MiraCosta College
Biol. 210, Human Anatomy
J. Thomford, instructor
Lab Unit 6 for Exam 2
worddoc=\bio210\Unit6-cat&humuscF04
LAB UNIT 6
CAT MUSCULATURE
CAT DISSECTION:
Locate and identify the following muscles and organs which lie among the
musculature in your cat. The non-musculature structures are included in this list
because they are useful landmarks for locating the muscles and it is also important that
you identify these organs now, so that you do not cut or remove them. Dissection
instructions are given in the Lab Manual by Gilbert (Pictoral Anatomy of the Cat)
on pp. 16-36. OR in the manual by Kalbus et al. (Chapter V). It is not necessary
that you follow the written instructions in the manual explicitly. Pay special
attention to identifying the outlines of the muscles, then cut the deep fascia
around them to separate from adjacent muscles. Remove any fatty deposits that
are found on top or in between the muscles.
You may want to start with the hip and lower leg dissection, since the muscles are
easy to distinguish. If you don’t have either the Gilbert or Kalbus manuals, then
use the pictures in EKB lab manual (4th ed.) as a guide; follow the lines of
muscles, identifying them. Once identified you can cut deeper. The best way to
explore beneath a superficial muscle is to bissect it. You will be told below as to
which muscles should be cut .
Abbreviations used in this exercise: m. = muscle; mm. = muscles
HIP AND LOWER LIMB REGIONS (EKB Figs 4-14-18; Kalbus pp. 104-115)
Gluteus maximus m.
Gluteus medius m.
Caudofemoralis m.
Sartorius M. (you will need to bissect this muscle)
Tensor Fascia lata m. (2 heads to this muscle in the cat)
Fascia lata (iliotibial band)
Vastus lateralis m.
Vastus medialis m.
Rectus femoris m.
Biceps femoris m. (on cat, must cut this muscle at its insertion in order to perform the lower leg
dissection; CAUTION: do not sever the sciatic nerve beneath this muscle)
Semitendinosus m.
Semimembranosus m.
Gracilis m. (this muscle must be cut at its insertion)
Adductor longus m.
Adductor femoris (magnus) m. (has 2 heads on cat)
Gastrocnemius m.
Soleus m.
Tibialis anterior m.
Achilles tendon
Sciatic nerve --gives rise mid-thigh to Common peroneal n. (lateral) and Tibial n.
Question for thought: Why are the gluteal muscles relatively smaller in the cat than in the human,
while some of the thigh muscles are relatively larger in the cat?
1
MiraCosta College
Biol. 210, Human Anatomy
J. Thomford, instructor
Lab Unit 6 for Exam 2
worddoc=\bio210\Unit6-cat&humuscF04
NECK AND JAW REGION (Eder manual: figs. 4-1 to 4-3; Kalbus: p.83-6)
Masseter m.
Sternohyoid m.
Sternomastoid m.
Cleidomastoid m.
Digastric m.
Other Structures that you will encounter in this part of the dissection (do not cut/remove!):
Parotid & submaxillary glands (salivary glands)
Lymph nodes (immune system organs- house lymphocytes)
External Jugular v. (vein)
Transverse Jugular v.
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE CHEST & ABDOMEN (Eder Fig. 4-9 & 4-10;
Kalbus pg. 80-3, abdominals on pp. 102-3)
Dissect on one side of cat only, unless you make a mistake.
Clavobrachialis (Clavodeltoid) m. (extends back over shoulder also)
Pectoralis mm. group (4 mm. in cat: Pectoantebrachialis, Pectoralis major,
Pectoralis minor, Xiphihumeralis ; you do not have to memorize each of these 4 mm.)
External Oblique mm.
Rectus abdominis m. (deep to aponeurosis- you do not need to dissect this out)
Linea Alba
BACK AND SHOULDER MUSCLES (Eder Figs. 4-7, 8, 9 ,10 11, 12;
Kalbus pp. 86-92)..
