adventurers like Marco Polo in the Middle Ages. We
landed on the new continent 1492. provided a large geographical discovery, but can be seen as the largest
tourist travel by then, which was a starting point for subsequent circumnavigation of the world. Geographical
discoveries are the basis on which they rested tourist movement. This is confirmed in the present, selling
arrangements for a trip in the cosmos.
If we start from the current volume of tourist traffic and demand for travel within the country and abroad, the
question in this period assume the character of this type of mass tourism travel and whether they existed
before that a phenomenon similar to today's tourism. To answer this question, it should be noted that the
basic prerequisites for the development of tourism are considered free time that is available to residents and
free reserves that it can be spent for this purpose [24, pg. 5].
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Academica Science Journal
Geographica Series
No. (1) 1 – 2012
ISSN: 2285 – 8075
The authors have different views on the tourism sector in the future. Some authors are quite pessimistic and
optimistic forecasts of tourism development in the future. However, they all agree in their predictions, that
tourism in the future depends on the development of border areas. The size and structure of population,
economic potential, technological innovation, political and cultural developments are often mentioned factors
that determine the directions of development of tourism in the future. "The future of tourism will depend
largely on factors outside of this phenomenon, but the factors in himself" [25, pg. 496].
Some recent and influential research on cross country-growth suggests where to fokus in order to identify
conditions of this kind-conditions which distinguish countries which are able to exploit a given potential for
tourism development from countries which fail. Consider in particular the empirical literature prompted by
Acemogly et al. [1, pg. 95] in which the role in formal institutions-and of their roots in long gone historical
events-are regarded as the key for development.
In other words, a successful tourism sector might simply signal the presence of growth-friendly formal
institutions, rather than an independent influence of tourism on economic performance. If so, tourism would
be a lever for economic growth rather hard to handle for many of today s less developed countries, where
institutions are often weak [4, pg. 444-472].
1. RESOURCE BASE OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
According to the general view, the resources are resources, tools, materials, and natural and anthropogenic
goods that can be economically exploited (value on the market). Resources are part of the overall
development of a specific geographic region, ie. state, region, or more physical sites, with a wealth of
resources is a comparative advantage in economic development. According to the Economic lexicon [18]
"Resources are a general term for natural and manufactured items, including human knowledge and skills,
which can be used as a means of meeting the needs of consumption directly or indirectly in the production."
If this general definition applied to tourism, the tourism resources to included all the means that allow,
respectively, as a function of tourism development in a certain place or area. Defert [7] under the tourism
resources includes content space that can foster tourism trends, dividing them into natural and
anthropogenic resources.
Newer dictionaries or encyclopedias tourist [8] give considerable attention to tourism resources, but do not
provide a complete definition of a clear structure of the term, but we mainly deal with factual recording of
representative types of tourism resources, thereby indicating most tourist attractions tourist resources.
The World Tourism Organization - WTO [23] distinguishes the following types of tourism resources: 1) The
natural tourism resources, 2) Cultural and historical heritage in tourism, 3) Climatic features, 4) Infrastructure,
and 5) Travel services and facilities.
Howie [9] treats tourism resources in a more complex manner, noting that "the valuable tourism resources,
but raw (unprocessed) elements of a certain place or area, to a large extent determine the development
prospects of a given area." He further states that the population of tourist destinations, the resources in such
a raw or unprocessed may be enough to satisfy some of their needs (the church, the coastline along the
river, the less noise in the central parts of the city, etc.). There may be situations in which the resources of
the local population the usual stuff, of marginal significance, and that is not paying more attention, since they
have the character of what nature created and assigned by the local population.
