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Contents
Preface
xvii
Reviewers and Symposium Participants
xxvi
CHAPTER 1
Speaking in Public
2
The Power of Public Speaking
PART
4
The Tradition of Public Speaking
5
Differences Between Public Speaking
and Conversation 8
Developing Confidence: Your Speech Class
9
Nervousness Is Normal 9
Dealing with Nervousness 10
Public Speaking and Critical Thinking
The Speech Communication Process
Speaker
18
Channel
18
Listener
18
19
Interference
Situation
17
17
Message
Feedback
16
SPEAKING AND LISTENING
Similarities Between Public Speaking
and Conversation 6
1
20
20
The Speech Communication Process: Example
with Commentary 21
Public Speaking in a Multicultural World
22
Cultural Diversity in the Modern World 22
Cultural Diversity and Public Speaking 23
Avoiding Ethnocentrism 24
Last H1 Head
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CHAPTER 2
Ethics and Public Speaking
28
The Importance of Ethics 30
Guidelines for Ethical Speaking
31
Make Sure Your Goals Are Ethically Sound 31
Be Fully Prepared for Each Speech 32
Be Honest in What You Say 34
Avoid Name-Calling and Other Forms of Abusive Language 34
Put Ethical Principles into Practice 36
Plagiarism
36
Global Plagiarism 38
Patchwork Plagiarism 38
Incremental Plagiarism 39
Plagiarism and the Internet 41
Guidelines for Ethical Listening
41
Be Courteous and Attentive 41
Avoid Prejudging the Speaker 42
Maintain the Free and Open Expression of Ideas 42
CHAPTER 3
Listening
46
Listening Is Important 48
Listening and Critical Thinking 49
Four Causes of Poor Listening
50
Not Concentrating 50
Listening Too Hard 51
Jumping to Conclusions 52
Focusing on Delivery and Personal Appearance 53
How to Become a Better Listener
53
Take Listening Seriously 53
Be an Active Listener 55
Resist Distractions 55
Don’t Be Diverted by Appearance or Delivery 56
Suspend Judgment 56
Focus Your Listening 57
Develop Note-Taking Skills 58
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APPENDIX
Giving Your First Speech
Preparing Your Speech 64
63
Speaking Extemporaneously 67
Developing the Speech 64
Rehearsing the Speech 68
Organizing the Speech 65
Presenting the Speech 69
Delivering Your Speech 67
Sample Speeches with Commentary
70
CHAPTER 4
Selecting a Topic and a Purpose
74
PART
Choosing a Topic 76
Topics You Know a Lot About 77
Topics You Want to Know More About 78
Determining the General Purpose
81
Determining the Specific Purpose
81
Tips for Formulating the Specific Purpose Statement 82
Questions to Ask About Your Specific Purpose 85
Phrasing the Central Idea
87
What Is the Central Idea? 87
Guidelines for the Central Idea 89
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SPEECH PREPARATION: GETTING STARTED
Brainstorming for Topics 78
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CHAPTER 5
Analyzing the Audience
94
Audience-Centeredness
96
Your Classmates as an Audience 97
The Psychology of Audiences 98
Demographic Audience Analysis
100
Age 100
Gender 101
Sexual Orientation 101
Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background 102
Religion 104
Group Membership 105
Situational Audience Analysis
105
Size 105
Physical Setting 106
Disposition Toward the Topic 106
Disposition Toward the Speaker 108
Disposition Toward the Occasion 108
Getting Information About the Audience
109
Adapting to the Audience 112
Audience Adaptation Before the Speech 112
Audience Adaptation During the Speech 114
CHAPTER 6
Gathering Materials
118
Using Your Own Knowledge and Experience
Doing Library Research 121
Librarians 121
The Catalogue 121
Periodical Databases 121
Newspapers 122
Reference Works 123
Searching the Internet 125
Search Engines 125
Specialized Research Resources 126
Evaluating Internet Documents 127
Interviewing
130
Before the Interview 130
During the Interview 132
After the Interview 133
Tips for Doing Research 134
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Start Early 134
Make a Preliminary Bibliography 134
Take Notes Efficiently 134
Think About Your Materials as You Research 137
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CHAPTER 7
Supporting Your Ideas
140
Examples
142
Brief Examples 143
Extended Examples 143
Hypothetical Examples 144
Tips for Using Examples 144
Statistics
147
Understanding Statistics 148
Tips for Using Statistics 151
Testimony
155
Expert Testimony 155
Peer Testimony 155
Quoting Versus Paraphrasing 156
Tips for Using Testimony 156
Citing Sources Orally 159
CHAPTER 8
Organizing the Body of the Speech
Organization Is Important
164
166
PART
Main Points 167
Strategic Order of Main Points 169
Tips for Preparing Main Points 174
Supporting Materials 176
Connectives
Transitions
177
177
Internal Previews 178
Internal Summaries 178
Signposts
3
SPEECH PREPARATION: ORGANIZING
AND OUTLINING
Number of Main Points 168
179
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CHAPTER 9
Beginning and Ending the Speech
184
The Introduction 186
Get Attention and Interest 186
Reveal the Topic 192
Establish Credibility and Goodwill 193
Preview the Body of the Speech 195
Sample Introduction with Commentary 196
Tips for Preparing the Introduction 197
The Conclusion 197
Signal the End of the Speech 198
Reinforce the Central Idea 200
Sample Conclusion with Commentary 202
Tips for Preparing the Conclusion 203
CHAPTER 10
Outlining the Speech
206
The Preparation Outline
208
Guidelines for the Preparation Outline 208
Sample Preparation Outline with Commentary 213
The Speaking Outline 215
Guidelines for the Speaking Outline 216
Sample Speaking Outline with Commentary 218
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CHAPTER 11
Using Language
222
PART
