Giant AP Euro Terms List
Study online at quizlet.com/_1c07f
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10.
"Divine Right of
Kings" (Bishop
Bousset)
the belief that kings receive their power
from God and are responsible only to
God
"June Days" 1848
Reaction of the unemployed and the
revolutionary artisans of Paris, without
political leadership or coordination.
Over 5,000 died during the revolution
and another 3,000 were shot after.
12.
The return of a constitutional monarchy
to Great Britain in 1660 under Charles
II
13.
"Restoration"
"Triangle Trade"
The exchange of crops and slaves
between America, Europe, and Africa.
The trading of manufactured foods with
Africa for slaves who were shipped to
the new world.
"Utopian"
Socialism
(Owen/Fourier/St.
Simon)
Philosophy introduced by the
Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early
nineteenth century. Hoped to create
humane alternatives to industrial
capitalism by building self-sustaining
communities whose inhabitants would
work cooperatively
(Bakunin)
Anarchism
A political philosophy encompassing
theories and attitudes which support
the elimination of all compulsory
government, i.e. the state.
(Comte)
Positivism
A philosophy developed by the French
count of Saint-Simon. Believed that
social and economic problems could be
solved by the application of the
scientific method, leading to
continuous progress. Popular in France
and Latin America.
(Dali) Surrealism
A 20th century movement of artists and
writers (developing out of Dadaism)
who used fantastic images and
incongruous juxtapositions in order to
represent unconscious thoughts and
dreams
(Herzl) Zionism
(Jeremy Bentham)
Utilitarinaism
A worldwide movement, originating in
the 19th century that sought to establish
and develop a Jewish nation in
Palestine. Since 1948, its function has
been to support the state of Israel.
The idea that the moral worth of an
action is determined solely by its utility
in providing happiness or pleasure as
summed among all sentient beings.
11.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
(Leon Blum)
Popular Front
Political group active in aiding the leftist
forces in the Spanish Civil War. Earnest
Hemingway and other prominent
American intellectuals and writers joined
the group
(Loyola)
Jesuits
They played an important part in the
Catholic Reformation and helped create
conduits of trade and knowledge between
Asia and Europe.
(Napoleon III)
Louis Napoleon
Bonaparte
Elected president of France following
general election. Won 70% of the votes
because of his name. Bonaparte later
changed the government to an empire
w/himself as emperor just like his uncle,
the original Napoleon.
(Picasso)
Cubism
An Artistic movement that focused on
geometric shapes, complex lines, and
overlapping planes.
(Sartre/Camus)
Existentialism
The focus of philosophical thought should
be to deal with the conditions of existence
of the individual person and their
emotions, actions, responsibilities, and
thoughts.
(Warhol) Pop
Art
An American school of the 1950s that
imitated the techniques of commercial art
and the styles of popular culture and the
mass media
95 Thesis
Religious thinker Martin Luther pinned
this document to the door of a church, in
protest to many church practices but
especially indulgences., written by Martin
Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as
the primary catalyst for the Protestant
Reformation. Luther used these theses to
display his displeasure with some of the
Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the
sale of indulgences; this ultimately gave
birth to Protestantism.
1989
Communism
collapse
Began with the policies of Gorbachev
which lead to revolts in Russian sattelites
and establishment of democratic
governments in them.
Abstract Art
Uses a visual language of form, color and
line to create a composition which may
exist with a degree of independence from
visual references in the world.
Abstract
Expressionism
An art movement that artists applied paint
freely to their huge canvases in an effort to
show feelings and emotions rather than
realistic subject matter. Artists dribbled
and spattered paint onto their paintings?
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Act of
Supremacy
Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme
head of the Church of England in 1534.
Adam Smith
Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations;
Laissez-Faire economics
Age of
Metternich
Period when Metternich had immense
influence of Euopean politics.
Agricultural
Revolution
The transformation of farming that resulted
in the eighteenth century from the spread of
new crops, improvements in cultivation
techniques and livestock breeding, and
consolidation of small holdings into large
farms from which tenants were expelled
Alexander I
Seemed open to liberal ideas, he eased
censorship, and promoted education, he
talked about freeing the serfs, he then drew
back from reform, because he feared losing
noble support at the Congress of Vienna he
joined the conservative powers opposing
liberal and national impulses.
Alexander II
A Russian Tsar who implemented rapid
social change and general modernization of
Russia, including emancipating the serfs.
27.
Alexander III
This Czar removed many of the reforms his
father created and recentralized the
government.
28.
Anabaptists
A Protestant sect that believed only adults
could make a free choice regarding religion;
they also advocated pacifism, separation of
church and state, and democratic church
organization.
29.
30.
Ancien
Regime
The traditional political and social order in
Europe before the French Revolution
Anschluss
Union between Austria and Germany, a
violation of the ToV and Austria refused so
Germany invaded.
Atomic Bomb
Bomb that changed the world, ended WWII
in Japan, created a nuclear arms race
between U.S. and Soviet Union
Ausgleich
(Compromise
of 1867)
Established the Dual Monarchy of Austria
and Hungary: Separate governments except
for a common King.
AustroPrussian
War—1866
Officially over an Austrian/Prussian
disagreement of policy, but actually from
Bismark's desire to rid himself of Austria, this
war paved the way to German unification.
34.
Bach
Composer who believed music was a means
to worship God and lived a quiet life at a
church; created the Mass in B Minor
35.
Bacon
This scientist spread the word about the
experimental method and formalized the
empirical method and combined his thinking
with Descartes to form the scientific method
31.
32.
33.
Balkan Crises
A series of events in the Slavic countries, any
one of which could have started World War
I. The third eventually did.
Bank of
Amsterdam
First bank to not only received deposits of
gold and silver and exchanged foreign
currencies, it made loans.
Bank of
Amsterdam
This innovative bank regulated the exchange
rates of different currencies in Amsterdam,
which helped stabilize the chaos that
resulted from trading many different coins.
Having a system minimized things like
dishonesty and quickly fluctuating
preferences when traders/merchants
exchanged currency. Once this was
regulated, gyro banking became possible
because each individual business agreement
was not unique in its exchange rate.
Baroque Art
Art that originated in Rome and is associated
with the Catholic Reformation, characterized
by emotional intensity, strong selfconfidence, spirit.
Battle of
Stalingrad
Unsuccessful German attack on the city of
Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to
1943, that was the furthest extent of German
advance into the Soviet Union. Turning point
of the war.
41.
Bayle
Wrote Dictionary. A religous skeptic who
attacked superstition, religous attitudes, and
dogmatism.
42.
