Bellringer Assignment

What are the two main functions of the
respiratory system?
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 16
Objectives:
11.0 Identify structures and functions of the
respiratory system.
11.1 Tracing the pathway of the oxygen and carbon
dioxide exchange
11.2 Recognizing common disorders of the respiratory
system
Introduction
What are the two main functions of the
respiratory system?
 Other functions of respiratory organs
include:

 Trapping
particles in incoming air
 Controlling temperature and moisture of incoming
air
 Producing vocal sounds
 Aiding in sense of smell
 Regulation of blood pH
Introduction, continued…..

Respiration: the ENTIRE process of gas exchange
between the atmosphere and body cells:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Movement of air into and out of lungs (ventilation)
Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the
blood (external respiration)
Gas transport by the blood between the lungs and the
body cells
Gas exchange between the blood and the body cells
(internal respiration)
Cellular respiration:
Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract
Organs of the Respiratory System
Organ
Description
Functions
•Your table should have 8 organs listed
(found in the headings on pp.435-440).
the organs by:
•Upper respiratory tract
•Lower respiratory tract
Diagrams
1.
2.
Label Figures 16.4, 16.6, and 16.7.
DESCRIBE the function of each labeled part
that was not included in the Organs of the
Respiratory System table.
Tables/Diagrams Review
Organ/Part
Function
Nose
Primary entrance of air; hairs filter incoming air
Nasal cavity
Filters, warms, and moistens incoming air
Paranasal sinuses
Reduce weight of head; resonant chambers
Pharynx
Passageway for air and food
Larynx
Air passageway; houses vocal cords; prevents foreign
objects from entering trachea
Trachea
(aka,“???”)
Passageway for air; mucous membranes filter incoming air
Bronchial tree
Conducts air from trachea to alveoli; mucous lining filters
air
Lungs
House all “parts” required for gas exchange
Diagrams Review, continued…..
What is the function of the epiglottis?
 Cricoidectomy

Diagrams Review, continued…..
How many
lobes does the
right lung have?
The left lung?
 Why is the right
lung larger than
the left lung?

Diagrams Review, continued…..
Diagrams Review, continued…..

The lungs are lined by pleura:
 Visceral
(???) pleura, which folds back on itself to
become
 Parietal (???) pleura
 Sounds like what other organ?
Breathing Mechanism






Inspiration: breathing in
Expiration: breathing out
The flow of air into and out of the lungs is
controlled by pressure.
From chemistry or physical science, what happens
to pressure as volume increases? (Boyle’s Law)
So, as the diaphragm contracts into the abdominal
cavity, increasing volume in the thoracic cavity,
what happens to pressure in the thoracic cavity?
In which direction will air flow?
Assignment:
Read “Topic of Interest” (p.444), and answer the
following questions:
1.
a)
b)
c)
2.
What are 3 effects of emphysema on the lungs?
How would these effects compromise a person’s
ability to breathe?
What is the #1 way to prevent emphysema?
Complete worksheet to review concepts of
respiratory system to this point.
Sketch the following:
Gas Exchange







Occurs in the alveoli
Alveoli are COVERED in capillaries.
Gases naturally move from areas of
_____________ to areas of _____________.
This process is a form of _______________.
What is homeostasis?
How does homeostasis influence diffusion?
Gas exchange is driven by the maintenance of
homeostasis.
Respiratory Video Clip

http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.
cfm?guidAssetId=1767DD09-D896-4EF5B406A6824585526B&blnFromSearch=1&productc
ode=US#
Read about emphysema on p.444
What are 3 effects on the lungs of
emphysema?
 How would these 3 effects compromise a
person’s ability to breathe?
 What is the number 1 way to prevent
emphysema?

Alveoli in Emphysema Patient
Control of Breathing
The respiratory center is a group of neurons in
the brain stem.
 It affects respiratory rate and depth.
 What is the purpose in expiration? Why do we
need to exhale?
 What chemical triggers would result in a faster
respiratory rate?
 Increased levels of CO2 or H+

Control of Breathing, continued…..

Increased levels of H+:
 Means
what?
 70% of CO2 in your blood combines to form
carbonic acid, which then dissociates into H+ and
HCO3+.
 So what will happen if you don’t exhale enough
CO2, and it remains in your blood longer?

What chemical triggers would slow the
respiratory rate back down?
Control of Breathing, continued…..
What chemical changes would occur in your
blood if you held your breath?
 What body responses would that trigger?
 What is hyperventilation?
 What changes occur in your blood if you
hyperventilate?
 What would be the body’s response?
 WARNING: NOT for use when swimming!!!

Alveolar Gas Exchange

Composition of air, by both volume and
partial pressure:
 78%
nitrogen
 21% oxygen
 0.4% carbon dioxide

Gases diffuse from areas of higher partial
pressure to areas of lower partial pressure.
Gas Transport

Oxygen transport:
 Almost
all oxygen (98%) is transported in combination
with hemoglobin. The rest is dissolved in plasma.
 The bonds between oxygen and hemoglobin are easily
made and easily broken.
 More oxygen is released from the hemoglobin as CO2
levels increase, blood becomes more acidic, or as
blood temperature increases.
 Hypoxia: ????
 Hypoxemia: ????
Gas Transport, continued…..

Carbon dioxide transport:
 Transported
1.
2.
3.
in blood in 3 forms:
Dissolved in plasma (7%)
Bonded to hemoglobin (23%)
As part of a bicarbonate ion (70%)