Unit 8: Industrialism, War, and the Progressive Era (1877 – 1912) New South and Last West Politics in the New South (new vision: economic diversity and laissez-faire) Redeemers – Democratic comeback in politics after Reconstruction Whites and African Americans in the South Continued poverty due to late start in industrialization and poorly educated workforce George Washington Carver-scientist at Tuskegee Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – “separate but…” Subordination of freed slaves: Jim Crow – segregation laws like… -disenfranchisement – literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses -barred from serving on juries/ learning trades -lynch mobs -message in cartoon? Responses to Segregation Ida B. Wells – editor of “Free Speech” black newspaper campaigned against lynchings and Jim Crow Booker T. Washington – Booker T and Tuskegee – philosophy? WEB DuBois – NAACP – philosophy? Southern Economy Sharecropping – “New slavery” Industrial stirrings Farming increasingly commercialized and specialized Cotton still king (prices down), some diversified Developed into leading steel center (Birmingham Ala.), lumber (Memphis), Richmond (tobacco), textiles (Ga. SC, NC) New railroads Cattle Kingdom Open-range ranching Cattle drives Influence of railroads – ship out cattle – Abilene Kansas, Chicago Changed American diet Closing due to – winter blizzard and drought (1885 – 1886), Homesteaders and Glidden’s barbed wire Day of the cowboy Myths and reality? Turner’s frontier thesis? Building the Western Railroad Influence? Transcontinental Railroad and Promontory Point, Utah Workers? Risks? Impact on big business? Vanderbilt, stock companies, politics (land grants, loans) Subordination of Indians: dispersal of tribes Farmers and permanent settlers (Pueblo and Hopi) Nomadic tribes lived on Plains (Sioux, Cheyenne, Crow, and Comanche) – horse from Spanish Misunderstandings with American government Reservation Policy (Ft. Laramie. Atkinson) Indian Wars Conflicts due to settlement of miners, cattlemen, homesteaders, failed treaties Sand Creek – 1864 – Cheyenne women and children massacred Sioux War – 1865 – 1867 – army column wiped out by Sioux 1870s – new round of wars include legendary figures Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and George Custer Assimilation and Aftermath Buffalo hunted out Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor Carlisle School in Pennsylvania Dawes Severalty Act (1887) Ghost Dance Movement 1880s Wounded Knee (1890) - last “battle” in the Dakotas 20th Century – 1924 – US citizenship granted to all Native-Americans FDR’s Indian reorganization Act (1934) Carlisle School – Before and After Farming the Plains; problems in agriculture “Great American Desert” Homestead Act of 1862 – encouraged settlers with free land and railroad promotions (1870 – 1900) Problems included severe weather, falling prices for crops, new machinery costs “Sodbusters” Mail-order windmills for water Dry farming and Deep plowing techniques/ Grangers and Farmer’s Alliances Mining Bonanza Gold and silver strikes – “Big” ones - Pike’s Peak (Co), and Comstock Lode (Nevada – entered Union) Boomtowns- San Francisco, Denver/ Ghost towns- lifestyle? California – hostility between Native born Americans and Chinese immigrants – Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Industrialization and Corporate Consolidation A. Industrial growth: railroads, iron, coal, electricity, steel, oil, banks By 1900 US leading industrial power due to: Natural resources Labor supply Growing population combined w/ advanced transportation Capital was plentiful Laborsaving technologies Friendly government policies Talented entrepreneurs Laissez – Faire Conservatism 1. Gospel of Wealth and Andrew Carnegie (Steel industry), self-made man Message? 