1.1. CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION OF TOURISM RESOURCES
The tourist resources of a certain area (region) usually involves a potential set of objects and phenomena in
space, natural or anthropogenic origin, capable of as an external stimulus (stimulus is external or internal
stimulus that can cause a sensory, psychological or social reaction) to attract tourists visit them and to be
used, by using a transformation process and equipment, to meet the needs of tourism. Transformation and
equipping tourist values for tourist use, we get called motif values. Motif values are converted into tourist
values influenced the conscious and planned social activity, which uses available technical, economic and
financial resources inherent level of socio-economic development [11].
Tourism resources are: tourist attraction base (and potential tourist attractions activated), the other
immediate tourism resources (restaurants, travel agencies, institutional and organizational factors, staff
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Academica Science Journal
Geographica Series
No. (1) 1 – 2012
ISSN: 2285 – 8075
travel, tourism education and training of the local population, etc.) And indirect tourism resources (traffic
geographical location, transport links, development of the communal infrastructure, the quality of the spatial
organization, political and security conditions, etc.) [16].
Require an investment of resources and means to bring positive practical effects, value or get busy in the
tourist market, transforming itself into the tourist attraction. In a similar context, market structure and the role
of tourism resources considers Wilkinson [27]: ... "Resources are attributes or elements of the environment
that have a neutral or passive role, until a combination of increased knowledge, technological progress,
changes to individual and social goals does not result time to acquire capacity resources to satisfy human
needs and desires, which includes the creation of mechanisms (means) that will enable the production of
positive practical effects of resource."
1.2. VALORIZATION OF TOURISM RESOURCES
There are two essential prerequisites before joining the tourist valorization. The first is, of course, that there
is some object, in this case, natural or anthropogenic, that can be valorized and owned tourist properties,
primarily owned attractiveness. Another prerequisite for tourist valorization of the inventory of resources in
the area that is valorized, which includes a detailed list of all relevant elements that make up the internal
tourism potential. Most comprehensive classification of elements of tourism potentials conducted by the
World Tourism Organization (WTO).
The most important elements of this classification are:
- Natural potential;
- The energy potential;
- Human resources;
- Institutional aspects;
- Social aspects;
- Transport networks and infrastructure and
- Financial and economic potential.
After the inventory is accessible tourist evaluation of all relevant spatial elements, especially evaluation of
tourism resources. According Čomić [26], "The tourist valorization mean assessment, ie qualitative and
quantitative assessment of the value of tourism resources previously listed, as well as the other constituent
elements of the tourism potential of the (tourist equipment)." The goal of tourism evaluation is to assess the
value of the elements of the tourist potential (individually and collectively) and to determine their utility and
exchange value.
Valuation is one of the most important stages in the spatial planning of tourism, but also for the most
complex and most difficult stage, especially when it comes to the assessment of resources themselves,
which is very difficult to tourist value, objectively measured. The downside valuation could be just the
subjectivity of the author, which is often the cause of later poor organization of tourism in the area that are
valued. Also, it must be noted that subjectivity is smaller and closer to the objectivity of the evaluation by
increasing competence. Likewise, the problem exists in the fact that all elements of the potential and the
resources are not equally suitable for quantification. While some elements are easily quantifiable (such as
distance, infrastructure, accommodation and catering facilities in ...) the other is very difficult to reliably
quantify (eg. inherent characteristics and subjective perceptions of resources). This would also likely present
the biggest danger and common mistakes in the process of evaluation.
Tourist valorization - Model WTO
The World Tourism Organization (WTO) classifies tourism evaluation factors in two groups, namely:
- Internal factors,
- External factors evaluation.
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Academica Science Journal
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No. (1) 1 – 2012
ISSN: 2285 – 8075
Internal factors are related to the specific qualities and values of an object, phenomena and processes that
can serve in the tourism industry, and in terms of their usage.
External factors (external factors that allow the expression of tourist potential) tourist valorization allow those
elements that are important for their use in the sense that facilitate accessibility, emphasizing number of
visitors, highlight certain peculiarities and their recognition in the tourism market.