Beethoven
German composer of instrumental music
(especially symphonic and chamber music)
Belgian
Independence
(1830)
Came because of an agreement in England
which made it a nutral country
Benjamin
Disraeli
A British Prime Minister, parliamentarian,
Conservative statesman and literary figure.
Only Prime Minister of Jewish heritage. He
played an instrumental role in the creation of
the modern Conservative Party after the Corn
Laws schism of 1846.
45.
Berlin Wall
Concrete barrier constructed by the Soviets in
August 1961 between West Berlin and East
Berlin to prevent East Germans from fleeing
to the West. (In 1990, the wall was torn
down.)
46.
Berlin Wall
In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier
to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to
stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet
zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in
1989.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
43.
44.
47.
Bismarck
Prime Minister of Prussia (largest state in
Northern Germany); wanted a greater, unified
Germany (smaller Southern states to join
Prussia; preferred "iron and blood" to
diplomacy.
48.
Blackshirts
Mussolini's "gang" used to control Italy
49.
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants,
industrialists, and professional people
50.
Brezhnev
"No experimentation.", "re-Stalinization"
modest liberalization and more consumer
goods
Calvin
Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets
(predestination and the irresistibility of grace
and justification by faith) defined Calvinism.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (16251649). His power struggles with Parliament
resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in
which Charles was defeated. He was tried for
treason and beheaded in 1649
64.
Charles II
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (16601685) who reigned during the Restoration, a
period of expanding trade and colonization as
well as strong opposition to Catholicism
65.
Charles V
This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called
for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of
Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation
by use of the Counter-Reformation
66.
Charles VI
Emphasized a strong moral code and believed
in predestination (the idea that God decided
whether or not a person would be saved as soon
as they were born). Supported constitutional
representative government and the separation
of church and state.
Obsessed with keeping the Habsburg empire
together, issued the Pragmatic Sanction. No
male heir so the empire passed to Maria
Theresa.
67.
Charles X
Count of Artois, succeeded Louis XVIII. Pursued
religious policy that encouraged Catholics to
reestablish control over the educational system.
(brought instability to France)
Caravaggio
Italian painter noted for his realistic depiction
of religious subjects and his novel use of light
68.
Chartists
Cardinal
Mazarin
Successor of Cardinal Richelieu and his bad
attempts to increase royal revenue and the state
lead to the Fronde
Cardinal
Richelieu
This was the man who influenced the power of
King Louis XIII the most (his chief advisor)
and tried to make France an absolute monarchy
Reformers who wanted changes like universal
male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for
members of Parliament, so that even
workingmen could afford to enter politics. This
group supported a document called the People's
Charter.
Castiglione,
The Book of
the
Courtier
Discusses courtesy and explains the refined
courtier as opposed to a medieval knight; the
setting for the book is the court at urbino
(italian city-state)
Chopin &
Liszt
(romantic
composers
of mid-19th
century)
composers and audience came from same social
class, few composers were financially
successful, private music making more common
Catherine
the Great
This was the empress of Russia who continued
Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a
new law code, and greatly expanded Russia
Christine
de Pisan
Cavour
The prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia
during the movement toward Italian
unification. He is considered the architect of
the Italian Unification.
A Venetian-born woman of the medieval era
who strongly challenged misogyny and
stereotypes prevalent in the male-dominated
realm of the arts.
Church of
England
(Anglicans)
Church created in England as a result of a
political dispute between Henry VIII and the
Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife
Civil War
in
Yugoslavia
Bitter ethnic conflicts lead to wars of
independence. Most ended with democratic
institutions being established.
Coal and
Steel
Community
Created by Monnet and Schumann to integrate
all European steel and coal production; 6
countries (which excluded Britain) made war
within Western Europe unthinkable
Colbert
Created mercantilism and was able to connect
France through industries and trade routes.
Louis XIV's finance minister.
Calvinism
Ceausescu
(Romania)
Communist leader and President of Romania.
When the people rebelled he killed them.
Cervantes,
Don
Quixote
Spanish writer who satirized chivalry and
influenced the development of the novel form.
Cezanne
French postimpressionist painter who
influenced modern art (especially cubism) by
stressing the structural components latent in
nature
Charles de
Gaulle
Leader of Free French General that resigned in
1946 after re-establishing the free, democratic
Fifth Republic.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
Cold War
Collectivization
The ideological struggle between
communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism
(United States) for world influence. The
Soviet Union and the United States came to
the brink of actual war during the Cuban
missile crisis but never attacked one
another. (831)
System in which private farms were
eliminated, instead, the government owned
all the land while the peasants worked on
it.
Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New
World in the service of Spain while looking
for a route to China
Commercial
Revolution
This was the period of economic and
political expansion, colonialism, and
mercantilism that occurred in Europe
Committee of
Public Safety,
Reign of Terror
This was the group and period in France
where Robespierre ruled and used
revolutionary terror to solidify the home
front. He tried rebels and they were all
judged severely and most were executed
Common
Market (EEC)
An international organization of European
countries formed after World War II to
reduce trade barriers and increase
cooperation among its members.
81.
Commonwealth
Proclaimed when Charles I was beheaded
in 1649. Theoretically, legislative power
rested in the surviving members of the
parliament and executive power was lodged
in a council state.
82.
Communism
A political and economic system where
factors of production are collectively owned
and directed by the state.
Congress of
Vienna
This agreement reorganized Europe
following the defeat of Napoleon, restoring
the balance of power., This was the
meeting between the Quadruple Alliance in
order to formulate a peace agreement and to
balance the victories of the Napoleonic
wars
77.
78.
79.
80.
83.
84.
85.
Conservatism
Containment
This was the political idea in which the
people regarded tradition as the basic
source of human institutions and the
proper state and society remained those
before the French Revolution which rested
on a judicious blend on monarchy,
bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful
commoners
A goal to stop the spread of communism.
The US had to use military and non
military actions to stop the spread.
86.
Contraception
Grew in popularity, decreasing family
size. Commonly called "the pill."
87.
Copernicus
Polish astronomer who produced a
workable model of the solar system with
the sun in the center
88.
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the
church and secure reconciliation with the
Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did
not attend
Counter/Catholic
Reformation
Religious reform movement within the
Latin Christian Church, begun in
response to the Protestant Reformation.
It clarified Catholic theology and
reformed clerical training and discipline.
90.
Crimean War
Officially over the right to the Holy Land,
this war was mainly about Russia trying
to keep hold of its naval base in the
Crimea.
91.
Cromwell
Excellent military leader, helped
Parliament win civil war, dismissed
parliament and was dictator, attacked +
destroyed Irish who said Charles II was
rightful leader of England
Cult of
Domesticity
tradition that housework and child care
were considered the only proper activites
for married women
Cultural
Nationalism
A process of protecting, either formally
(with laws) or informally (with social
values), the primacy of a certain cultural
system against influences (real or
imagined) from another culture.
