Meiosis
Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
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Printed: July 24, 2012
AUTHORS
Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
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C ONCEPT
1
1
Meiosis
• Give an overview of sexual reproduction, and outline the phases of meiosis.
How do you make a cell with half the DNA?
Meiosis. This allows cells to have half the number of chromosomes, so two of these cells can come back together to
form a new organism with the complete number of chromosomes. This process not only helps produce gametes, it
also ensures genetic variation.
Meiosis
The process that produces haploid gametes is meiosis. Meiosis is a type of cell division in which the number
of chromosomes is reduced by half. It occurs only in certain special cells of the organisms. During meiosis,
homologous chromosomes separate, and haploid cells form that have only one chromosome from each pair. Two
cell divisions occur during meiosis, and a total of four haploid cells are produced. The two cell divisions are called
meiosis I and meiosis II. The overall process of meiosis is summarized in Figure 1.1. You can watch an animation
of meiosis at this link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_-mQS_FZ0#38;#38;feature=related.
Phases of Meiosis
Meiosis I begins after DNA replicates during interphase of the cell cycle. In both meiosis I and meiosis II, cells
go through the same four phases as mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. However, there are
Concept 1. Meiosis
2
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FIGURE 1.1
Overview of Meiosis. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate and go to different daughter cells.
This diagram shows just the nuclei of the cells.
important differences between meiosis I and mitosis. The flowchart in Figure 1.2 shows what happens in both
meiosis I and II. You can follow the changes in the flowchart as you read about them below.
Compare meiosis I in this flowchart with the figure from the "Cell Division IV: Mitosis and Cytokinesis" concept.
How does meiosis I differ from mitosis? Notice at the beginning of meiosis (prophase I), homologous chromosomes
exchange segments of DNA. This is known as crossing-over, and is unique to this phase of meiosis.
The phases of meiosis are discussed at http://www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy#p/c/7A9646BC5110CF64/9/i
jLc52LmFQg (27:23).
MEDIA
Click image to the left for more content.
Meiosis I
1. Prophase I: The nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the chromosomes condense. Centrioles start
moving to opposite poles of the cell, and a spindle begins to form. Importantly, homologous chromosomes
pair up, which is unique to prophase I. In prophase of mitosis and meiosis II, homologous chromosomes do
not form pairs in this way. Crossing-over occurs during this phase.
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3
FIGURE 1.2
Phases of Meiosis. This flowchart of
meiosis shows meiosis I in greater detail
than meiosis II. Meiosis I—but not meiosis II—differs somewhat from mitosis.
Compare meiosis I in this flowchart with
the earlier figure featuring mitosis. How
does meiosis I differ from mitosis?
2. Metaphase I: Spindle fibers attach to the paired homologous chromosomes. The paired chromosomes line up
along the equator (middle) of the cell. This occurs only in metaphase I. In metaphase of mitosis and meiosis
II, it is sister chromatids that line up along the equator of the cell.
3. Anaphase I: Spindle fibers shorten, and the chromosomes of each homologous pair start to separate from each
other. One chromosome of each pair moves toward one pole of the cell, and the other chromosome moves
toward the opposite pole.
4. Telophase I and Cytokinesis: The spindle breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. The cytoplasm of
the cell divides, and two haploid daughter cells result. The daughter cells each have a random assortment of
chromosomes, with one from each homologous pair. Both daughter cells go on to meiosis II. The DNA does
not replicate between meiosis I and meiosis II.
Meiosis II
1. Prophase II: The nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle begins to form in each haploid daughter cell
from meiosis I. The centrioles also start to separate.
2. Metaphase II: Spindle fibers line up the sister chromatids of each chromosome along the equator of the cell.
3. Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
4. Telophase II and Cytokinesis: The spindle breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. The cytoplasm of
each cell divides, and four haploid cells result. Each cell has a unique combination of chromosomes.
Mitosis, Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction is discussed at http://www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy#p/c/7A96
46BC5110CF64/7/kaSIjIzAtYA (18:23).
Concept 1. Meiosis
4
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MEDIA
Click image to the left for more content.
You can watch an animation of meiosis at this link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_-mQS_FZ0#38;#38;f
eature=related.
Vocabulary
• crossing-over: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes; occurs during prophase I.
• haploid: Having one set of chromosomes.
• homologous chromosomes: Pair of chromosomes that have the same size and shape and contain the same
genes.
• meiosis: Type of cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half and four haploid cells
result.
Summary
• Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces gametes.
• Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells.
• Sexual reproduction has the potential to produce tremendous genetic variation in offspring. This is due in part
to crossing-over during meiosis.
Practice I
Use this resource to answer the questions that follow.
• http://www.hippocampus.org/Biology → Biology for AP* → Search: Stages of Meiosis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What is a fundamental goal of meiosis?
What does 2n refer to?
Describe synapsis, crossing-over, and chiasmata.
What is the metaphase plate?
How does meiosis ensure independent assortment?
What does NOT occur during interkinesis?
Describe the main difference between metaphase I and metaphase II. (Hint: DNA alignment)
Describe the products of meiosis I and meiosis II.
List four differences between meiosis and mitosis.
Practice II
• Meiosis at http://www.concord.org/activities/meiosis.
• Meiosis at http://www.neok12.com/diagram/Cell-Division-03.htm.
• Meiosis at http://johnkyrk.com/meiosis.html.
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5
• Identify Meiosis phases at http://www.neok12.com/quiz/CELDIV08.
• Quiz on Meiosis at http://www.neok12.com/quiz/CELDIV07.
Review
1. Outline the phases of meiosis.
2. Create a diagram to show how crossing-over occurs and how it creates new gene combinations on each chromosome.
3. Explain why sexual reproduction results in genetically unique offspring.
4. Explain how meiosis I differs from mitosis.
Concept 1. Meiosis