2. Myth of the Self-made Man? Protestant work ethic/ Horatio Alger stories 3. Social Darwinism and survival of the fittest 4. Social critics and dissenters – Robber Barons or Captains of Industry? Rockefeller and Standard Oil/ JP Morgan and banking and steel/ anti-trust movement Robber Barons? Effects of Technological development on worker/ workplace Concentration of wealth – richest 10 % controlled 9/10 of nation’s wealth Expanding middle class By 1900 2/3 of Americans worked for wages Working women – only 5% of married women factories (textile, garment, food-processing), “Feminized” occupations – secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, operators. Lower wages and status Union Movement 1. Knights of Labor (Powderly) and American Federation of Labor (Gompers) – which one was more successful? Why? 2. Haymarket Square bombing – strike for 8 hour day in Chicago – bomb killed 7 police officers – anarchists found guilty – union criticized – Knights of Labor folded Homestead Strike (1892) (Pittsburgh) – wages cut 20%, manager used lockout, guards, and strikebreakers – failed strike Pullman strike – Eugene V. Debs, President Cleveland convinced to send army in to break up strike (mail disrupted) Haymarket Square Bombing Urban Society Lure of the City Immigration “Old” Immigrants through 1880s – from? “New” Immigrants 1890s – WWI – from? Restricting Immigration – supported by labor unions, nativist society (American Protective Association), Social Darwinists City Problems Slums – Pollution, Poverty, Crime, tenement living, 10 cent spots, sewage Machine Politics – Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall – Thomas Nast City changes – streetcar cities (lived according to income, may live miles from work), skyscrapers (Steel, elevators, steam heating), ethnic neighborhoods, residential suburbs Public city – municipal government Awakening conscience; reforms – middle class movement Social legislation – Social Gospel (applying Christian principles to social problems), Salvation Army, Settlement houses: Jane Addams and Lillian Wald – aid to immigrants Stanton and Anthony’s NAWSA – continued to fight for suffrage – Wyoming – first state to grant voting rights to women WCTU and Carry Nation – convinced states to close down saloons Intellectual and Cultural Movements Education –more public schools, compulsory laws, McGuffey’s Readers Colleges and Universities Increased due to land-grants under Morrill Act, philanthropists, women colleges (Smith, Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke) New curriculum – modern languages, sciences, research, inquiry German model Realism in literature and art Mark Twain – realist author, stepped away from romanticism of post-civil war Naturalist writers who explained how emotion and experience shape lives – Stephen Crane Red Badge of Courage, Jack London Call of the Wild Painting – Realism, “Ashcan school”, Whistler’s Mother Mass Culture Use of leisure – spectator sports, circus, wild west show Publishing and journalism – Masscirculation newspapers Pulitzer’s World, and Hearst’s Journal and magazines like Ladies Home Journal National Politics, 1877 – 1896: The Gilded Age “Forgettable presidents” – Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, and Fillmore Issues - Tariffs, Money, Patronage Tariff controversy – Democrats objected to high tariffs (raised prices on consumer goods), Republicans favored them (protect industry) Railroad Regulation – Granger laws overturned, Interstate Commerce Act 1886 ineffective at first Trusts – pros and cons? Agrarian Discontent Problems – falling prices, rising costs, middlemen costs, railroads and haul rates National Grange Movement (1870s) – Oliver Kelley – led to laws to protect farmers Munn vs. Illinois-state to regulate business of public nature (RR) Farmer’s alliances – 1880 and 90s - Ocala platform – 1. direct election of senators, 2. lower tariffs, 3. income tax, 4. new banking system, also wanted silver! – influenced Populist Party Crisis of the 1890s Populism – People’s Party – Omaha Platform – direct election of senators, initiative and referendums, silver!, income tax, 8 hour day for workers Political alliance to tackle trusts and laissez-faire capitalism Third-party Silver Question Panic of 1893 due to overspeculation, bankrupt railroads, farm foreclosures Cleveland championed gold standard Coxey’s Army – jobless on march to Washington – wanted public works program – denied and sent home Debtors wanted silver! Election of 1896 – McKinley (Republican) vs. Bryan (Democrat/ Populist) William Jennings Bryan and “Cross of Gold Speech” McKinley and Hanna campaign compared to Bryan? Bryan hurt by rising wheat prices and scared workers Significance of election of 1896 Wizard of Oz End of stalemated politics in Gilded Age Era of Republican dominance Populist demise Urban dominance Modern politics – international affairs Progressive Era Origins of Progressivism Progressive attitudes and motives – diverse, but many from middle class city - improve lives and preserve democracy