94.
Czechoslovakia
Declared its independence from AustroHungary in 1918.
95.
Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated
a theory of evolution by natural selection
96.
David Hume
Scottish philosopher whose sceptical
philosophy restricted human knowledge
to that which can be perceived by the
senses
David Lloyd
George
He was the British representative at the
Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He
pushed for a revenge-based treaty at
Versailles, hampering the 14 points.
Debussy
French Composer of impressionist music.
late romantic to modernist
Declaration of
Pillnitz
A statement agreed upon by Leopold II
and Fredrick William II to intervene if
Louis XVI was threatened by revolution
89.
92.
93.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
Defenestration
of Prague
The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic
officials from a castle window in Prague,
setting off the Thirty Years' War.
Delacroix
This French painter was important to
French Romantic art. He often used his
painting to convey a political message, and
he is best known for his painting depicting
the socialist revolution of 1830: Liberty
Leading the People.
Descartes
French philosopher, discovered analytical
geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have
a direct relationship. Reduced everything to
spiritual or physical.
Diderot
Published work of many philosphes in his
Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help
people think more rationally and critically.
Domestic
System (aka
Putting out
system aka
Cottage
Industry)
the change from an agricultural to an
industrial society and from home
manufacturing to factory production,
especially the one that took place in
England from about 1750 to about 1850.
Dostoevsky &
Tolstoy
Russian novelists who wrote of human
suffering with humor and psychological
insight, self-sacrifice, non-violence, and
finding happiness from within
106.
Dreyfus Affair
The conviction of an obviously innocent
Jewish army officer lead to public
disapproval.
107.
Dutch Revolt
Revolt against the Spanish Empire, which
led to the formation of the Netherlands.
108.
109.
110.
Edict of
Nantes
This was the document published by Henry
IV that granted liberty of conscience and
liberty of public worship to the Huguenots
Eduard
Bernstein
German social democratic theoretician and
politician, a member of the SPD, and the
founder of evolutionary socialism and
revisionism.
Einstein
Developed the influential theory of
relativity stating that motion can only be
measured relative to the position of a
particular observer
Emancipation
of Serfs
Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom
in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no
political rights; required to stay in vilages
until they could repay aristocracy for land.
Emile Zola
An influential French writer, the most
important exemplar of the literary school of
naturalism and an important contributor to
the development of theatrical naturalism.
Emmeline
Pankhurst
Leader of the British suffragette movement,
and helped women win the right to vote.
English Bill of
Rights
To make clear the powers of England's
monarchy in 1689, the English Parliament
drafted a list of things that they could not do
like no taxing without permission from
Parliament.
English Civil
War
This was the revolution as a result of
whether the sovereignty would remain with
the king or with the Parliament. Eventually,
the kingship was abolished
English Civil
War
("Puritan
Revolution",
Cromwell)
Charles I was disliked, and avoided calling
Parliament to keep his power. He was
forced to, and this lead eventually to Oliver
Cromewll declaring a commonwealth and
bceoming Lord Protector.
Erasmus
Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas
More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in
Europe and widely respected. Believed the
problems in the Catholic Church could be
fixed; did not suport the idea of a
Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly
Estates
General
France's traditional national assembly with
representatives of the three estates, or
classes, in French society: the clergy,
nobility, and commoners. Calling it in 1789
led to the French Revolution.
ethnic
cleansing
Process in which more powerful ethnic
group forcibly removes a less powerful one
in order to create an ethnically
homogeneous region
122.
euro
A common monetary unit of Europe,
established by the EU as a part of an effort
to unify Europe financially.
Existentialism
The focus of philosophical thought should
be to deal with the conditions of existence
of the individual person and their emotions,
actions, responsibilities, and thoughts.
Fabian
Socialists
A group of intellectuals who started a
movement for laborers and stressed the
need for the workers to use their vote to
capture the House of Commons and pass
legislation the would benefit the laboring
class.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
111.
El Greco
Spanish painter (born in Greece)
remembered for his religious works
characterized by elongated human forms
and dramatic use of color
123.
112.
Elizabeth I
This queen of England chose a religion
between the Puritans and Catholics and
required her subjects to attend church or
face a fine. She also required uniformity
and conformity to the Church of England
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
Fascism
A system of government characterized by
strict social and economic control and a
strong, centralized government usually
headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by
Mussolini.
Female
Suffrage
The right for women to vote. Became a
popular idea in the 1900s.
Feminism
Political, cultural, and economic movements
aimed at establishing greater rights and
legal protections for women.
Ferdinand
and Isabella
This was the king and queen of Spain who
took over the Catholic Spain and started the
Spanish Inquisition
Feudalism
A political system based on the rule of local
lords bound to a king by ties of loyalty. It
developed as a system of local defense
against invaders in western Europe, China,
and Japan.
138.
Frankfurt Assembly
German Parliament met in
Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream: the
preparation of a constitution for a
united Germany
139.
Franz Ferdinand
Archduke of Austria Hungary
who was assassinated at Sarajevo
by a Serbian terrorist group called
the Black Hand; his death was a
main cause for World War I.
140.
Franz Joseph
The ruler of Austria-Hungary
when WWI started. He was
planning to attack Serbia for their
ports. When Serbia murdered
Franz Ferdinand, he attacked
Serbia, which effectively started
WWI.
141.
Frederick I
He was the successor and uncle
of Christian II. He encouraged
Lutheran preachers to spread
their evangelical doctrines and to
introduce a Lutheran liturgy into
the Danish church service.
Frederick II ("The
Great")
Known as the Great, worked to
expand territory and prestige of
Prussia,king of Prussia from 1740
to 1786
Frederick William
the Elector of Brandenburg who
rebuilt his domain after its
destruction during the Thirty
Years' War (1620-1688)
Frederick William
("Great Elector")
the Elector of Brandenburg who
rebuilt his domain after its
destruction during the Thirty
Years' War (1620-1688), placed
very strong emphasis on the army
French Revolution
The French people overthrew the
king and his government, and
then instituted a series of
unsuccessful democratic
governments until Napoleon took
over as dictator in 1799.
French
Revolution/Napoleonic
Wars
These wars began with the rise of
an (eventual) French dictator,
who conquered nearly all of
Europe.
French War in Algeria
An important decolonization war,
it was a complex conflict
characterized by guerrilla
warfare, maquis fighting,
terrorism, etc. Eventually lead de
Gaulle to free Algeria.