Most universal cases for calculating tourism evaluation in practice is usually left to a team of experts and the
approach has been done by applying the appropriate scale values of the internal and external factors. This
scale has no fixed and universal values, but are determined by the specific needs. Is usually done by scoring
scale of 0-3, 0-5 and 0-6, but the presence of higher ranges 0-8, 0-10, and up to 0-12.
2. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS VALORISATION
Internal factors evaluation
The degree of utilization of tourism resources
A. Urbanization - estimate the nature, quality and extent of equipment resources.
B. Infrastructure - characteristics of urban and transport infrastructure.
C. Travel equipment and services - and accommodation facilities, the tourist offer, tourist services.
D. The inherent characteristics of tourism resources - a type of natural or anthropogenic resources.
External factors evaluation
E. Accessibility of resources - adequate road infrastructure.
F. Close emissive centers - mark concentric zones.
G. Specificity of tourism resources - comparisons with other resources of the same type.
H. The importance of resources - image in the market, the volume of tourist demand.
In order to obtain the total value of tested resource is first summed all internal factors and external factors,
and then at the end of the internal sum is multiplied by the sum of external factors. The total value of the
study resources on the model of the World Tourism Organization (WTO) is obtained as follows:
A+B+C+D=X
E+F+G+H=Y
X - sum of partial evaluation of internal factors
Y - sum of partial evaluation of external factors
A - assessment of urbanization
B - assessment of infrastructure
C - assessment of equipment and services
D - assessment of inherent characteristics of resource
E - evaluation of accessibility
F - assessment proximity generating markets
G - evaluation of specific resources
H - estimate the value of resources
The total value of the resource is obtained by multiplying the internal and external factors:
X×Y
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After performing evaluation and quantification of all the individual elements of resources and tourism
potential of a certain extent, it is possible to determine the overall tourism potential of the country or region. It
is obtained by the established values add up all the resources and elements. It can be expressed as follows:
VZ = ΣVI × ΣVE ΣVI = ΣA + ΣB + ΣC + ΣD ΣVE ΣE + ΣF = ΣG + + ΣH
VZ - tourist value zones (regions).
VI - value of internal factors zones, as the sum of the values of all internal factors.
VE - value of external factors, as the sum of the values of all external factors.
The final phase of tourist valorization.
This consists in the classification of motifs in multiple hierarchically arranged in categories:
- Performing ranking tourist motives based on their overall value;
- Travel motives and spatial entity which may belong to the same rank as values of international,
national and local importance, which is an important landmark for determining priorities for the
development of tourism in the future and making appropriate planning documents.
3. CONCEPT OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS
Creating the concept of a tourist destination has become a focal point of many current tourism research.
Based on several research studies in the function of unforgettable experiences in this part of the research
will be focused on discovering the essence of the concept of a tourist destination, so that it is presented as a
spectacular, worthy and memorable.
Based on data from the literature on tourism, we distinguish the following concepts tourist destinations:
- The traditional concept
Tourist destinations are identified with specific places and areas of administrative boundaries, the formation
of which are influenced by ownership relations, land use, geological and morphological characteristics of a
given area, as well as important political events.
- A modern concept
Modern approach to tourism destination based on the destination as well as the spatial area they are visiting,
and used by tourists, irrespective of their administrative boundaries. Border tourism destination should be
determined by the market, because the boundaries are the result of market acceptance and evaluation of
specific destinations.
3.1. ELEMENTS AND TYPES OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS
Different authors have different interpretations and views about what are the essential components that are
required for one destination, to be able to function regularly. Should form an integral product which should
zadovlji needs of tourists. Most authors agree that it is a combination of various tangible and intangible
elements, ie natural and social elements, some of which are fixed and some are variable. Fixed elements are
those that generally can not be altered or changed in the long term. As an example, it can take pictures of
landscapes, landmarks, attractions and more. Among the elements are the same and the products that can
be identified with tourist infrastructure, superstructure (hotels, facilities for sports, entertainment, restaurants,
swimming pools, tourist information office). These elements give users specific features of activity, which can
be handled as an area for tourism activities, and those opportunities and options that are further contained in
specific products, services and rights that are being offered. For it can be used the term "local option tourist
activity" under which means all activities, memories, and experiences that can provide tourist destination
[13].
