11/11/2008
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Week 12 – BA&BP
November 11, 2008
Nadia Arora, ND
Outline
General functions of urinary system
Structural anatomy of urinary system
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Physiology of urinary system
Urine formation
Massage therapy consideration or urinary system
Reproductive system (self-study)
Nadia Arora, ND,
11/11/2008
PMTI BA/BP Fall 2008
2
Urinary System
General functions:
Water conservation
Electrolyte balance (sodium, potassium, calcium, sulfate,
phosphates)
Acid-base balance
Blood pressure regulation
Filtration and excretion of metabolic waste
Nadia Arora, ND,
11/11/2008
PMTI BA/BP Fall 2008
3
1
11/11/2008
Anatomy of Urinary System
Kidneys:
Located at level T12-L3
Have convex and concave (hilus) sides.
Renal artery and renal vein provide blood supply
Adrenal glands atop of each kidney
Enclosed in renal capsule
Surrounded by adipose tissue
Nephrons – structural and functional units of kidney, specialize in
urine formation, regulate water in blood and remove waste from
blood
Collecting ducts – pass urine toward ureters
Nadia Arora, ND,
11/11/2008
PMTI BA/BP Fall 2008
4
Kidneys
Anatomy of Urinary System
Ureters
Slender tubes, approximately 1 foot long
Extending from each kidney to the bladder
Lie within the psoas muscle
Have smooth muscle in their walls for movement of urine
Can become obstructed by a stone, usually calcium crystal
Nadia Arora, ND,
11/11/2008
PMTI BA/BP Fall 2008
6
2
11/11/2008
Urinary System
Anatomy of Urinary System
Urinary Bladder
Muscular, hollow, sac-like organ
Located in pelvis posterior to the pubic symphysis.
Lined with transitional epithelium, which allows
dispensability
Serves as a reservoir for urine – in an adult can hold
500ml or more
Sphincter located inferiorly for urine release
Nadia Arora, ND,
11/11/2008
PMTI BA/BP Fall 2008
8
Anatomy of Urinary System
Urethra:
Tube that carries urine from the bladder for excretion
In males located in the penis, carries both semen and
urine
In females lies anterior to vagina and carries only urine
Question for critical thinking: Why is the frequency of
urinary tract infections higher in females vs. males?
Nadia Arora, ND,
11/11/2008
PMTI BA/BP Fall 2008
9
3
11/11/2008
Physiology of Urinary System
Urine formation:
Happens continuously
Result of three processes: filtration, reabsorption, secretion
Normal output varies between 0.5-2.5 liters daily, depending on
fluid intake, diet, exercise, age, emotions, environmental and
body temperature, etc.
Nadia Arora, ND,
11/11/2008
PMTI BA/BP Fall 2008
10
Physiology of Urinary System
Urine formation:
Very low output indicates kidney failure
Normal composition: 95% water; remainder is urea and uric acid,
and electrolytes
Urine is slightly acidic, changes in diet can cause it to become
more acidic or more alkaline. Bacterial infections can make urine
more alkaline
Nadia Arora, ND,
11/11/2008
PMTI BA/BP Fall 2008
11
Physiology of Urinary System
Urine formation:
Urea: byproduct of protein and amino acid metabolism
Uric acid: product of nucleic acid breakdown
Abnormal components: glucose, proteins, hemoglobin and ketones
Nadia Arora, ND,
11/11/2008
PMTI BA/BP Fall 2008
12
4
11/11/2008
Physiology of Urinary System
Special functions of kidneys:
Control of blood composition by excreting nitrogen-containing
waste products
Maintaining water balance and retaining necessary water for
proper blood volume
Maintaining proper electrolyte balance
The process of water retention or expel is regulated by
hormones: antidiuretic, aldosterone
Maintaining acid-base balance of the blood
Nadia Arora, ND,
11/11/2008
PMTI BA/BP Fall 2008
13
Massage Therapy
Considerations
Massage tends to increase blood flow through the kidney,
mechanically and reflectively
Supports filtration of the blood in the healthy individual
Kidneys are comprised of vulnerable epithelial tissue: caution
with tapotement
Nadia Arora, ND,
11/11/2008
PMTI BA/BP Fall 2008
14
Reproductive System
Self-study Marieb: Chapter 16, p.545-576
Final exam will have questions about normal anatomy and
physiology of reproductive system
Questions about pregnancy and childbirth will not be on the
final exam
Nadia Arora, ND,
11/11/2008
PMTI BA/BP Fall 2008
15
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