Fifth French
Republic
made after a new French consitution gave
more power to the president. Charles De
Gaulle was the first president of the Fifth
French Republic. De Gaulle soon started a
long retreat from Algeria
First Estate,
Second
Estate, Third
Estate
The different sections that made up French
society: Nobles, clergy, and everyone else.
Five Year
Plans
Stalin's plans to to make the economy fully
industrial. All resources were devoted to
these efforts. As a result Soviet people lacked
food, housing, clothing BUT Economy grew
Flaubert
French Novelist, Realism, stories of
middleclass france struggle against society,
Madame Bovary
Fourth
French
Republic
The French government set up after World
War II; Had a weak president, strong
legislature, and too many parties with weak
coalitions.
France &
Piedmont vs.
Austria—
1859 (Italian
Unification)
Piedmont ruler Cavour dragged France into
war with Austria to assist with Italian
unification. France later backed out, but it
still assisted Italian unification.
146.
Franco
Spanish general whose armies took control
of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator
until his death
147.
FrancoPrussian
War—187071
France attacked Prussia to attempt to stop
them becoming too powerful. Prussia won,
and Napoleon III was dethroned. This war
established the Third French Republic and
the German Empire
142.
131.
143.
132.
144.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
145.
148.
149.
150.
French Wars of
Religion (Henry
IV)
Internal conflict between the Catholics
and the Huguenots, concluding with
the Edict of Nantes.
Freud
Austrian physician who approached
psychology while trying to treat mental
disorders, focused on the unconscious
Galileo
This scientist formulated the
experimental method and using this,
came up with the law of inertia, among
several discoveries related to the moon
160.
161.
162.
Great
Depression
The economic collapse. Its repurcussions
included the rise of totalitarian powers in many
countries, and terrible conditions for those
affected.
Gustave
Courbet
Most famous member of realist school. Painted
only things that he saw. Phrase "realism" was
coined in reaction to one of his paintings. All
of his works represented everyday life.
Gustavus
Adolphus
(Sweden—
30 Years
War)
A Swedish leader who fought against the
Catholics in the Thirty Years' War. Successful
at first, but when he died Sweden asked for
peace.
151.
Garibaldi
Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily
and Naples led to the formation of the
Italian state
152.
George Sand
French femaile author of more than
eighty novels who took a man's name
and dressed in male attire to protest the
treatment of women
163.
Haydn
He wrote 104 symphonies and when he visited
England, he wrote concerts for the public. "The
Creation" and "The Seasons" are both dedicated
to the common people.
George
Sorel/Syndicalism
The French trade-unionist belief that
workers would become the
governmental power through a general
strike that would paralyze society.
164.
Hegel
German Empire
(1871)
Unified by Bismark of Prussia, the
German empire was created after the
Franco-Prussian war. This Empire
evolved into Germany, which played a
key part in both WWI and WWII.
Was a German philosopher who wrote and
influenced many others (like Marx) with his
writings. He is most often characterized by his
'three-step process' of thesis, antithesis, and
synthesis.
Henrik
Ibsen
German Empire1871
Divided into states with no unified
government.
A major 19th-century Norwegian playwright,
theatre director, and poet. He is often referred
to as "the godfather" of modern drama and is
one of the founders of Modernism in the
theatre.
Glasnost
Policy of openness initiated by
Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided
increased opportunities for freedom of
speech, association and the press in
the Soviet Union.
Henry IV
(Henry of
Navarre)
Henry of Navarre; was protestant but did not
wish to anger catholics. Said "Paris is well
worth a mass"
167.
Henry VIII
King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire
to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the
pope, England's break with the Roman
Catholic Church, and its embrace of
Protestantism. Henry established the Church of
England in 1532.
168.
Himler
leader of the SS, helped with the final solutions
cause
169.
Hitler
Nazi leader and founder; had over 6 million
Jews assassinated during the Holocaust
170.
Hobbes
English materialist and political philosopher
who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only
kind of government that could resolve problems
caused by the selfishness of human beings
171.
Honecker
East German dictator from 1971 to 1989 that
ruled with an iron fist, secret police and refusal
of reforms; in 1989, his economic policies
cause a mass East German migration through
Hungary to get to West Germany, which caused
him to open borders with West Germany
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
Glorious
Revolution
Goethe
Gorbachev
William of Orange (renamed William
III) invaded England at the request of
its citizens. He overthrew James II and
Catholicism along with him., In this
bloodless revolution, the English
Parliament and William and Mary
agreed to overthrow James II for the
sake of Protestantism. This led to a
constitutional monarchy and the
drafting of the English Bill of Rights.
German writer and polymath. Works
span the fields of poetry, drama,
literature, theology, philosophy,
pantheism, and science.
Soviet statesman whose foreign policy
brought an end to the Cold War and
whose domestic policy introduced
major reforms (born in 1931)
165.
166.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
Imperialism
Impressionism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to
dominate other countries politically,
economically, or socially. This led to the
creation of a number of European empires
which extended around the world.
An artistic movement that sought to
capture a momentary feel, or impression,
of the piece they were drawinAn artistic
movement that sought to capture a
momentary feel, or impression, of the piece
they were drawing.
Industrial
Revolution
the change from an agricultural to an
industrial society and from home
manufacturing to factory production,
especially the one that took place in
England from about 1750 to about 1850.
Interest
A charge for borrowing money. No longer
considered a sin, allowing loans to be
made, which allowed businesses to
develop and encouraged capitalism.
Internal
Combustion
Engine
Source of energy that allowed
Industrializatoin.
Iron Curtain
Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War
division between the Soviet-dominated
East and the US-dominated West.
Ivan the
Terrible
Leader whose actions were puzzling and
cruel but who did lay the foundations for a
new Russian state that included old Ievan
Russia and stretched from Siberia to the
Caspian Sea
James I
This Scottish ruler became the English
king as well once Elizabeth died. He
inherited a country that was in debt, as
well as in mourning for their highlyidealized former queen. He was generous
with favors but Scottish and English
differences made it impossible for him to
gain anyone's favor.
James II
James Joyce
This was the Catholic king of England
after Charles II that granted everyone
religious freedom and even appointed
Roman Catholics to positions in the army
and government
influential Irish writer noted for his many
innovations (such as stream of
consciousness writing)
Jane Austen
English novelist noted for her insightful
portrayals of middle-class families
John Stuart
Mill
English philosopher and economist
remembered for his interpretations of
empiricism and utilitarianism
John
Wesley/Methodism
Stressed the need for piety, devotion,
and acceptance of one's lot.
185.
Joseph II
This was the ruler of the Habsburgs
that controlled the Catholic Church
closely, granted religious toleration
and civic rights to Protestants and
Jews, and abolished serfdom
186.