for the people The Muckrakers – phrase coined by? Magazines – exposed corruption Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell Municipal, state, and national reforms Political: suffrage Secret ballot Direct primaries (started by La Follette of Wisconsin – nominated by voters!) Direct election of senators (1913 - 17th Amendment) Initiative, referendum, and recall Cities take control of water supplies, gas lines, electric power plants, urban transportation systems Socialism: alternatives 1901 – Socialist Party of America Eugene V. Debs – candidate for president in 5 elections (1912 almost a million votes), involved earlier in Pullman strike, critic of business and champion of labor Influence on public ownership of utilities, 8 hour day, and pensions Black America Washington-Tuskegee and work for equality Du Bois- wrote Souls of Black Folk criticized Washington and demanded equality Garvey – Back to Africa 2. Urban migration – North and cities 3. Civil rights organizations – Niagara Movement and NAACP, National Urban League Women’s role: family, work, education, unionization, and suffrage Carrie Chapman Catt – president of NAWSA – National American Women Suffrage Association – wanted vote to empower women and care for family in industrial society Alice Paul – militant suffragists – pickets, parades, and hunger strikes Nineteenth Amendment – 1920 – women’s suffrage after WWI Roosevelt’s Square Deal – anthracite coal strike – actions? 1. Managing the trusts – trustbuster – targeted railroads – Northern Securities Company ICC Elkins Act (1903) Consumer Protection – Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle – Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act Conservation Forest Reserve Act (1891) – used to preserve more federal land Newlands Reclamation Act – irrigation projects TR and Taft 1. Pinchot (TR’s man)Ballinger (Sec. Of Interior) Controversy – Pinchot criticized Ballinger’s sale of public lands in Alaska – Taft fired Pinchot 2. Payne-Aldrich tariffs – promised to lower tariffs, raised them busted more trusts than TR Split in Progressive Party – TR and Taft Foreign Policy, 1865 - 1914 Seward and the Purchase of Alaska – 1867 – Seward’s Folly? Seward’s icebox? Russia? The new imperialism – needed markets and sources of raw materials International Darwinism: missionaries, politicians, and naval expansionists Missionaries and Josiah Strong’s Anglo-Saxon “fittest” Republican politicians – protect industry Mahan’s Sea Power Spanish – American War (1898) – “Splendid Little War”? Causes Jingoism (extreme nationalism) Cuban revolt Yellow press De Lome letter Sinking of the Maine McKinley’s War message – end barbarities, protect American property, injury to business and trade, and menace to our peace Remember the Maine! Cuban independence Teller Amendment – once peace, Cuba would control own government Rough Riders Platt Amendment (1901) – resented by Cuban nationalists – had to agree never to sign a treaty that impaired independence, don’t build up debt, US could intervene if problems, naval base at Guantanamo Bay Debate on Philippines Victory at Manila Bay – Commodore George Dewey Aided by rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo – turned against US when independence not granted – fought for 3 years Benevolent Assimilation Result of war – Cuban independence and US acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines The Far East John Hay and the Open Door Policy – concerned about spheres of influence, passed to ensure US access to trade Boxer Rebellion (1900) – attacked foreigners Far East Russo-Japanese War (1904 – 05)– Treaty of Portsmouth – TR and Nobel Prize “Gentlemen’s Agreement” – schools and immigration from Japan Great White Fleet Root-Takahira Agreement – US and Japan – mutual respect of each other’s possessions in Pacific Theodore Roosevelt The Panama Canal Revolution in Panama Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) – US build on own Building the canal – dangerous, Dr. Gorgas helped eliminate yellow fever due to mosquitoes Important connection for trade and for military purposes Roosevelt Corollary US would intervene whenever necessary in Latin America Police Power Manage collection of European debts Strengthened the Monroe Doctrine Taft and Dollar Diplomacy Belief that American financial investment in China and Latin America would lead to greater stability there – hurt by antiimperialism