Trapezius group of mm. (3 mm. in cat: Clavo-, Acromio- and Spino-trapezius)
Bissect the spinotrapezius and acromiotrapezius after identifying them
Deltoid group (3 mm. in cat: Clavo- Acromio-, and Spino-deltoid; note that in the cat
the clavodeltoid is also referred to as the clavobrachialis m.)
Also cut the epitrochlearis at its insertion to expose the long head of triceps m.
medially
Levator scapulae ventralis
Triceps brachii m. (visible from the dorsal aspect are the long head and lateral head)
Supraspinatus m.
Infraspinatus m.
Rhomboideus muscles
Latissimus dorsi: bissect this muscle on the lateral surface and reflect back
toward the lumbodorsal fascia along the spine, in order to visualize the
deep muscles (as in Fig4-13 of Eder or V-9 of Kalbus).
DEEP MUSCLES OF CHEST AND SHOULDER & ABCOMEN (Eder Figs. 4-9 & 10;
Kalbus pp. 89-92). Cut and reflect the Latissimus dorsi m. close to its insertion.
Be careful not to cut the brachial/axillary blood vessels and nerves.
Teres major m.
Subscapularis m.
Latissimus dorsi m. (note that this muscle extends around the back)
Serratus ventralis m.
Internal oblique mm. (Eder Figure 4-29)
intercostal mm. (or locate on dissection of back: Eder Fig. 4-13)
Trasverse Abdominis m.
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MiraCosta College
Biol. 210, Human Anatomy
J. Thomford, instructor
Lab Unit 6 for Exam 2
worddoc=\bio210\Unit6-cat&humuscF04
BRACHIUM AND ANTEBRACHIUM (Eder Figs.4-5, 6, 7, 8; Kalbus pp. 92-100)
Biceps brachii m. (this muscle only has one head in the cat)
Brachioradialis m.
Brachialis m. (to view, you should bissect the lateral head of the triceps m.; the
brachialis looks like it should be the 2nd head of the biceps m.)
Triceps m.
Long head
Lateral head
Medial head (to view, you should bissect the lateral head of the triceps m.
Be cautious not to cut the nerve that is associated with this muscle)
Extensor mm. of antebrachium (learn these mm as a group only)
Flexor Carpi ulnaris m. (lateral-most m.)
Pronator teres m.
AFTER COMPLETING THE CAT MUSCULATURE DISSECTION TRY THE SELF-TEST IN THE LAB
MANUAL BY KALBUS et al. (pp. 116-7) &/or the website
(www.bio/psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/musc/muscular.htm)
Questions for thought:
Name 2 muscles on the cat which are named for their (a) origin & insertion, (b)
actions, and (c) shape or other structural characteristic.
Also name 2 muscles which are antagonistic to each other.
HINTS FOR LAB PRACTICAL: You will be tested on all cats dissected by your
class. Make sure that you go to see other teams’ cat dissections.
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MiraCosta College
Biol. 210, Human Anatomy
J. Thomford, instructor
Lab Unit 6 for Exam 2
worddoc=\bio210\Unit6-cat&humuscF04
Lab Unit 6, Human Musculature
Lab Exercises (figures refer to MT text 4th ed., & EKB lab manual 4th ed.)
Exercise 1. Histology of Skeletal Muscle
Identify the structures listed under the following slides of skeletal muscle:
1. Fibers of Skeletal muscle (fig. 3.21a MT; 1-38 39, 40 in EKB)
(slide 3537 F14 = skeletal muscle - teased fibers)
muscle fibers (= muscle cells)
striations (visible in longitudinal sections only w/ 40X objective)
peripheral nuclei (note that these cells are MULTINUCLEATED)
2. Whole Skeletal muscle (t.s.; slide 3540; tray F15); Fig. 1-38 Eder
epimysium
perimysium (only small amounts are visible)
endomysium
fascicle of m. fibers
nuclei of m. fibers
3. Cardiac Muscle (fig. 3.21b MT; 1-41 EKB) l.s.
slide 3527 - F16
branched fibers
striations (visible in longitudinal sections only w/ 40X objective)
centrally-located nuclei (these are usually multinucleated cells)