Kaiser William I
William I of Prussia declares himself
Kaiser of Germany at Versailles after
winning the Franco-Prussian war
187.
Kaiser William II
last German Emperor and King of
Prussia, ruling both the German
Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia
from 15 June 1888 to 9 November
1918.
188.
Kant
This philosopher showed the overall
attitude of the Enlightenment by
saying "have the courage to use your
own understanding"
Karl
Marx/Marxism
Viewed the struggle of workers as a
progression of historical forces that
would proceed from a class struggle of
the proletariat (workers) exploited by
capitalists (business owners), to a
socialist "dictatorship of the
proletariat," to, finally, a classless
society - Communism.
190.
Kepler
His laws showed that the planets
revolve around the sun in elliptical
orbits instead of circles.
191.
Khrushchev
Soviet leader, publicly denounced
Stalin, free many political prisoners
eased censorship
192.
Konrad Adenauer
The first chancellor of West Germany;
he was able to establish a stable
democratic government.
193.
Kulturkampf
Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to
expel Jesuits from Germany and break
off relations with Vatican. Eventually,
after little success, Bismarck halted
these policies.
Laissez-faire
capitalism ("free
enterprise")
policy based on the idea that
government should play as small a
role as possible in the economy
195.
Le Fronde
A series of civil wars in France by
nobles against Louis XIV's and
Mazarin's authority; they were unable
to overthrow Mazarin.
196.
Lech Walesa
Co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet
bloc's first independent trade union,
won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983,
and served as President of Poland.
184.
189.
194.
197.
Lenin
Founded the Communist Party in Russia and
set up the world's first Communist Party
dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of
1917, in which the Communists seized power
in Russia. He then ruled the country until his
death in 1924. Mr. Lorme's favorite.
198.
Leonardo
This artist used the technique of atmospheric
perspective and even wrote about the
phenomenon in his journal
199.
Liberalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the civil
rights of citizens, representative government,
and the protection of private property. This
ideology, derived from the Enlightenment,
was especially popular among the propertyowning middle classes.
200.
201.
202.
203.
List of
Prohibited
Books
A list of publications prohibited by the
Catholic Church.
Locke
English empiricist philosopher who believed
that all knowledge is derived from sensory
experience
Locke
English empiricist philosopher who believed
that all knowledge is derived from sensory
experience and people have natural rights,
they are ruled to protect those laws.
209.
Louis XVIII
Restored Bourbon throne after the Revoltion.
He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle
of equality before the law), honored the
property rights of those who had purchased
confiscated land and establish a bicameral
(two-house) legislature consisting of the
Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the
Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an
electorate).
210.
Luther
The founder of Protestantism whose religion,
based on 95 Theses, rejected Catholic
orthodoxy, the sale of indulgences, and papal
authority.
211.
Lutheranism
The religious doctrine that Martin Luther
developed; it differed from Catholicismin the
doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed
could be achieved by faith alone, not by good
works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant
faith
212.
Machiavelli
Wrote "The Prince", a book that
recommended harsh and arbitrary rule for
princes
213.
Mannerism
Artistic movement against the Renaissance
ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity;
went against the perfection the High
Renaissance created in art. Used elongated
proportions, twisted poese and compression
of space.
Margaret
Cavendish
A unique and groundbreaking woman writer,
and the only female philosopher of her time.
Margaret
Thatcher
Conservative British prime minister from
1970 to 1991; held that office longer than any
other person; worked to cut welfare and
housing expenses, promote free enterpris
Maria
Theresa
This was the queen of Austria as a result of
the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the
papacy's political influence in Austria,
strengthened her central bureaucracy and
cautiously reduced the power that nobles had
over their serfs
Marie Curie
This female scientist proved that radioactivity, when properly applied, was an
effective treatment of some diseases.
MarieTherese
Geoffrin
Famous Salon hostess. Invited brilliant
minds including Voltaire, Baron de
Montesquieu, and Diderot. Made exchange of
ideas fashionable.
Marshall
Plan
a United States program of economic aid for
the reconstruction of Europe
Mary Shelley
English novelist who wrote a "monster" story
which raised questions about the potential
negative impact of the rise of science
Louis Blanc
(National
Workshops)
Journalist who advocated the right to work,
thought governments should guarentee
employment through public works projects.
Louis
Philippe
King of France following Charles X.
Abdicated the throne against threat of
republican revolution (smelled his popularity
was diminishing)
215.
This French king ruled for the longest time
ever in Europe. He issued several economic
policies and costly wars. He was the prime
example of absolutism in France.
216.
214.
204.
205.
Louis XIV
206.
Louis XIV
This French king ruled for the longest time
ever in Europe. He issued several economic
policies and costly wars. He was the prime
example of absolutism in France
207.
Louis XV
When Louis XIV died in 1715, the crown was
to be succeeded by his five-year-old grandson
Louis XV. Under Louis XV, the French
minister Maupeou began the restoration of
royal absolutism by abolishing the parlement
of Paris.
217.
208.
Louis XVI
King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he
summoned the Estates-General, but he did not
grant the reforms that were demanded and
revolution followed. He and his queen, Marie
Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
218.
219.
220.
221.
Mary
Wallstonecraft
Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of
Women, in which she called for equal
education for girls and boys. She felt that a
woman should be able to decide what was
in her own interest without depending on
her husband.
222.
Mass leisure
This was a result of the working class
having free time after work (10 Hour's Act)
and having a little bit of money (increased
real wages)
223.
Mass politics
reforms encouraged expansion of political
democracy through voting rights formed
and creation of mass political parties
224.
Matisse
French painter and sculptor. Leading figure
of Fauvism
225.
Max Planck
German physicist who developed quantum
theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for
physics in 1918.
226.
Mazzini
Italian idealistic patriot; preached a
centralized democratic republic based on
universal suffrage and the will of the people
227.
Mendel
Augustinian monk and botanist whose
experiments in breeding garden peas led to
his eventual recognition as founder of the
science of genetics
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
Mercantilism
Michelangelo
an economic policy under which nations
sought to increase their wealth and power
by obtaining large amounts of gold and
silver and by selling more goods than they
bought
This was an artist who led the way for
Renaissance masters from his David
sculpture and his painting of the Sistine
Chapel ceiling
Mikhail
Romanov
First Romanov czar, ends the "Time of
Troubles" in which there is chaos over who
should rule Russia
Milton
Free Market of Ideas, there are good and
bad ideas, the good will win out Ideologic
Darwanism
Mir
A village or community with the idea that
all members of a community must work
together cooperatively to assure mutual
survival (thus the sharing of work, food
and in the cold winter months warmth).
233.
