Key Innovations and Inventors of the Industrial Revolution
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John Kay's "flying shuttle"
With this invention it took four spinners to keep up with one cotton loom, and ten people to prepare yarn for one weaver. So while spinners were often busy, weavers often waited for yarn. As such, the flying shuttle effectively doubled a weaver's production of cloth 1733 ­ Flying shuttle invented by John Kay Nov 18­12:11 PM
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James Hargreaves' "spinning jenny"
In 1764, James Hargreaves invented the "spinning jenny," a device which allowed one person to spin many threads at once, further increasing the amount of finished cotton that a worker could produce. By turning a single wheel, one could now spin eight threads at once, a number that was later increased to eighty. The thread, unfortunately, was usually coarse and lacked strength. Despite this shortcoming, over 20 000 of the machines were in use in Britain by 1778 Nov 18­12:18 PM
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The first steam engine was invented by Thomas Savery and much improved by Thomas Newcomen, but Watt later again improved and patented it. The original idea was to put a vertical piston and cylinder at the end of a pump handle and then to put steam in the cylinder and condense it with a spray of cold water. The vacuum created allowed atmospheric pressure to push the piston down, but Watt made it a reciprocating engine, creating the true steam engine
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The Newcomen steam engine used the force of atmospheric pressure to do the work. Thomas Newcomen's engine pumped steam into a cylinder. The steam was then condensed by cold water which created a vacuum on the inside of the cylinder. The resulting atmospheric pressure operated a piston, creating downward strokes. In Newcomen's engine the intensity of pressure was not limited by the pressure of the steam, unlike what Thomas Savery had patented in 1698. Nov 18­11:08 AM
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James Watt was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, born in Greenock, who was renowned for his improvements of the steam engine. In 1765, James Watt while working for the University of Glasgow was assigned the task of repairing a Newcomen engine, which was deemed inefficient but the best steam engine of its time. That started the inventor to work on several improvements to Newcomen's design. Watt's engine soon became the dominant design for all modern steam engines and helped bring about the Industrial Revolution Nov 18­11:15 AM
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Spinning Mill After invention of Steam engine and improved use of Water Power
Cotton Mill
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Robert Fulton's "steamboat"
In 1807, Robert Fulton used steam power to create the first steamboat, an invention that would change the way and the speed in which materials could be moved between the colonies of Britain. In the beginning, the ship was more expensive to build and operate than sailing vessels, but the steamship had some advantages. It could take off under its own power and it was more steadfast in storms Nov 18­12:37 PM
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1806 ­ 1859
Link to BBC site
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/brunel_kingdom_isambard.shtml
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Stephenson's "steam powered train"
Finally, in 1814, Stephenson used the steam engine to create a steam powered train, which would eventually allow increased communication and trade between places before deemed too far. Soon, the steam­
powered train had become an icon of success throughout the world the Rocket was built in 1825
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Inventions in the Textile Industry
1733 ­ Flying shuttle invented by John Kay ­ an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster. 1742 ­ Cotton mills were first opened in England. 1764 ­ Spinning jenny invented by James Hargreaves ­ the first machine to improve upon the spinning wheel. 1764 ­ Water frame invented by Richard Arkwright ­ the first powered textile machine. 1769 ­ Arkwright patented the water frame. 1770 ­ Hargreaves patented the Spinning Jenny. 1773 ­ The first all­cotton textiles were produced in factories. 1779 ­ Crompton invented the spinning mule that allowed for greater control over the weaving process. 1785 ­ Cartwright patented the power loom. It was improved upon by William Horrocks, known for his invention of the variable speed batton in 1813. 1787 ­ Cotton goods production had increased 10 fold since 1770. 1789 ­ Samuel Slater brought textile machinery design to the US. 1790 ­ Arkwright built the first steam powered textile factory in Nottingham, England. 1792 ­ Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin ­ a machine that automated the separation of cottonseed from the short­staple cotton fibre. 1804 ­ Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the Jacquard Loom that weaved complex designs. Jacquard invented a way of automatically controlling the warp and weft threads on a silk loom by recording patterns of holes in a string of cards. 1813 ­ William Horrocks invented the variable speed batton (for an improved power loom). 1856 ­ William Perkin invented the first synthetic dye (Bellis <bibliography.html>). John Bell 2F
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Power Loom 1785
This device was invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785. This machine increased weaving speed, which allowed producing textile faster
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The totality of the changes in economic and social organization that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power­
driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments.
At the end of Napoleonic Wars, Britain was producing about one­quarter of the total world industrial production!
The Industrial Revolution is important to the British economic progress because of the various inventions introduced during the time period. These inventions helped increase productivity, thus boosting the economy. Below are just some of the important machines invented during that time period. James Hargreaves’ spinning jenny revolutionized the textile industry. Figure 3. The Spinning Jenny.
Richard Arkwright’s water frame made it easier to supply power to the machines. Edmund Cartwright’s power loom introduced easier mechanical weaving. James Watt’s engine was the first step toward railway transportation. Transportation was an important aspect of the industrial revolution. The coalmines were responsible for the first railways in Britain. However, the railways were highly inefficient until George Stephenson invented a steam engine in 1813. Figure 4. The inventor of this first efficient locomotive used commercially, the Rocket, was awarded 500 pounds for his invention.
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Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750­1900
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Rather than just making something, Owen was making the machines that made something. And he was making money.
At age 19, Owen was the employer of 500 people. He imported the first bales of Sea Island cotton from the United States to England and improved the quality of the spun cotton.
He and his partners set up the Charlton Twist Co. in 1794. They purchased the New Lanark mills in Scotland from David Dale in 1799. Owen married Dale’s daughter the same year.
Dale had been, for his time, a considerate employer who was concerned about the welfare of his child employees <http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/owen.html>. He wanted Owen to continue this brand of benevolent industrialism, and Owen agreed with his principles.
Dismayed by the living conditions of the company’s employees, Owen quickly established a model village for them, with up­to­date sanitation. He also instituted sickness and old­age insurance funds.
Although Owen continued the common practice of employing child laborers, he created schools for them — about a century ahead of his time. New Lanark became famous throughout industrialized Europe.
Read More http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2010/05/0514robert­owen­born/#ixzz14F5GKrXW <http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2010/05/0514robert­owen­born/>
http://hubpages.com/hub/Industrial­Revolutions­
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