The variable elements of the tourist destinations are tourist goods and investments of labor required for
proper connection of these goods and their placing on the market, that can be changed, and it enables you
to use the value of tourist destinations, get traffic and assess the value to the market.
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ISSN: 2285 – 8075
Kripendorf [15] distinguishes the original and derivative elements of tourist destinations. Original elements
include: production elements that include geographic location, vegetation, and climate. General elements
and factors of human existence and behavior (language, mentality, hospitality, folklore, culture, economy,
politics). General infrastructure (transport position and connectivity, settlement structure, utility). Car travel
destinations (tourist facilities and specific infrastructure facilities for tourism development, organization of
activities, supply of information, entertainment, sports and recreational facilities). Original elements can not
be changed or in the short or the long term. They are fixed. To change the executed elements required a
shorter time period (construction and development of infrastructure facilities). Jovičić [14] lists the following
constituent elements of tourism destinations: attractive, functional, financial and organizational. Attractive
elements of the buildings or parts of space (both natural and anthropogenic tourist motifs) that have practical
value, because their properties can meet the needs of the tourist. The use of natural motifs (climate, plant
and animal life, relief, hydrographic objects) directly conditioned by their primary qualities, upon which
determines the possible range of tourist traffic. Functional elements of the shapes and forms of development
of tourist traffic (recreational, cultural, mountain, coastal, event, excursion tourism). This group of destination
elements, shapes and reflects the degree of attractiveness of the space and facilities, as well as trends and
opportunities to increase traffic. Physical elements include different types of services in tourism traffic, traffic
shaping material basis underlying economic activity in the tourist destination. Capacity planning of material
directly related to the functional elements of the site. So that the type and quality of service facilities, as well
as the structure and quality of different services must comply with the planned amounts of traffic.
Organizational elements of a system of measures for the optimal development and coordination of
heterogeneous targets in the development of tourism destinations (regulation, human resources, information
and guide service, promotional activities). Laws [17] similar Kripendorf [15] different elements of the original
and derivative, but it is called the primary and secondary elements of the destination. The primary elements
include the climate, terrain, landscape, environmental features, cultural heritage, traditional architecture.
Secondary elements of destination related to facilities and amenities that are specially designed for tourists,
such as hotels, restaurants and other catering facilities and accommodation, transport, entertainment and
recreational activities, including activities that are available to tourists. The difference between primary and
secondary elements characteristic of most tourist destinations. Tourists often have the opportunity to enjoy
and exploring the primary elements of the destinations (beaches, cathedrals, pleasant ambient) without
direct personal expenses. In contrast, the development of the tourism industry in a given area depends on
the secondary elements available to provide space for the use of tourists are required to pay a certain sum of
money, because this type of content provided by commercial organizations. Despite the different views and
interpretations of the individual authors share components tourist destination, it is evident that they are equal
to the components of a complex, integrated tourist destination and offers are constituent elements of
integrated tourism products. So it can be used Middleton term general or overall tourism product of a given
destination, which include natural attractions and anthropogenic certain area, its facilities, services,
accessibility, and the image created at the end price. Therefore, the tourism product should not be viewed
independently of the tourist destinations and vice versa. The reason for this is the simple fact that the tourism
product, especially in terms of the concept of total product, inseparable from a tourist destination to which it
relates, and vice versa, for a tourist destination. He was also an integral part in the formation of a quasiproducts. The tourist destination is a particular location, that is, the space where the tourism product and the
target market consumers group together and meet.