Monet, Renoir
Impressionist painters.
234.
Montaigne
The finest representative of early modern
skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay.
235.
Montesquieu
French political philosopher who
advocated the separation of executive and
legislative and judicial powers
236.
Mozart
a composer from Austria, who was known for
classical NEW STYLE. Child prodigy.
237.
Mussolini
Italian fascist, called upon his followers to
march on Rome, King Victor Emmanuel III
gave in and named Mussolini prime minister,
turned Italy into a fascist state
238.
Napoleon
A French general, political leader, and
emperor of the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly
through the ranks of army and government
during and after the French Revolution and
crowned himself emperor in 1804. He
conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds
of his army in a disastrous invasion of
Russia. After his final loss to Britain and
Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was
exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south
Atlantic Ocean.
239.
Nationalism
Political ideology that stresses people's
membership in a nation-a community defined
by a common culture and history as well as by
territory. In the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force
for unity in western Europe.
240.
NATO
an alliance made to defend one another if
they were attacked by any other country; US,
England, France, Canada, Western European
countries
Neoclassicism
A style of art and architecture that emerged in
the later 18th century. Part of a general
revival of interest in classical cultures,
Neoclassicism was characterized by the
utilization of themes and styles from ancient
Greece and Rome.
NEP (New
Economic
Policy)
A small scale version of capitalism. Alowed
peasants to sell excess crops & allowed small
factories and businesses to be under private
ownership. (Govt. still controlled major
businesses & factories)
Netherlands
(1815)
United the Dutch Republic and the Austrian
Netherlands under the House of OrangeNassau.
Neville
Chamberlain
Great British prime minister who advocated
peace and a policy of appeasement.
245.
Newton
This physicist developed the law of universal
gravitation and further caused the decline of
the old system of science
246.
Nicholas I
Russian Tsar that succeeced Alexander; he
strengthened the secret police and the
bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use
Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he
greatly feared them.
241.
242.
243.
244.
247.
Nicholas II
Last czar or Russia during the revolution and
WWI, abdicated, killed with family by the
Bolsheviks.
248.
Nietzsche
Radical questioning of the value and
objectivity of truth n. His key ideas include the
death of God, perspectivism, the Übermensch,
the eternal recurrence, and the will to power.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
260.
261.
Olympe de
Gouges
French journalist who published the
declaration of rights of women and the female
citizens.
Paris
Commune
A brief Parisian government hailed as the first
government of the working class.
Partitions
of Poland
Poland divided between Russia, Austria, and
Prussia; changed the balance of Europe as a
whole; Russia, Austria, and Prussia
progressed passed France
Peace of
Augsburg
Ended the religious wars. The division of
Christianity was formally acknowledged, with
Lutheranism granted equal legal standing
with Catholicism.
Peace of
Westphalia
This was the treaty that ended the Thirty
Years' War that recognized the independent
authority of over three hundred German
principalities
Peasant
Perestroika
Peter the
Great
Petrarch
Philip II
A farmer, working for a nobleman on land
that noble owns, in exchange for a share of
the crops.
"Restructuring," a policy initiated by Mikhail
Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the
social and economic status quo in communist
Russia towards a market based economy and
society
This was the czar of Russia that Westernized
Russia and built up a massive Russian army.
He also was interested in building grand cities
like those in Western Europe
Father of the Renaissance. He believed the
first two centuries of the Roman Empire to
represent the peak in the development of
human civilization.
King of Spain. Inherited a lot of debt. Fervent
Catholic. Sent the Spanish Armada.
Polish Diet
("Liberum
Veto")
known as "exploding the diet" it allowed one
member to disband the diet of Poland
Political
Nationalism
A sovereign state represents a people—Those
speaking the same language, sharing
traditions and customs
Pope John
Paul II
Assumed Papacy 1979, Conservative Pope,
against strengthening women's position in
church, more staunch on birth control
Pragmatic
Sanction
This was the act passed by Charles VI that
stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to
be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be
ruler.
Prague
Spring
A period of political liberalization in
Czechoslovakia during the era of its
domination by the Soviet Union after World
War II. It ended with Soviets invading.
264.
Procurator
Lay official of the Russian church; represented
the interests of the tsar and extended control of
the tsar over the church.
265.
Proletariat
marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of
workers who do not own the means of
production
266.
Ptolemy
Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a
geocentric system of astronomy that was
undisputed until Copernicus
Pugachev's
Rebellion
1773, tried to restore traditional system with
rights for peasants.
Radio
Grew popular during and after WWI and
available to all (even illiterate) so able to
mobilize the masses for political purposes. Also
used for propaganda
Ramsey
McDonald
abor gov. of britian in old fashioned- raise
taxes cut gov spending and balance the budget
270.
Raphael
Italian Renaissance painter; he painted
frescos, his most famous being The School of
Athens.
271.
Reagan
40th republican with a strong anti-communist
view. influenced fall of communism. talked
with gorbachev to end Cold War
272.
Realism
The philosophical doctrine that physical object
continue to exist when not perceived
273.
Realism
This was the new style of literature that focused
on the daily lives and adventures of a common
person. This style was a response to
Romanticism's supernaturalism and overemphasis on emotion
Realpolitik
(Bismarck)
Political theory that national success justifies
any means possible. Very Machiavellian.
Red Terror
The campaign of mass arrests and executions
conducted by the Bolshevik government
Reform Act
of 1832
An Act of Parliament that introduced wideranging changes to the electoral system of the
United Kingdom
Reform Act
of 1867
Lowered the monetary requirements for voting
which increased the number of voters from
about one million to slightly over two million.
262.
263.
267.
268.
269.
274.
275.
276.
277.
278.
Reformation
A religious reform movement which
challenged political and ecclesiastical
authority of the Catholic Church during
the Middle Ages.
279.
Reichstag
Seated Germany's lower house of
Parlimrent, it burned in 1933 and Hitler
blamed it on the communist, this event
led to Hitler becoming the absolute
dictator in Germany.
280.
Rembrandt
Dutch painter, who painted portraits of
wealthy middle-class merchants and
used sharp contrasts of light and shadow
to draw attention to his focus
281.
Renaissance
The great period of rebirth in art,
literature, and learning in the 14th-16th
centuries, which marked the transition
into the modern periods of European
history.
282.
283.
284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
Republicanism
Rerum Novarum
A philosophy of limited government with
elected representatives serving at the will
of the people. The government is based
on consent of the governed.
This papal document defended private
property, religious education, and
condemned socialism and Marxism
Revisionist
("Evolutionary")
Marxists vs.
Orthodox
Marxists
Wanted a dictatorship of the proletariat,
but disagreed whether direct action
should be taken to achieve it. (Two
groups.)