Meanings of Words 224
Using Language Accurately 225
Choose Concrete Words 228
Eliminate Clutter 229
Using Language Vividly 230
Imagery
231
Rhythm
232
Using Language Appropriately
235
Appropriateness to the Occasion 235
Appropriateness to the Audience 236
Appropriateness to the Topic 236
Appropriateness to the Speaker 236
A Note on Inclusive Language
236
4
PRESENTING THE SPEECH
Use Familiar Words 227
CHAPTER 12
Delivery
242
What Is Good Delivery? 244
Methods of Delivery 245
Reading from a Manuscript 245
Reciting from Memory 245
Speaking Impromptu 246
Speaking Extemporaneously 247
The Speaker’s Voice 248
Volume
248
Pitch
249
Rate
249
Pauses
250
Vocal Variety 250
Pronunciation
Articulation
Dialect
251
252
253
The Speaker’s Body 254
Personal Appearance 256
Movement
Gestures
256
257
Eye Contact 257
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Practicing Delivery 258
Answering Audience Questions
259
Preparing for the Question-and-Answer Session 260
Managing the Question-and-Answer Session 260
CHAPTER 13
Using Visual Aids
266
Kinds of Visual Aids 268
Objects
268
Models
269
Photographs
Drawings
Graphs
270
Charts
272
Transparencies
Video
269
270
274
274
Multimedia Presentations 274
The Speaker 274
Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids
275
Prepare Visual Aids in Advance 276
Keep Visual Aids Simple 276
Make Sure Visual Aids Are Large Enough 276
Use Fonts That Are Easy to Read 277
Use a Limited Number of Fonts 277
Use Color Effectively 278
Guidelines for Presenting Visual Aids
279
Avoid Using the Chalkboard 279
Display Visual Aids Where Listeners Can See Them 279
Avoid Passing Visual Aids Among the Audience 279
Display Visual Aids Only While Discussing Them 279
Talk to Your Audience, Not to Your Visual Aid 280
Explain Visual Aids Clearly and Concisely 280
Practice with Your Visual Aids 281
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APPENDIX
Using PowerPoint
Pluses and Minuses of PowerPoint
Planning to Use PowerPoint
286
286
285
Delivering Your Speech with PowerPoint
291
Recheck Your Slides 291
Know Slide Show Commands 291
Formatting PowerPoint Slides
Color
Text
287
Images
Check the Room and Equipment 294
288
Develop a Backup Plan 294
289
Copyright and Fair Use 295
289
Animation
Practice Your Speech with PowerPoint 293
Display Slides Only While Discussing Them 294
288
Fonts
Space
287
Sample Speech with Commentary
291
295
CHAPTER 14
Speaking to Inform
298
Types of Informative Speeches: Analysis
and Organization 301
PART
Speeches About Objects 301
Speeches About Events 305
Speeches About Concepts 306
Guidelines for Informative Speaking
308
Don’t Overestimate What the Audience Knows 309
Relate the Subject Directly to the Audience 310
Don’t Be Too Technical 312
Avoid Abstractions 313
Personalize Your Ideas 314
Sample Speech with Commentary
315
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VARIETIES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
Speeches About Processes 302
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CHAPTER 15
Speaking to Persuade
322
The Importance of Persuasion 324
Ethics and Persuasion 325
The Psychology of Persuasion 325
The Challenge of Persuasive Speaking 326
How Listeners Process Persuasive Messages 327
The Target Audience 328
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact
329
What Are Questions of Fact? 329
Analyzing Questions of Fact 329
Organizing Speeches on Questions of Fact 330
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value
331
What Are Questions of Value? 331
Analyzing Questions of Value 331
Organizing Speeches on Questions of Value 332
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy
What Are Questions of Policy? 333
Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy 334
Analyzing Questions of Policy 335
Organizing Speeches on Questions of Policy 337
Sample Speech with Commentary
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CHAPTER 16
Methods of Persuasion
350
Building Credibility 352
Factors of Credibility 353
Types of Credibility 353
Enhancing Your Credibility 354
Using Evidence 357
How Evidence Works: A Case Study 357
Tips for Using Evidence 359
Reasoning
361
Reasoning from Specific Instances 361
Reasoning from Principle 363
Causal Reasoning 365
Analogical Reasoning 366
Fallacies
367
Appealing to Emotions 370
What Are Emotional Appeals? 370
Generating Emotional Appeal 371
Ethics and Emotional Appeal 372
Sample Speech with Commentary
373
CHAPTER 17
Speaking on Special Occasions
380
Speeches of Introduction 382
Speeches of Presentation 385
Speeches of Acceptance 386
Commemorative Speeches 386
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CHAPTER 18
Speaking in Small Groups
392
What Is a Small Group? 394
Leadership in Small Groups
395
Kinds of Leadership 395
Functions of Leadership 396
Responsibilities in a Small Group 398
Commit Yourself to the Goals of Your Group 398
Fulfill Individual Assignments 398
Avoid Interpersonal Conflicts 399
Encourage Full Participation 400
Keep the Discussion on Track 400
The Reflective-Thinking Method
402
Define the Problem 402
Analyze the Problem 403
Establish Criteria for Solutions 404
Generate Potential Solutions 404
Select the Best Solution 405
Presenting the Recommendations of the Group
Oral Report 407
Symposium
408
Panel Discussion 408
APPENDIX
Speeches for Analysis and Discussion
I Have a Dream Martin Luther King, Jr. A2
Questions of Culture
Sajjid Zahir Chinoy
The Hidden World of Chili Peppers
The Horrors of Puppy Mills
A5
A7
A9
Bursting the Antibacterial Bubble
A11
The Ultimate Gift A14
My Crazy Aunt Sue A16
Notes N1
Photo Credits C1
Index I1
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A1
407