Speaking about whether there is such a thing as authenticity, whether or not the objective can be classified
as different types of authentication tourist destinations, Pearce [20, pg. 86-89] has offered a typology that
distinguishes different types of destinations:
1. Major cities,
2. Developed traditional centers,
3. Turing centers,
4. Purpose-built destination.
There are several general-accepted criteria and principles for classifying types of tourist destinations. The
most widely used are certainly geographically principle (the dominant geographical feature), the functional
principle (according to prevailing features - forms of tourist traffic). Frequently used and time-principle (the
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ISSN: 2285 – 8075
distance from the main source markets), as well as various combinations of the above principles.
Classification is one of those destinations, and divided into natural and man-made (custom built).
Here are a division that is based on a combination of geographic and functional principles. In this way it can
differentiate [10, pg. 31-39] the following types of destinations:
- Seaside tourist destination;
- Mountain tourist destination;
- Spa tourist destination;
- Rural tourism destination;
- Destination for sports activities;
- Cruise ships and others.
It should be noted that a particular destination can develop in several ways, and that can change the
direction of development if it deems it to be more appropriate.
3.2. DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS
The evolution of tourism is closely linked with the development of destinations. There are significant
differences between individual arrivals occasional passengers in a particular area and these spatial entities
when they become a destination for many tourists stay. The dynamics of the destination can be identified
four distinctive phases: the pre-travel stage, the travel phase, mass tourism and tourism management phase.
In the pre-stage of the main reasons for the tourist visiting a particular area of concern to visit friends and
relatives or the performance of a business. Requests for accommodation and entertainment are met within
the existing capabilities and capacities of the local community. Visitors, therefore, become a temporary part
of the community. Within just a few destinations zone attracts tourists and locals are still relatively isolated
from the impact of tourism. At this early stage of development of the destination, only a small part of
economic and business activity is economically dependent on the traffic of visitors.
The second, so-called the travel phase is characterized by increased intensity of individual visitor arrivals. It
entrepreneurs have seen their prospects serious business engagement, and establishing local population
generally positive attitude towards the development of tourism, seeing in it a chance to improve their
economic situation. Improving the accessibility of the destination. Along with the increased competition of
entrepreneurs in meeting the needs of tourists, locals diversion from other activities, as well as involving
companies outside destination.
The third phase is the development of mass tourism in which, due to the growing influx of visitors and
organized, the business sector to invest in the development of specialized services and facilities intended for
visitors (restaurants, bars, recreational, cultural and entertainment facilities). Time takes on a given physical
area known features tourist destinations. The total economic activity transforms destination, due to the
creation of new profit opportunities brought by the development of mass tourism. Indigenous people under
the influence of visitors begins to accept new ways of behavior and a new value system. Mass tourism
development in the destination, in addition to positive effects, also has a number of negative consequences,
which requires a higher degree of organization destination.
Result in the change management phase of tourism characterized two approaches:
1. Needs to be placed on the destination market in order to attract a sufficient number of visitors and
thus enable successful business and tourism
2. Adoption of administrative measures to ensure these kinds of tourist traffic that will result in
benefits for the local community.
During phase tourism management, state and local authorities in destinations starting to make pro-active
decisions about which facilities offered in the market. Before the local authorities and is a challenge to
handle the task and what measures made in terms of increasing local population and changes in its
structure, it stimulates the flow of tourism development in the destination labor. Modern understanding of
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destinations includes the concept of life cycle by which she lives her life following each successive phase.
Many traditional destinations come a long way from aristocratic to democratic forms of tourism. Unimagined
space expansion was accompanied by a significant change of the dominant season, forms of tourist traffic,
and certainly the profile clientele, and its preferences. The evolution of tourism has often been associated
with the development of destinations, especially with some sites that have developed significant
improvement of communication tools. As a result we had a massive tourist groups, often very different
preferences.
Tourist destinations are dynamic, offering a variable and depend on the market that is growing in quantitative
and qualitative terms. His contributions oscillations types of tourists with clear preferences, motivations and
desires. Destination is increasingly perceived as the nucleus of the future of tourism and the starting point of
a country and therefore should be holistically conceived, developed and promoted. It is important and its
specialization to reflect similar trends in the global market that prefers a different thematic trips for discerning
guests.
