Chapter 8 Worksheet
Section 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
15
25
Actively seeking
AFL
All
Antiunion
Antiunion feeling
Baby boomers
Benefits
Cheap, unskilled labor
Civil War
Common problems
Congress of Industrial
Organizations (CIO)
14. Craft union
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Current pay levels
Declining
Decreased
Expelled
Federal legislation
Few
Industrial jobs
Industrial unions
Industry
Joined
Legislation
Limited
Limited
Limited
Lost
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
Married
Not
Organize
Organized
Prounion
Restricted
Safer working conditions
Shorter working hours
Skilled
Trade
Unskilled
Workforce
Working
Working conditions
Page 183
1. Who is included in the civilian labor force? QC
a. Civilian men & women aged 16 & on either _____________________ or _____________________ work
2. Why were immigrants viewed as a threat in the mid-1800s?
a. They posed a threat to wage & labor standards because they provided a supply of
_____________________, _____________________.
3. Why have the labor force percentages been increasing since World War II? Cap
a. Entry of female _____________________ (whose who were born in the high birthrate years from 1946 to
1964) & _____________________ women into the workforce.
4. Figure 8.1. In which decades was the civilian labor force less than 40 percent of the population?
a. .
Web Search – Use this site Bureau of Labor Statistics
5. What is the current unionized workers union membership for 1012?
a. The number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions, at _____________ million
6. What is the percentage of workers who work at firms that have modified union shops or agency shops for
2012?
a. Workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union contract (_____________
million). Bureau of Labor Statistics
7. Why is membership in unions declining? Use this site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2010/01/art4full.pdf to
answer questions 7, 8, 9
a. A 1999 study by the AFL-CIO revealed that union membership was concentrated in _____________________
industries and there were _____________________ new members in expanding industries. Over a 14-year
period (1984–97), union members held 80 percent of the jobs _____________________ in major declining
industries, but gained only 5 percent of the new jobs in the fastest growing industries
8. What three industries had the highest percent of new jobs held by union members between 2003 - 2008?
What is the percentage?
a. .
b. .
c. .
9. What industries had the highest percent of lost jobs held by union members? List the three highest and
their corresponding percentage of loss.
a. .
b. .
c. .
Page 184
10. Why is it still important to study labor unions? cap
a. They were responsible for much of _____________________ affecting current pay levels & working
conditions, & they still have a substantial presence in vital industries.
11. Why did unions first become popular?
a. They fought for _____________________, _____________________, & such _____________________
as paid health insurance & vacations.
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Chapter 8 Worksheet
Page 185
12. How does an industrial union differ from a trade union? QC
a. Industrial –
b. Trade –
13. What percentage of workers were unemployed during the Great Depression?
a. More than _____________________ percent throughout the 1930s and _____________________
percent during the depths of the Great Depression
14. What led to the growth of industrial unions? Cap
a. Many workers in basic mass-production industries were _____________________ & could not
_____________________ trade unions, so they _____________________ as industrial unions instead.
Page 186
15. What led to the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act? VI
a. _____________________ among the American people
16. What did the Taft-Hartley Act do?
a. It _____________________ d union power & restricted unions in labor-management disputes.
Page 187 - Review
1. Why are unions important today?
a. Because they were responsible for much of legislation affecting _____________________ &
_____________________. They still have a substantial presence in vital industries
2. List 3 reasons for the rise of unions prior to 1930?
a. _____________________ brought greater demand for goods & services & a shortage of workers
b. _____________________ expanded
c. Hourly workers in _____________________ made up about 25% of working population
d. As differences between immigrant & native-born American workers began to fade, the
_____________________ became more unified
3. Why did unions become successful during the Great Depression?
a. _____________________ united workers
b. Union organizers renewed efforts to _____________________
c. _____________________ helped to increase power of unions
4. Describe the development of the AFL-CIO.
a. AFL started as a _____________________, but later added a number of industrial unions
b. Craft & industrial unions did _____________________ always agree
c. 1937 AFL _____________________ a number of industrial unions
d. These formed the _____________________ and began to organize industries that had not been
unionized before
e. As CIO grew in power, it often conflicted with _____________________
f. 1955 – the two unions overcame their differences & _____________________ to form ALF-CIO
5. How did the 5 major legislative acts passed between 1932 and 1959 reflect the rise & decline of the labor
movement? Critical thinking
a. The three pieces of legislation passed prior to WW II were _____________________, giving organized
labor increased power. The 2 pieces of legislation passed after the war were _____________________
& _____________________ organized labor’s power.