Revisionist
Marxism
("Evolutionary
Socialism")
This was the work that suggested that
socialists should combine with other
progressive forces to win gradual
evolutionary gains for workers through
legislation, unions, and further
economic development
Revolution of
1848
members of the working class in Paris
united to overthrow the regime of Louis
Phillippe and creat the Second French
revolution
Revolution of
1848
Revolutions broke out all across Europe
for that year, triggered by the French
Revolution. They were all subdued, but
they had some sort of long lasting effects.
The people were probably upset that they
were silenced and they had no voice,
that's my guess.
Revolutions of
1848
A wave of political revolts beginning in
France (of course), and spreading across
Europe. They were all brutally put down.
Robert
Walpole
The first official prime minister, whose
foreign policy was to ignore continental
conflicts and he forgave the debt of the South
Sea Company which made the people
confident in the government
290.
Robespierre
A French political leader of the eighteenth
century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most
radical leaders of the French Revolution. He
was in charge of the government during the
Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons
were executed without trial. After a public
reaction against his extreme policies, he was
executed without trial.
291.
Rococo
Fanciful but graceful asymmetric
ornamentation in art and architecture that
originated in France in the 18th century
292.
Romanticism
A movement in literature and art during the
late 18th and early 19th centuries that
celebrated nature rather than civilization
293.
Romanticism
This was the response to the Enlightenment
in which they believed that not everything
could be measured, because of the passion of
emotion
294.
Roosevelt
President of the United States from 19331945; elected four times during the Great
Depression and World War II. Associated
with a New Deal to help end the Depression.
295.
Rousseau
believed people in their natural state were
basically good but that they were corrupted
by the evils of society, especially the uneven
distribution of property
Russian Civil
War
(October 1917) Bolshevik Party seized power
and created civil war between Bolsheviks and
supporters of Tsar that Bolsheviks had
executed but Bolsheviks won
Russian
Revolution
The revolution against the Tsarist
government which led to the abdication of
Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional
government in March 1917.
Russian
Revolution
The revolution against the Tsarist
government which led to the abdication of
Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional
government in March 1917
Sack of Rome
(1527)
a military event carried out by the mutinous
troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in
Rome, then part of the Papal States
Sarajevo,
Bosnia
Austria annexed Bosnia (the first Balkan
crisis) to prevent Slavs there from uniting
with Serbia and challenging Austrian power.
Russia disapproved but did not act.
Sartre &
Camus
Existentialist thinkers.
289.
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
303.
304.
305.
306.
307.
Schlieffen
Plan
Attack plan by Germans, lightning quick
attack against France. Proposed to go
through Belgium then attack France,
Belgium resisted, other countries took up
their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.
Schmalkaldic
League vs.
HREmperor
(Charles V)
The early wars of religion between northern
Protestant states and southern Catholic
states in the Holy Roman Empire.
Schoenberg
(atonal)
United States composer and musical theorist
(born in Austria) who developed atonal
composition
Second
Industrial
Revolution
Steep growth in industry and the production
of steel, petrolium, electric power, and the
machinery to produce other goods
Serf
A farmer tied to the land he works, which is
owned by a noble.
Seven Years'
War
Known in America as French and Indian
war. It was the war between the French and
their Indian allies and the English that
proved the English to be the more dominant
force of what was to be the United States
both commercially and in terms of controlled
regions.
308.
Shakespeare
English poet and dramatist considered one of
the greatest English writers
309.
Siglo de Oro
A period of flourishing in arts and literature
in Spain, coinciding with the political rise
and decline of the Spanish Hapsburg dynasty
Simone de
Beauvoir
French author of The Second Sex. She argued
for women's rights and was also a prominent
figure in the existentialist movement. She
died in 1986.
Social
Democrats
Social democracy promotes the creation of
economic democracy as a means to secure
workers' rights. Social democracy rejects the
Marxian principle of dictatorship of the
proletariat, claiming that gradualist
democratic reforms will improve the rights of
the working class.
310.
311.
Soviet
satellites
Eastern European nations with communist
puppet governments; policies were loosely
controlled by the USSR
Spain (Philip
II) vs. England
(Elizabeth)
The Spanish Armada. These two
countries/rulers wanted to eliminate
Protestantism and Catholic interference,
respectively.
Spanish
Armada
A Spanish fleet attempted to attack
England and to overflow Elizabeth I,
primarily to eliminate Protestantism. They
failed epically, partly because of the
weather., the Spanish fleet that attempted
to invade England, ending in disaster, due
to the raging storm in the English Channel
as well as the smaller and better English
navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed
as the decline of Spain's Golden Age, and
the rise of England as a world naval power.
Spanish Civil
War
Civil war in which General Franco
succeeded in overthrowing the republican
government
Spanish Civil
War
In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a
coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and
Communists was elected. General
Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The
revolt quickly became a civil war. The
Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to
the government forces while Germany and
Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to
help Franco.
320.
Spinoza
Wrote Ethics Demonstrated in the
Geometric Manner. Rejected Cartesian
Dualism and suported Pantheism where
"god" is a singular self-subsistent
substance.
321.
Sputnik
The first satellite, Russian, which sparked
the space race.
322.
SS
special police force in Nazi Germany
founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf
Hitler in 1925
St.
Bartholomew's
Day Massacre
wipes out protestantism, kills 7,000
people, france remains catholic
St. Petersburg
Capitol city created by Peter the Great to
resemble a French city. Part of Peter's
Westernization and attempts to get a
warm-water port.
St. Teresa of
Avila
Reformed monastic life in her own
community of followers, the Carmelites.
simplicity
315.
316.
317.
318.
319.
323.
312.
Social
Security
a system of federal financial support for
retired workers and workers unable to
continue working because of a disability
Socialist
Realism
(USSR)
Artistic style whose goal was to promote
socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive
light.
Solidarity
Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest
working conditions and political repression.
It began the nationalist opposition to
communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of
communism in eastern Europe.
324.
313.
314.
325.
Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head
of the Communist Party and created a
totalitarian state by purging all opposition
(1879-1953)
Steam
Engine
(James
Watt)
A machine that turns the energy released by
burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen
built the first crude but workable steam engine
in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device
in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then
applied to machinery.
Stravinsky
(Rite of
Spring)
A Russian composer, considered by many in
both the West and his native land to be the
most influential composer of 20th century
music.
342.
Stuart
Restoration
reestablishment of monarchy in the person of
Charles II, the son of Charles I, after
Cromwell's death. It temporarily ended
England's troubles.
343.
330.