Tourist destination passes different states of exploitation, that phase of development. This phenomenon is
due to the direct or indirect influence factors of stability, regardless of whether those factors come from the
environment or from the destination itself. By checking these conditions by the use of growth curve is
obtained lifecycle destinations. This curve is very similar to any other product life cycle curve. Cooper said
that the destinations now widely accepted that the life cycle of the destination goes through five stages [5]:
exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, decline or rejuvenation.
He also believes that the life cycle of tourist destinations can be used for mutual understanding,
"Development of physical destinations, but also the evolution of the market."
Research for a clear and pristine natural beauty and a small number of visitors to the destination. The offer is
still poor. There is no form of communication. Destination is on the same level insofar attractive if it has not
yet come under the influence of the performance of tourism industry. The possibility of contacting local
population is large.
Table 1. The life cycle of tourist destinations [10, pg. 39]
rejuvenation
POINT
TURN ∗
consolidation
decline
development
engagement
research
∗ abscissa - time; ordinate - number of guests (or another performance indicator).
Hiring a stage which implies the existence of initiatives to enrich the tourist destinations. This primarily refers
to the part of the restaurant offers. This is in response to a gradual increase in the frequency and number of
visitors to the destination that characterize this stage of the life cycle. Comes to seasonal fluctuations in
visits, as well as the first initiative towards infrastructure investments.
The development phase involves the arrival of a large number of tourists. In high season there are often
more than the locals. Excessive volume of tourist traffic may exceed the carrying capacity of the site and
cause saturation space. Control the further development of tourism exceed the local level. At this stage of
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growth are possible variations in the quality of tourism services. It is necessary to fit into the system of
regional and national development planning. Consolidation involves mitigation, yet positive growth rate of
arrivals. This means that the number of visitors is still growing, just smaller rate than before.
Stagnation is a reflection reached its zenith. Destination lost its attractiveness and competitiveness as the
market appeared new and attractive destination. It requires more effort to keep the number of visitors. Very
often manifest presence of significant ecological, socio-cultural and economic problems. Decay
characterized by lost of visitors. Destination becomes highly dependent on smaller sites, day trips, weekend
visitors and so on. Phase from which it is possible to rejuvenate or end of the activity.
Rejuvenation includes a new attraction, a new quality, new markets, new distribution channels. Often, they
have produced a new position, and the introduction of new natural resources, alternative forms of tourism
and the like. New product development involves engaging destination destinations all subsystems to achieve
legality cycle - recycle, or the establishment of a new development cycle destination. The tourism market
tourist evaluated with respect to some smaller number of key attributes that can be tangible or intangible.
Curve that reflects the life cycle of destination varies depending on various factors such as type and level of
development, policy authorities, technological progress, approach to planning, market trends, destination
competitiveness, product quality, and behavioral impacts of tourists and the like. This approach is the life
cycle of destination should primarily be understood as a conceptual framework for understanding the
essence of the functioning and management of a tourist destination. However, Jovičić [13] points out that
some authors suggest that it can be used as a guide for strategic planning in destinations, or as a means for
predicting future events and trends.
3.3. TOURIST DESTINATIONS PRODUCT
Tourism product can be defined [3, pg.193] as: individual (partial) element manufacturers the tourism supply
or more functional combination of such elements (integrated), with its final shaping is achieved by selecting
and mixing of these elements for given geographical area made the tourists themselves. By this definition,
the tourism product is "leaning" on those who offer the tourist market, but the "touch" and is intended for
those who - tourists. Now the question is which of these two aspects are important? It is logical, that is, the
definition of the product, as seen by consumers, most important of view of product that its May bidders.