Chapter Review
Section 1 – pages 182 – 187
1. What were the two types of unions following the Civil War and who did they represent?
a. _____________________ represented all workers in an industry
b. _____________________ or craft unions represented skilled workers who performed the same kind of
job.
2. What progress has been made by unions since WW II? What has happened to their membership?
a. _____________________ progress
b. Membership has _____________________
Section 2
a.
b.
c.
d.
Agency shop
Arbitration
Bargain
Binding
e.
f.
g.
h.
Closed shop
Do not
Dues
Fact-finding
2
i.
j.
k.
l.
Final
Guaranteed
Illegal
Injunction
Chapter 8 Worksheet
m. Interstate
n. Mediation
o. Modified union shop
p. Negotiations
q. Presidential intervention
r. Seizure
s.
Union shop
1. What, from the union’s standpoint, are the benefits of a closed shop? VI
a. _____________________ membership & therefore, dues
b. Able to _____________________ with management from a position of strength
2. How did the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act affect closed shops? Cap
a. It made closed shops _____________________ for companies involved in _____________________
commerce
Page 191
3. What is collective bargaining? QC
a. _____________________ between representatives of labor & management
4. How does voluntary arbitration differ from mediation?
a. Parties _____________________ have to accept results of mediation. With voluntary arbitration, the
decision is _____________________ & _____________________
Review, page 192 and Chapter Review
1. List 4 kinds of union arrangements
a. .
b. .
c. .
d. .
2. Label the four types of union arrangements.
a. _____________________: employer agrees to hire only union members
b. _____________________: workers must join union after being hired
c. _____________________: workers do not have to belong to union, but if they do join, they must remain
members
d. _____________________; workers need not be union members but must pay dues
3. What are six ways to resolve union & management differences when collective bargaining fails?
a. Mediation
b. Arbitration
c. Fact-finding
d. Injunction
e. Seizure
f. Presidential intervention
4. Fit the correct term to the definition of each of the six ways to resolving a deadlock that may occur
between a union & a company’s management.
a. _____________________ – a third party is brought in to settle dispute, but the decision is nonbinding
b. _____________________ – a third party decides the dispute & both sides agree to accept decision as
final
c. _____________________– a third party investigates dispute & recommends possible settlements
d. _____________________ – the government obtains court order preventing unions or management from
taking action
e. _____________________ – the government temporarily takes over business operations
f. _____________________– publicly appeal to both parties or fire federal workers, use emergency powers
Section 3
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Collective bargaining
Demand
Higher
Higher
Increase
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Lower
Professional labor
Right
Semi-skilled labor
Skilled labor
k. Supply
l. Union strength
m. Unskilled labor
Page 195
1. List Describe the 4 major categories of labor? What are examples of their jobs p 194
a. _____________________– lack training to operate specialized machines & equipment
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Chapter 8 Worksheet
b. _____________________– mechanical abilities
i. Operate electric floor polishers, dishwashers, & other machines that call for a minimal amount of
training
c. _____________________– operate complex equipment & do tasks with little supervision
i. Carpenters, typists, tool & die makers, computer technicians, chefs & computer programmers
d. _____________________– higher-level skills,
i. Doctors, teachers, lawyers, executives of large companies
Page 196
2. If demand for ditchdiggers increased, what would happen to the demand curve & annual salary?
a. Demand curve would move to the _____________________ & salary would _____________________
3. How does the traditional theory of wage determination differ from the theory of negotiated wages? Cap
a. Traditional theory uses forces of _____________________ & _____________________ to explain wage
differences.
b. The theory of negotiated wages points to _____________________& _____________________process
to explain wage rates
4. How does climate & location affect wages in different parts of the country?
a. In Alaska during winter, food must be shipped in & all houses must be heated, meaning that cost of living
– and wages - tend to be _____________________. Some locations are thought to be so attractive that
people will accept _____________________ wages to live there.
5. What can be inferred about the theory of negotiated wages?
a. That unions are often successful in winning _____________________ wages for union members.
6. Wages often include fringe benefits. List 5 of these.
a. .
b. .
c. .
d. .
e. .
f. .
Chapter Review
Section 3 – pages 194-197
1. Why is it so difficult for workers to move from one category of labor to another? List 3 reasons.
a. .
b. .
c. .
2. List 3 reasons for regional wage differences
a. .
b. .
c. .