Suffragists
Those (mostly female) who were active in
seeking voting rights for women as an
inherent right for all individuals in the
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
331.
Telephone
Communication device invented by Alexander
Graham Bell in 1986.
332.
Television
Made mass media availably for people all over
the United States, Europe, and other parts of
the world
333.
Thaw
A relaxing of Soviet policies following Stalin's
death, including censorship and private
ownership.
326.
327.
328.
329.
334.
335.
336.
337.
338.
The Beatles
a British band that had an enormous influence
on popular music in the 1960s
Third
French
Republic
The republican government of France between
the end of the Second French Empire and the
the invasion of France by the German Third
Reich.
Third
Reich
(Nazism)
The Third Republic of Germany which began
Hitler's rule in 1933 and ended with his defeat
in 1945
Thirty
Years' War
(1618-1648,
Holy
Roman
Empire)
The war began with a Catholic/Protestant
conflict and matured into a multi-state political
conflict, mainly France and the Holy Roman
Empire competing for European dominance.
Thomas
More
He was a English humanist that contributed to
the world today by revealing the complexities
of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that
represented a revolutionary view of society.
Tito
(Yugoslavia)
Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to
German occupation during World War II and
established a communist state after the war
(1892-1980)
Toleration
Acts
England, 1689. Gave freedom of worship to
all Protestants (but not Catholics), as long as
they swore an oath of allegiance.
Treaty of
Utrecht
The treaty that ended the War of Spanish
Succession and stopped Louis XIV's attempts
to gain more land for France, defending the
balance of power.
Trotsky
A Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist
theorist. He was one of the leaders of the
Russian October Revolution, second only to
Lenin.
Truman
Doctrine
A doctrine that promised to aid people
struggling to resist threats to democratic
freedom.
Uprising in
Hungary
A student demonstration spread into a revolt
that overthrew the government. Soviets
intervened and took over the country.
345.
Urbanization
An increase in the percentage and in the
number of people living in urban settlements.
346.
Vaclav Havel
Czech playwright that called for the
independence of Czechoslovakia by 1989;
became the first President of Czechoslavakia
and the first President of the Czech Republic
in 1993
347.
Van Gogh
This artist's finest works were produced in
less than three years in a technique that grew
more and more impassioned in brushstroke,
in symbolic and intense color, in surface
tension, and in the movement and vibration
of form and line.
348.
Vatican II
Pope John XXIII called the conference
which met in four sessions between 1962-65.
The purpose was to bring the church up to
date (aggiornamento).
Victor
Emmanuel II
He was king of Sardinia, Piedmont and
Savory until 1861 when he was crowned the
first king of a united Italy
Victor Hugo
(French)
French novelist who wrote "The Hunchback
of Notre Dame" and "Les Miserables" in the
1800s. Both works have been made into
award winning productions.
Virginia
Wolfe
English novelist, essayist, diarist, epistler,
publisher, feminist, and writer of short
stories, regarded as one of the foremost
modernist literary figures of the twentieth
century.
339.
340.
341.
344.
349.
350.
351.
352.
Voltaire
French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment
thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and
reason with an appeal for better individuals
and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed
enlightened despot best form of government.
353.
Wagner
German composer of operas and inventor of
the music drama in which drama and
spectacle and music are fused
War of
American
Independence
Costly war of Americans against British and
George III that France was involved in that
later led France to bankruptcy. (American
name)
War of
Austrian
Succession
(Maria
Theresa,
Austria and
Frederick II,
Prussia)
A war sparked by challenges to Maria
Theresa, as a woman, ascending to the
Austrian throne. The most important
consequence was the Prussians gaining
Silesia.
War of
League of
Augsburg
8 years, won very little land, War fought
between 1689-1697 that resulted in the loss
of vast territory acquired by Louis XIV,
secured Holland's borders and curtailed
Louis' expansion into Germany.
354.
355.
356.
357.
358.
359.
360.
361.
The powers of Europe fought against a
possible unity of France and Spanish,
which would then upset the balance of
power. It was ended by the Treaty of
Utrecht.
War of
Spanish
Succession
Louis XIV gained power in Spain from his
grandson and did not divide the Spanish
possessions between himself and the
Roman Empire
Weimar
Republic
The new German republic the in 1921 owed
33 billion annually to the allied reparations
commission. In order to recover from its
severe economic issues the annual fees were
reduced each year depending on the level of
German economic prosperity and Germany
received large loans each year from the
United States.
William
Gladstone
Discovered the circulation of blood and the
role of the heart in propelling it. Developed
an accurate theory of how the heart and
ciculatory system operated.
William of
Orange
Dutch prince invited to be king of England
after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League
of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.
Willy Brandt
Chancellor of West Germany in the late
1960s; he sought to improve relations with
the states of Eastern Europe.
Winston
Churchill
A noted British statesman who led Britain
throughout most of World War II and along
with Roosevelt planned many allied
campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that
would separate Communist Europe from the
rest of the West.
Witchcraft
Hated in the 14th to 18th centuries, lead to
burnings and hunts.
Woodrow
Wilson
After World War I, this United States
president sought to reduce the risk of war by
writing the Fourteen Points that influenced
the creation of the League of Nations.
Wordsworth,
Byron, Percy
Shelley
English poets writing about some Romantic
ideas.
World War I
War sparked by assassination of Archduke
ferdinand. Causes were nationalism, and
romanticism. Resulted in a humiliating
German defeat and the establishment of
communism in Russia
World War
II
Global conflict that stemmed from
unresolved WWI issues, declarations came
after Germany invaded Poland. Germany
gained almost all of Europe before its defeat
began with the loss in Stalingrad.
Wycliff and
Huss
challenged the church saying Jesus was the
head of the church not the pope, the bible
was the chief consultant in religious disputes
not church law
372.
Yeltsin
First person ever elected by popular vote in
Russia; drafted a new constitution similar to
France's which established a mixed
presidential-parliamentary system anchored
in a powerful presidency
373.
Yugoslavia
This country was created after WWI, uniting
ethnicities that spoke similar Slavic
languages.
374.
Zemstvos
Elected local rural governments that allowed
some democracy without weakening the
central government.
363.
364.
365.
366.
367.
War of
Spanish
Succession
William and
Mary
William
Harvey
362.
King and Queen of England in 1688. With
them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As
they were Protestant, the Puritans were
pleased because only protestants could be
office-holders.
Served as Liberal Prime Minister four times.
Famous for his intense rivalry with the
Conservative Party Leader Benjamin
Disraeli. Supported repeal of the Corn Laws.
368.
369.
370.
371.
375.
Zwingli
A Swiss religious and social reformer who led the Swiss reformation, rejected papal authority and orthodoxy.