Difficult place in the competitive position of the destination as it emphasizes the important approach to the
definition of the tourism product. From this point of view would be the most appropriate definition of the
tourist product, tourist destinations an overall (composite) product consists of a number of elements as his
constitutive parts. A fundamental, constitutive elements of the tourism product as the destination:
- Attractiveness,
- Accessibility
- Conditions to stay.
The attractiveness of the tourism product mix includes various elements of the natural attractiveness of
(climate, flora, fauna, geography, etc.), as well as the attractiveness of social (cultural and historical heritage,
anthropogenic factors, tangible and intangible culture, gastronomy, etc.).
Elements tourist destination attractiveness are defined as:
- Climate and natural beauty,
- Cultural and social characteristics,
- Availability,
- Attitude towards tourists,
- Infrastructure,
- The price level,
- Possibility for shopping and entertainment,
- Facilities for sports, recreation and education in particular etc.
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Accessibility tourism product includes both economic and geographic distance. In the first case focused on
the costs arising from the demand in an effort to get to your destination, but also the economic aspect of their
destination. In the second case focused on the closeness or distance to the destination in relation to the
diverse market. In fact, the development of traffic to a destination, as well as the destination itself, has an
essential role. Living conditions are all elements that make up the tourism offer. These include the offer in
mind: lodging, food, entertainment, recreation, cultural events and so on.
To plan adequately for the level of tourist product tourist destination is not an easy job. On the contrary, it is a
series of components that must sometimes be blended to perfection so that repeat purchases (that tourists
become loyal and return to a given tourist destination), not only because of the content of these components,
but precisely because it feels significantly positive benefit from the experience and the ways in which these
components are integrated. These components are widespread, and it is a resourceful combination of
attractiveness (natural and social activity, one that is built), and also different benefits for accommodation,
food, entertainment and leisure tourists (tourism infrastructure) and other benefits (other services destination,
the offer of trade, transportation, outings, various information offices, etc., which are all subsumed under the
superstructure tourist destination) [6, pg. 131-139].
The economic benefits (costs) of tourism are discussed at lenght in the literature, as are the environmental
and sociocultural consequences of tourism. The main point here, however, is that the widely cited benefits
and costs of tourism, whether economic, environmental or sociocultural, are just that. They are the
measurable or visible consequences of developing tourism in any particular destination and, in a somewhat
simplistic sense, tourism is considered to be successful as long as the benefits accruing from its
development are not outweighed by the costs or negative consequences. What they do not provide is the
justification or reason for choosing tourism, rather than any other industry or economic activity, as a route to
development [22, pg.14-15].
Richard Sharpley [21, pg.13] identified one of the requirements for sustainable development to be “the
adoption of a new social paradigm relevant to sustainable living”, which necessitates learning and hence
communication.
CONCLUSIONS
Set destination attractiveness suggests that because of the complexity and diversity of supply is always a
tourist destination can have more than one type of attractions and activities that are taking shape in its
tourism product. As research shows, there is a product for a tourist destination but as many products as the
number of target market segments. The global macro environment is affected by factors such as its
development and success of other competing destinations and trends of world economic trends and political
relations in the world and the region, tourism trends shaping and directing global tourism demand, which
creates certain segments that will become in the future and current competitive.
The phenomenon of tourism as an open system, so that the work became oriented research based on
systems theory and systems approach. This approach was chosen due to the opinion that the most optimal
way can be an aid to a given topic, or with respect to the view that tourism is a system. Travel demand and
supply to meet the market, located uodređenom environment, while all together are in the tourism system.
Also, as can be inferred from the name, the system offers a comprehensive approach to the analysis and
analysis of all factors that affect specific occurrence.
BIODATA
- Jovica MOJIĆ is doctoral candidate (PhD student) at University of Niš, Faculty of Economics, Trg kralja
Aleksandra 11, Niš, Serbia. Fields of interest: Economics of tourism, Tourism management, Tourism
geography with the basics of tourism.
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