Section 4
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Childbearing
Comparable
Decline
Equity
Fact-finding
Foreign
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
Free
Injunction
Little loyalty
Little to gain
Lower paid
Out
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
Own success
Purchasing power
Security
Set-aside
Up
Page 198 - 199
1. Why was there rapid growth in union membership during the 1930s? VI
a. Prounion legislation of the _____________________years
2. List the most important reason for the decline of unions? cap
a. Unions are the victims of their own success. Higher wages won by unions have led to
_____________________& accompanying _____________________. This has led to
_____________________ in production, job _____________________, & _____________________
union membership.
3. Why do women & teenagers traditionally have little loyalty to labor unions?
a. Many of these workers represent _____________________ incomes to families & are willing to take
lower wages.
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Chapter 8 Worksheet
4. What is a giveback?
a. Wage, benefits, or work rules _____________________when labor contracts are renegotiated
5. Link to this website U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . Answer the following questions using the Charts on page 3
and 4
a. Using Chart 1: What has happened to women’s earnings as a percent of men’s between 1979 and 2009?
What is the percentage change? Gone up _________________________%
b. Using Chart 2 - What is the dollar difference between men and women for the median weekly earnings of
full-time wage & salary workers? Women $657. Men 819 Difference$_________________________
c. Using Chart 3;
i. Men with less than a high school diploma earn _________________________ per week
ii. Women with less than a high school diploma earn _________________________per week
iii. Men who graduate high school with no college earn ________________________% less per
week
iv. Women who graduate high school with no college earn _________________________% more
per week
v. Men who have some college or an associate’s degree, earn _________________________%
less per week
vi. Women who have some college or an associate’s degree, earn _________________________%
more per week
vii. Men who have a bachelor’s degree & higher earn _________________________% more per
week
viii. Women who have a bachelor’s degree & higher earn _________________________% more per
week
d. Using Chart 4:
i. The occupation where women have the highest percent of total distribution of full-time wage &
salary is _________________________ at _________________________%
ii. The occupation where men have the highest percent of total distribution for men is:
_________________________ at _________________________%
iii. The occupations that are most closely paired are in : _________________________at
_________________________% and _________________________%
Page 200
6. What explains the income gap between men & women? Cap
a. Women tend to fill _____________________positions
i. Discrimination prevents them from getting promotions
ii. Career interruptions for _____________________ affect women’s seniority
7. What corrective measures could be used to close the income gap between men & women?
a. _____________________ worth
b. _____________________contracts
8. What are some reasons for the decline in union membership?
a. Many benefits are now widely offered, & many workers see _____________________from joining a
union. Also, many unionized jobs have disappeared due to _____________________ competition.
Page 202
9. Why are comparable worth decisions difficult?
a. .
b. .
c. .
10. Are you a supporter or an opponent of minimum wage? What would a supporter say to substantiate his
position? An opponent?
a. Supporter: provides a degree of _____________________ & _____________________ to those who
lack skills needed to earn a decent living.
b. Opponents – employers should be _____________________ to pay whatever they want
Page 204
11. The purchasing power of the minimum wage goes _____________________whenever it increases faster than
inflation.
12. When minimum wage remains unchanged, and as long as inflation continues, its purchasing power will continue
to _____________________ over time.
13. List 3 reasons for the decline of unions.
a. Many employers have made determined efforts to keep unions _____________________of their
businesses
b. New additions to labor force have _____________________to organized labor
c. Unions are victims of their _____________________
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Chapter 8 Worksheet
14. Why is it necessary to consider inflation when examining the minimum wage?
a. Because prices tend to increase over time, and this erodes the _____________________of minimum
wage
Section 4 – pages 198 – 204 Chapter Review
1. List and define 2 corrective measures being taken to close the income gap between men & women
workers
a. .
b. .
2. List 3 ways to examine the minimum wage.
a. .
b. .
c. .
3. Identify these methods
a. Government goes to court to get an order to call off a strike: _____________________
b. A third party reviews all materials provided by both sides, then makes a number of recommendations:
_____________________
Classify the words below as prounion, antiunion, or neither
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Boycott – ________________________
Closed shop – ________________________
Company union – ________________________
Compulsory arbitration – ________________________
Fact-finding = ________________________
Giveback = ________________________
Grievance procedure - ________________________
Lockout = ________________________
Modified union shop – ________________________
Seizure = ________________________
Jurisdictional dispute - ________________________
Picket = ________________________
Right-to-work law - ________________________
Agency shop = ________________________
Strike = ________________________
Two-tier wage system - ________________________
Voluntary arbitration - ________________________
Mediation = ________________________
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