intercalated discs
4. Smooth Muscle (fig 3.21c MT; 1-42 EKB) c.s. & l.s.
slide #3520 - F15
irregular spindle-shaped cells
large centrally-located nuclei (these cells are uninucleated)
5. Motor End Plate (slide 3657; tray F19) Fig 1-43 Eder
motor neuron
motor axon branches (telodendria)
motor axon terminals (synaptic knobs containing vesicles with
neurotransmitter- seen as black dots in axon terminal)
skeletal muscle fibers
striations
motor end plate (this is a specialized region of sarcolemma, for
absorption of neurotransmitters and will probably be blocked from view by the
axon terminal)
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MiraCosta College
Biol. 210, Human Anatomy
J. Thomford, instructor
Lab Unit 6 for Exam 2
worddoc=\bio210\Unit6-cat&humuscF04
Exercise 2. Human Skeletal Muscles and their Actions.
For sample anatomy quizzes on the internet, go to
www.gen.umn.edu/faculty_staff/jensen/1135/webanatomy and select
Muscular System
NOTE TO THE STUDENT: Use the models, charts, and cadavers to
locate the muscles listed in the following sections. You are responsible for
identifying actions of each muscle as given. Also you should know the origin
and insertion of muscles, as indicated by an asterisk (*)written after the
name of the muscle. Use the tables in Chapters 10 & 11 in your textbook to
quickly identify the origins, insertions and actions of the assigned skeletal
muscles (also found in Reference Tables in the EKB lab manual). Making
flash cards of each muscle will be helpful.
KEY TO ACTION ABBREVIATIONS FOUND IN THE FOLLOWING
SECTIONS:
Ab
= Abduction
LR
= Lateral Rotation
Ad
= Adduction
LF
= Lateral Flexion
Dep = Depression
MR = Medial Rotation
DF
= Dorsiflexion
PF
= Plantar Flexion
E
= Extension
Pr
= Pronation
El
= Elevation
Ro
= Rotation
EV
= Eversion
Sup = Supination
F
= Flexion
IN
= Inversion refer to pp. 218-221 M&T (4th ed.) for a review
Exercise 2 (cont’d.) NOTE: As usual, Figure and Table nos. refer to
your textbook where those structures may be found. You may also want
to refer to Eder manual Ch. 3.)
a. Muscles Involved in Facial Expression (Figs. 10.3 to 10.4; Table 10.1)
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
Platysma
b. Muscles involved in chewing (mandible) (Fig. 10.6, Table 10.3)
Masseter* : El
Temporalis: El
7)
c. Muscles moving the Head and Cervical Spine (Figs. 10.4,10 & 11, Table10.6 &
Sternocleidomastoid*: F
Splenius capitis: E
d. Muscles of Vertebral Column and Abdomen (figs. 10.12, 13, Table 10.7
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MiraCosta College
Biol. 210, Human Anatomy
J. Thomford, instructor
Lab Unit 6 for Exam 2
worddoc=\bio210\Unit6-cat&humuscF04
& 8)
Erector spinae group: E, LF
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
e. Muscles involved in Respiration (Figs. 10.13, 14; Table 10.8)
Inspiratory:
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Expiratory:
Internal intercostals
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
11.1)
f. Muscles moving the Shoulder Girdle (Scapula) (Figs. 11.1,2; Table
Trapezius* : El, Dep, Retraction of scapula
Levator scapulae * : El
Rhomboids : El, Retraction
Pectoralis minor: Dep
Serratus anterior : Protraction of scapula
g. Muscles moving the Shoulder Joint & Arm (Fig. 11.4 & 5; Table 11.2)
Deltoid* : Ab,F & E of humerus (different heads)
Biceps brachii: F (note that this muscle crosses 2 joints)
short head*: F
long head* : F
Coracobrachialis * : F
Pectoralis major* : F, Ad, MR
Latissimus dorsi* : E, Ad, MR
Teres major* : Ad, MR
Triceps brachii (long head) : E (note : crosses 2 joints!)
