Practice writing the test essay
“Compare and contrast operant and
classical conditioning in five areas.”
1. Take out a sheet of paper
2. You need your book today: Use
page 339 in the textbook
3. Write using your own words.
Exchange papers
• Peer edit their paper.
• Check to see if they have the needed terms
and concepts.
• If they don’t add them.
• If they do give them a plus sign (+)
• Answers in red
Essay note
• You won’t be able to use your notes or book
on Monday’s test.
Remembering the five categories
•
•
•
•
•
B
R
A
C
E
B
• Biological predispositions
John Garcia’s research, 322
• Biological predispositions
• John Garcia: animals can learn to avoid
a drink that will make them sick, but not
when its announced by a noise or a light;
!
'
&
'
#
$&
'
&
%$
$
"
(
Courtesy of John Garcia
#
Human example
• We more easily are
classically conditioned
to fear snakes or
spiders, rather than
flowers.
• Why? Animals are
more of a harm to our
biological systems
than flowers.
!
)
!
*
!
& + '
.!
,
!
-
!
!
Operant biological
predispositions
• Animals learn behaviors that are similar to what
they naturally do based on their instincts;
• or
• if it’s unnatural for them they will drift back to
natural behaviors based on their instincts
Operant conditioning and pigs
• The Brelands trained a
pig to pick up coins
with their mouth.
• They reverted to
dropping the coin and
pushing it with their
snout.
• Shows the biological
limitations of operant
conditioning.
Another example
• You couldn’t use
operant conditioning
with food to train a
hamster to wash their
face.
• They don’t associate
washing with food.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hamster.jpg/626px-Hamster.jpg
R
• Response
Responses
• For classical, the organism responded
involuntarily to a stimulus;
• or it’s automatic
• For operant, the organism acts on their
environment, so the response is voluntary.
Then a consequence occurs.
• Or operates on the environment
A
• Acquisition (learning)
( /
0
( /
&1 $'
&% $' 2
(
1 $ & $'
%$ &
'
,
Classical conditioning acquisition
Rover learns that two stimuli are associated.
The tone and the presentation of food.
( /
*
,
$
/
0
%$
Acquisition for operant
conditioning
Behavior: Pushing
vending machine
button
Consequence:
Receiving a candy bar
Behavior
+
Consequences
=
Acquisition
Associating a behavior or
response with a
consequence (reinforcer
or punisher)
C
• Cognitive processes
,
,
3
4
& $'
,
&% $'
Cognitive processes affect
conditioning, 321
• Rescorla and Wagner (1972) found that animals
learn to “expect” an unconditioned stimulus;
• this shows cognition at work: the animal learns the
predictability of a second associated event after the
first
• When humans learn to expect one thing in
association with the presentation of another this
shows that cognitive processes are also at work.
(
&
*
*
2
2
'
Operant and cognitive processes
• They develop the expectation that behaviors
lead to certain consequences (reinforced or
punished in some way)
• Or
• Latent learning---learning that is not obvious--occurs, without any reinforcement being
given
5
6
7
,
,
8
4
8
9
,
&
,
8
'
*
2
,
E
• Extinction
!"
#
$
74
:
&
'
% $ &,
9&
'
,
'
4
$
Operant conditioning extinction
• When a response is no
longer reinforced
• Responding drops off
when the reinforcer is
no longer given
• So, if she keeps
putting money in the
machine and no more
candy comes out she
will stop the behavior
.
http://www pacificcoastvending.net/images/combo_snack_and_pop_vending_machine_53_k0j1.jpg