Subscapularis *: MR
Teres minor * : LR
Infraspinatus * : LR
Supraspinatus* : Ab (acts with the Deltoid)
h. Muscles moving the Elbow Joint and Forearm (Figs. 11.5, 6, 7; Table
11.3)
Biceps brachii (both heads)* : F
Brachialis : F
Brachioradialis : F
Triceps brachii (all heads) * : E
Pronator teres* : Pr
Supinator : Sup
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MiraCosta College
Biol. 210, Human Anatomy
J. Thomford, instructor
Lab Unit 6 for Exam 2
worddoc=\bio210\Unit6-cat&humuscF04
i. Muscles moving the Wrist and Fingers (Figs. 11.7,8, 9; Tables 11.3, 4)
Flexor carpi radialis: F of wrist
Flexor carpi ulnaris : F "
Palmaris longus : F "
Extensor carpi radialis : E of wrist
Extensor carpi ulnaris: E "
Flexor digitorum muscles : F of wrist, F of fingers
Extensor digitorum muscles ; E (of fingers)
j. Muscles moving the Hip Joint (thigh) (Figs. 11.10-15; Table 11.6-7)
Iliopsoas: F (best viewed internally in pelvic cavity of torso or cadaver)
Iliacus
Psoas
Sartorius * : F, LR
Pectineus : F, Ad
Rectus femoris* : F
Gluteus maximus *: E, LR
Biceps femoris (long head)*: E,
Semitendinosus* : E
Piriformis: LR
Semimembranosus * : E
Tensor fasciae latae* : Ab
Gluteus medius : Ab
Gracilis * : Ad
Adductor longus : Ad, LR
Adductor magnus : Ad, LR
k. Muscles moving the leg at the Knee joint (Tibia)
(Figs 11.13, 14 & 15, Table 11.7)
Sartorius : F
Gracilis : F
Semitendinosus : F, MR
Semimembranosus : F, MR
Biceps femoris (both heads) : F, LR
Gastrocnemius : F
Rectus femoris * : E
Vastus lateralis *: E
Vastus medialis *: E
Vastus intermedius *: E
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MiraCosta College
Biol. 210, Human Anatomy
J. Thomford, instructor
Lab Unit 6 for Exam 2
worddoc=\bio210\Unit6-cat&humuscF04
l. Muscles moving the Foot and Toes (Figs. 11.15-17; Table 11.8)
i. Superficial (T-E-F-S-G = acronym to help you remember the order of these muscles
around the leg)
Tibialis anterior *: DF, IN
Extensor digitorum longus : foot = DF, EV; toes = E
Fibularis longus : EV (aka peroneus longus)
Soleus * : PF
Gastrocnemius * : PF
ii. Deep muscle
Tibialis posterior : IN
Exercise 3. Nonmuscular Structures associated with Musculature
a. Trunk:
ligamentum nuchae (C7 to occipital crest; ref. pg. 167 M&T)
linea alba (Fig. 10.13)
rectus sheath (Figs. 10.13, 11.4)
Tendinous inscriptions on rectus abdominis (fig. 10.13)
b. Upper limb (Fig. 11.8 & 11.9)
flexor & extensor retinacula of wrist
(what would happen when you flex your hand, if the retinacula were not present?)
c. Lower limb
iliotibial tract (fig. 11.13 & 11.14; name 2 muscles that insert on this tract)
patellar ligament & quadriceps tendon (Fig. 11.12a)
(what is the distinction between these two ??)
superior & inferior extensor retinacula of ankle (fig. 11.16 & 17)
calcaneal tendon (fig. 11-16) (a.k.a. Achilles tendon)
Exercise 4. Surface Anatomy (review Chapter 12 M&T)
To help identify landmarks, locate as many of the assigned muscles as
you can on yourself from the list in Exercise 2.
Exercise 5. Fascicle arrangement:
Examine the following mm. and identify their fascicle arrangements in the human:
biceps brachii
pectoralis major
gluteus minimus
hamstring muscles
extensor digitorum longus
rectus abdominus
piriformis
sartorius
orbicularis oris
deltoid
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